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L-shell X-ray fluorescence computed tomography based on polychromatic X-rays is a promising imaging technique for early cancer diagnosis. However, the presence of self-absorption and the long scanning time limit its usage in clinic. In this work, a reconstruction method based on split-Bregman algorithm which used sparseview projection data was proposed. Furthermore, the attenuation effect was also considered in the algorithm. In the attenuation correction, factors including the X-ray energy and the platinum concentration were taken into account. Then weighted factors calculated in the procedure of attenuation correction were added into the contribution function of pixels in the split-Bregman based reconstruction method. In the end, the feasibility of this method was tested using a cylindrical phantom with 8 mm in diameter by the Monte Carlo simulation. The phantom contained four inserts, all of which were 1.5 millimeter in diameter and filled with 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.40% and 0.80% platinum solutions, respectively. The results show that both the contrast-to-noise ratios and lowest detectable sensitivities are improved for the proposed method, comparing to the conventional MLEM. The contrast-to-noise ratios of images reconstructed by our method with 45 projections are already better than that reconstructed by MLEM with 60 projections. When using 60 projections in our method and comparing to 60 projections in the MLEM with correction, the contrast-to-noise ratio of the insert filled with 0.10% platinum solutions increased from 6.49 to 36.90, indicating its high efficiency and robustness.

Gallium nitride (GaN)-based high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) power devices have advantage like high voltage operation, high temperature application and high switch speed compared to the traditional silicon (Si)-based semiconductor devices. Due to GaN high cost, it had development combined on a variety of substrates, including sapphire, silicon carbide (SiC) and silicon (Si). Si substrates have become attractive because of the lower device cost and the ability to use standard semiconductor processing lines. The challenges of GaN on Si substrate are big lattice mismatch and hard characteristic of III–V material. Die sawing is a key process due to the GaN brittle characteristic that can cause chipping and mircocracks that cause bad thermal dissipation for devices.In paper, we optimize dicing capabilities in the Flip Chip Scale Package (FCCSP). Due to GaN layer has higher hardness and melting point than Si substrate, Laser Grooving is recommended to use before the blade saw GaN layer and reduce top chipping. On GaN layer result of Laser Grooving cut is very clean on the topside of the die with no chipping issues. Backside quality is a key monitor item of die sawing due to the excessive force required to break and separate the hard III–V material. This paper finds out a suitable die sawing process parameter to meet backside chipping spec and a competitive result compared to Si die sawing.The characterization analysis is including typical reliability testing (Temperature Cycle Test, un-bias HAST and High Temperature Storage Test) are used as verification monitor items for package. The result shows no delamination and SAT issues in the reliability stage.

Accurate scatter correction is essential for qualitative and quantitative PET imaging. Until now, scatter correction based on Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) has been recognized as the most accurate method of scatter correction for PET. However, the major disadvantage of MCS is its long computational time, which makes it unfeasible for clinical usage. Meanwhile, single scatter simulation (SSS) is the most widely used method for scatter correction. Nevertheless, SSS has the disadvantage of limited robustness for dynamic measurements and for the measurement of large objects. In this work, a newly developed implementation of MCS using graphics processing unit (GPU) acceleration is employed, allowing full MCS-based scatter correction in clinical 3D brain PET imaging. Starting from the generation of annihilation photons to their detection in the simulated PET scanner, all relevant physical interactions and transport phenomena of the photons were simulated on GPUs. This resulted in an expected distribution of scattered events, which was subsequently used to correct the measured emission data. The accuracy of the approach was validated with simulations using GATE (Geant4 Application for Tomography Emission), and its performance was compared to SSS. The comparison of the computation time between a GPU and a single-threaded CPU showed an acceleration factor of 776 for a voxelized brain phantom study. The speedup of the MCS implemented on the GPU represents a major step toward the application of the more accurate MCS-based scatter correction for PET imaging in clinical routine.

An all permanent magnet Electron Cyclotron Resonance ion source-LAPECR1U (Lanzhou All Permanent magnet ECR ion source no.1 Upgraded), has been built at IMP in 2017 to satisfy the requirements of LEAF (Low Energy intense-highly-charged ion Accelerator Facility) for first two years commissioning. LAPECR1U was designed to be operated at 14.5 GHz to produce intense low and medium charge state ion beams. LAPECR1U features a compact structure, small size, and low cost. A cone-shape iron yoke in injection side and an iron plasma electrode in extraction side were used to enhance the axial magnetic field strength. The typical parameters and the preliminary beam results of the source are given in this paper.

A major benefit of the three-dimensional (3D) PET imaging technique in neuroscience, as well as in clinical applications, is that it offers the possibility of dynamically quantifying metabolic processes with a sensitivity of up to 10−12 mol L−1 for the tracer concentration. However, all positron emission tomographs provide biased data with complex dependencies, which means that to obtain quantitative activity distributions in 3D, it is necessary to make several corrections. For example, inhomogeneous detector efficiencies, photon attenuation, Compton scattering, and random coincidences need to be corrected. Furthermore, dynamic imaging represents a challenge, because a high temporal resolution requires short acquisition time frames with rather poor statistics of recorded events from the radioactive decay. Apart from the necessary corrections, the applied reconstruction method has an important impact on the achievable image quality in PET. In this respect, iterative reconstruction methods are becoming the state-of-the-art techniques as they offer superior image quality when compared to analytical methods. Although iterative reconstruction is associated with higher computational demand, the higher calculation effort can be moderated by using a range of optimisation strategies and has been further helped by the remarkable boost in computational resources over the last two decades.

Tang Sancai was widely used in the Tang Dynasty, and the study of this pottery provides information about the sociocultural aspects of the Tang people. To understand the characteristics of the different kilns for the production of Tang Sancai, Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) was used to analyze 174 Tang Sancai shards. These specimens were selected from four production centers in the Tang Dynasty, namely, the Huangye Kiln, the Huangbu Kiln, the Xing Kiln and the Liquanfang Kiln. The results demonstrate that the clay bodies from different kilns have varying compositions, and each kiln has a unique elemental fingerprint. Of the 17 elements analyzed, TiO2 and Fe2O3 had distinctly different contents in the samples from the Huangye Kiln and the Huangbu Kiln. For the Xing Kiln and the Huangye Kiln, the characteristic elements are Fe2O3 and MnO. For the Xing Kiln and the Huangbu Kiln, the most dissimilar elements are TiO2, MnO and ZnO. When the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed, the data points for the Huangye Kiln, the Huangbu Kiln and the Xing Kiln fell into distinct areas. For the Liquanfang Kiln, the contents of Al2O3 and Fe2O3 in white-bodied samples are different from those of other colors, which indicates that at least two types of raw materials were used. When compared with the white-bodied samples from the other three kilns, the white-bodied samples from the Liquanfang Kiln were found to have compositions similar to those of the samples from the Huangye Kiln, rather than the Huangbu Kiln, although the latter is much closer geographically than the former. All the obtained data provide valuable scientific criteria for provenance identification for Tang Sancai of unknown origin. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Physics in medicine and biology 64(14), 145012 (2019). doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ab266b, Published by IOP Publ., Bristol

Compared to conventional mechanical gears, field modulated magnetic gears (FMMG) have certain potential for torque and speed transmission in practical engineering in that its merits of intrinsic overloading protection feature and non contacted configuration. However, FMMG always experience oscillations due to their non-rigid magnetic coupling between two rotors while starting and changes in speed or load. In order to improve the dynamic stability of the whole transmission system, the damper windings is introduced to the high-speed rotor of FMMG to suppress the transient oscillations. Based on the field computations by finite element analysis (FEA), the dynamic behavior model is built. Detailed analysis about its parameters, losses, and mathematical model are also reported. The stable ratio and no-load losses were analyzed by the experiment of magnetic gear prototype, respectively.

The energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) is used to determine the chemical compositions of Longquan celadon body and glaze at Fengdongyan kiln in Yuan and Ming Dynasties. In order to analyze the elemental features in different cultural periods, 196 typical Longquan celadon shards are selected including the Early Yuan (EY), the Middle and Late Yuan (MLY), the Early Ming (EM) and the Middle Ming (MM) periods. The results indicate that the contents of K 2 O, CaO, TiO 2 and Fe 2 O 3 for celadon body and glaze are various in different cultural periods. The b values b = R O / ( RO + R 2 O ) , RO represents for alkali-earth metal elements and R 2 O stands for alkali metal elements) show that the glazes of Longquan celadon in Yuan and Ming Dynasties belong to the category of calcium-alkali glaze. The principal component analysis (PCA) exhibits that the raw materials used for body and glaze in four periods have the inheritance relation. The only difference is that the raw materials for glaze in MM period were similar to those in EM period. The producing and firing technology of Longquan celadon had reached a higher level in the Early Ming Dynasty.

A mass of Longquan celadon shards were excavated from the Chuzhou site of Huai'an City in Jiangsu Province, China. These celadon shards were fired during the period of the Late Yuan Dynasty to the Tianshun era of the Ming Dynasty, as identified by archaeologists at Nanjing Museum. In order to research the chemical composition features of this ancient celadon porcelain, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) for non-destructive analysis was used to determine the chemical composition of the porcelain body and glaze in these shards. The results indicate that Ti and Fe in the body of Longquan celadon are characteristic elements which can distinguish porcelain produced during the Late Yuan Dynasty from those produced in the Ming Dynasties. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) show that different body and glaze raw materials were used for the production of porcelain in different periods and the raw materials of the body and glaze are also different for various vessel shapes. The chemical compositions in the porcelain body of civilian ware are slightly different. The imperial and civilian Longquan celadon porcelains produced during the Hongwu era to the Tianshun era of the Ming Dynasty are distinguishable by the MnO, Fe2O3, Rb2O and SrO content in their porcelain glaze.

A 320 kV high voltage (HV) platform has been constructed at Institute of Modern Physics (IMP) to satisfy the increasing requirements of experimental studies in some heavy ion associated directions. A high charge state all-permanent magnet ECRIS-LAPECR2 has been designed and fabricated to provide intense multiple charge state ion beams (such as 1000 eμA O6+, 16.7 eμA Ar14+, 24 eμA Xe27+, etc.) for the HV platform. LAPECR2 has a dimension of ∅ 650 mm × 560 mm. The powerful 3D magnetic confinement to the ECR plasma and the optimum designed magnetic field for the operation at 14.5 GHz makes it possible to obtain very good performances from this source. After a brief introduction of the ECRIS and accelerator development at IMP, the conceptual design of LAPECR2 source is presented. The first test results of this all-permanent magnet ECRIS are given in this paper.

The recently developed SECRAL (Superconducting Electron Cyclotron Resonance ion source with Advanced design in Lanzhou) ion source is a high-performance next- generation ECR ion source. It is designed to produce high current, high charge state heavy ion beams for HIRFL (Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou) cyclotrons. In August 2005, the first plasma was obtained at 18 GHz. Preliminary performances of SECRAL on gaseous elements such as oxygen, argon and xenon are quite promising, with many world record ion beams being delivered such as 2.3 emA O 6+ , 0.81 emA O 7+ , 0.81 emA Ar 11+ , 0.5 emA Xe 20+ , 306 eμA Xe 27+ and 9 eμA Xe

A new room temperature ECR ion source, Lanzhou Electron Cyclotron Resonance ion source No. 4 (LECR4, previously named DRAGON), is under intense construction at Institute of Modern Physics. LECR4 is designed to operate with 18 GHz microwave frequency. The maximum axial magnetic fields are 2.3 T at injection and 1.3 T at extraction, and the radial field at the plasma chamber wall of 76 mm inner diameter is 1.0–1.2 T. One of the unique features for LECR4 is that its axial solenoids are winded with solid square copper wires which are immersed in a kind of special evaporative cooling medium for cooling purpose. Till now, a prototype of the cooling system has been successfully constructed and tested, which has demonstrated that the cooling efficiency of the designed system could meet the requirements of LECR4 under the routine operation conditions. All the main components of the ion source have been completed. Assembly and commissioning is ongoing. The latest developments and test results will be presented in this paper.

In order to study the transmission properties of multicharged ion beams between the electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source and the analyzing magnet, a new diagnostic system composed of three Wien filters with three single wires has been built and installed on the IMP ECR source test bench. The single wire is used to measure the beam profile and the beam density distribution, and the Wien filter is used to measure the charge state distribution of ion beam. The single wire and the Wien filter were tested successfully. With this diagnostic system, the beam profile, charge state distributions and beam losses along the transmission line from IMP LECR3 to the analyzing magnet are experimentally studied in different conditions of the ion source.

An instrument used for measuring multiple scintillators' light output and energy resolution was developed. The instrument consisted of a light sensor array which was composed of 64 discrete SiPMs (Silicon Photomultipliers), a corresponding individual channel readout electronics system, and a data processing algorithm. A Teflon grid and a large interval between adjacent SiPMs were employed to eliminate the optical cross talk among scintillators. The scintillators' light output was obtained by comparing with a reference sample with known light output. Given the SiPM temperature dependency and the difference among each SiPM, a temperature offset correction algorithm and a non-uniformity correction algorithm were added to the instrument. A positioning algorithm, based on nine points, was designed to evaluate the performance of a scintillator array. Tests were performed to evaluate the instrument's performance. The uniformity of 64 channels for light output measurement was better than 98%, the stability was better than 98% when temperature varied from 15 °C to 40 °C, and the nonlinearity under 511 keV was better than 2%. This instrument was capable of selecting scintillators and evaluating the packaging technology of scintillator arrays with high efficiency and accuracy.

LECR4 (Lanzhou ECR ion source No. 4) is a room temperature electron cyclotron resonance ion source, designed to produce high current, high charge state ion beams for the SSC-LINAC injector (a new injector for sector separated cyclotron) at the Institute of Modern Physics. LECR4 also serves as a PoP machine for the application of evaporative cooling technology in accelerator field. To achieve those goals, LECR4 ECR ion source has been optimized for the operation at 18 GHz. During 2014, LECR4 ion source was commissioned at 18 GHz microwave of 1.6 kW. To further study the influence of injection stage to the production of medium and high charge state ion beams, in March 2015, the injection stage with pumping system was installed, and some optimum results were produced, such as 560 eμA of O(7+), 620 eμA of Ar(11+), 430 eμA of Ar(12+), 430 eμA of Xe(20+), and so on. The comparison will be discussed in the paper.

A laser (Nd:YAG laser, 3 J, 1064 nm, 8-10 ns) ion source has been built and under development at IMP to provide pulsed high-charge-state heavy ion beams to a radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) for upgrading the IMP accelerators with a new low-energy beam injector. The laser ion source currently operates in a direct plasma injection scheme to inject the high charge state ions produced from a solid target into the RFQ. The maximum power density on the target was about 8.4 × 10(12) W∕cm(2). The preliminary experimental results will be presented and discussed in this paper.

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) is considered as the most promising solution at and below dynamic random access memory 32 nm half pitch among the next generation lithography, and EUV light sources with high output power and sufficient lifetime are crucial for the realization of EUVL. However, there is no EUV light source completely meeting the requirements for the commercial application in lithography yet. Therefore, ECR plasma is proposed as a novel concept EUV light source. In order to investigate the feasibility of ECR plasma as a EUV light source, the narrow band EUV power around 13.5 nm emitted by two highly charged ECR ion sources -- LECR2M and SECRAL -- was measured with a calibrated EUV power measurement tool. Since the emission lines around 13.5 nm can be attributed to the 4d-5p transitions of Xe XI or the 4d-4f unresolved transition array of Sn VIII-XIII, xenon plasma was investigated. The dependence of the EUV throughput and the corresponding conversion efficiency on the parameters of the ion source, such as the rf power and the magnetic confinement configurations, were preliminarily studied.

To satisfy the requirements of surface and atomic physics study in the field of low energy multiple charge state ion incident experiments, a low energy (10 eV/q-20 keV/q) ion beam platform is under design at IMP. A simple test bench has been set up to test the ion beam deceleration systems. Considering virtues such as structure simplicity, easy handling, compactness, cost saving, etc., an all-permanent magnet ECRIS LAPECR1 [Lanzhou all-permanent magnet electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source No. 1] working at 14.5 GHz has been adopted to produce intense medium and low charge state ion beams. LAPECR1 source has already been ignited. Some intense low charge state ion beams have been produced on it, but the first test also reveals that many problems are existing on the ion beam transmission line. The ion beam transmission mismatches result in the depressed performance of LAPECR1, which will be discussed in this paper. To obtain ultralow energy ion beam, after being analyzed by a double-focusing analyzer magnet, the selected ion beam will be further decelerated by two afocal deceleration lens systems, which is still under design. This design has taken into consideration both ions slowing down and also ion beam focusing. In this paper, the conceptual design of deceleration system will be discussed.

Two high magnetic field hexapoles for electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) have successfully fabricated to provide sufficient radial magnetic confinement to the ECR plasma. The highest magnetic field at the inner pole tip of one of the magnets exceeds 1.5 T, with the inner diameter (i.d.)=74 mm. The other hexapole magnet provides more than 1.35 T magnetic field at the inner pole tip, and the i.d. is 84 mm. In this article, we discuss the necessity to have a good radial magnetic field confinement and the importance of a Halbach hexapole to a high performance ECRIS. The way to design a high magnetic field Halbach structure hexapole and one possible solution to the self-demagnetization problem are both discussed. Based on the above discussions, two high magnetic field hexapoles have been fabricated to be utilized on two high performance ECRISs in Lanzhou. The preliminary results obtained from the two ECR ion sources are given.

LECR4 (Lanzhou electron cyclotron resonance ion source No. 4) has been successfully constructed at IMP and has also been connected with the Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) and Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) systems. These source magnet coils are cooled through evaporative cooling technology, which is the first attempt with an ECR ion source in the world. The maximum mirror field is 2.5 T (with iron plug) and the effective plasma chamber volume is 1.2 l. It was designed to be operated at 18 GHz and aimed to produce intense multiple charge state heavy ion beams for the linear injector project SSC-Linac at IMP. In February 2014, the first analyzed beam at 18 GHz was extracted. During about three months' commissioning, some outstanding results have been achieved, such as 1.97 emA of O(6+), 1.7 emA of Ar(8+), 1.07 emA of Ar(9+), and 118 euA of Bi(28+). The source has also successfully delivered O(5+) and Ar(8+) ion beams for RFQ commissioning in April 2014. This paper will give a brief overview of the design of LECR4. Then, the latest results of this source at 18 GHz will be presented.

An emittance scanner named Electric‐Sweep Scanner had been designed and fabricated in IMP. And it has been set up on the LECR3 beam line for the ion beam quality study. With some development, the ESS system has become a relatively dependable and reliable emittance scanner. Its experiment error is about 10 percent. We have done a lot of experiments of emittance measurement on LECR3 ion source, and have researched the relations between ion beam emittance and the major parameters of ECR ion source. The reliability and accuracy test results are presented in this paper. And the performance analysis is also discussed.

The stripping mode for production of multi‐charged radioactive ion beams is discussed, and its advantages are also discussed. A 2.45 GHz ECRIS serving as the primary ion source was designed for production of singly charged radioactive ion beams. This source is compact, reliable, and economical. The magnetic field of the source provided by two permanent magnet rings has been calculated with POISSON code. Additionally, the structure of the source is presented.

A new room temperature electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source, DRAGON, is under construction at IMP. DRAGON is designed to operate at microwaves of frequencies of 14.5-18 GHz. Its axial solenoid coils are cooled with evaporative medium to provide an axial magnetic mirror field of 2.5 T at the injection and 1.4 T at the extraction, respectively. In comparison to other conventional room temperature ECR ion sources, DRAGON has so far the largest bore plasma chamber of inner diameter of 126 mm with maximum radial fields of 1.4-1.5 T produced by a non-Halbach permanent sextupole magnet.

Ion beam transport from the Superconducting Electron Cyclotron Resonance ion source with Advanced design in Lanzhou (SECRAL) electron cyclotron resonance ion source was studied at the Institute of Modern Physics during 2010. Particle-in-cell simulations and experimental results have shown that both space charge and magnetic aberrations lead to a larger beam envelope and emittance growth. In the existing SECRAL extraction beam line, it has been shown that raising the solenoid lens magnetic field reduces aberrations in the subsequent dipole and results in lower emittance. Detailed beam emittance measurements are presented in this paper.

The structure and preliminary commissioning results of a new 2.45 GHz ECR proton ion source and a dual-lens low energy beam transport (LEBT) system are presented in this paper. The main magnetic field of the ion source is provided by a set of permanent magnets with two small electro-solenoid magnets at the injection and the extraction to fine tune the magnetic field for better microwave coupling. A 50 keV pulsed proton beam extracted by a three-electrode mechanism passes through the LEBT system of length of 1183 mm. This LEBT consists of a diagnosis chamber, two Glaser lenses, two steering magnets, and a final beam defining cone. A set of inner permanent magnetic rings is embedded in each of the two Glaser lenses to produce a flatter axial-field to reduce the lens aberrations.

A new electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source (LECR3-Lanzhou Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source No. 3) has been constructed this year. The main purpose of this source is to provide highly charged ion beams for atomic physics and surface physics research. The design of this ion source is based on the IMP 14.5 GHz ECR ion source (LECR2-Lanzhou Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source No. 2) with double rf heating by inserting waveguide directly and aluminum chamber. Furthermore, the volume of the plasma chamber is larger than that of LECR2 so as to increase the rf power and improve beam intensity for highly charged ions. But the hexapole field on the chamber wall is kept the same value in order to compare with the performance of LECR2. After only four days conditioning the first test results were obtained. The final result of this ion source is expected to be better than LECR2's. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics.

Superconducting electron cyclotron resonance ion source with advance design in Lanzhou (SECRAL) is an 18-28 GHz fully superconducting electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source dedicated for highly charged heavy ion beam production. SECRAL, with an innovative superconducting magnet structure of solenoid-inside-sextupole and at lower frequency and lower rf power operation, may open a new way for developing compact and reliable high performance superconducting ECR ion source. One of the recent highlights achieved at SECRAL is that some new record beam currents for very high charge states were produced by 18 GHz or 18+14.5 GHz double frequency heating, such as 1 e microA of (129)Xe(43+), 22 e microA of (209)Bi(41+), and 1.5 e microA of (209)Bi(50+). To further enhance the performance of SECRAL, a 24 GHz/7 kW gyrotron microwave generator was installed and SECRAL was tested at 24 GHz. Some promising and exciting results at 24 GHz with new record highly charged ion beam intensities were produced, such as 455 e microA of (129)Xe(27+) and 152 e microA of (129)Xe(30+), although the commissioning time was limited within 3-4 weeks and rf power only 3-4 kW. Bremsstrahlung measurements at 24 GHz show that x-ray is much stronger with higher rf frequency, higher rf power. and higher minimum mirror magnetic field (minimum B). Preliminary emittance measurements indicate that SECRAL emittance at 24 GHz is slightly higher that at 18 GHz. SECRAL has been put into routine operation at 18 GHz for heavy ion research facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) accelerator complex since May 2007. The total operation beam time from SECRAL for HIRFL accelerator has been more than 2000 h, and (129)Xe(27+), (78)Kr(19+), (209)Bi(31+), and (58)Ni(19+) beams were delivered. All of these new developments, the latest results, and long-term operation for the accelerator have again demonstrated that SECRAL is one of the best in the performance of ECR ion source for highly charged heavy ion beam production. Finally the future development of SECRAL will be presented.

Superconducting electron cyclotron resonance ion source with advanced design in Lanzhou (SECRAL) is an all-superconducting-magnet electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) for the production of intense highly charged ion beams to meet the requirements of the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL). To further enhance the performance of SECRAL, an aluminum chamber has been installed inside a 1.5 mm thick Ta liner used for the reduction of x-ray irradiation at the high voltage insulator. With double-frequency (18+14.5 GHz) heating and at maximum total microwave power of 2.0 kW, SECRAL has successfully produced quite a few very highly charged Xe ion beams, such as 10 e microA of Xe(37+), 1 e microA of Xe(43+), and 0.16 e microA of Ne-like Xe(44+). To further explore the capability of the SECRAL in the production of highly charged heavy metal ion beams, a first test run on bismuth has been carried out recently. The main goal is to produce an intense Bi(31+) beam for HIRFL accelerator and to have a feel how well the SECRAL can do in the production of very highly charged Bi beams. During the test, though at microwave power less than 3 kW, more than 150 e microA of Bi(31+), 22 e microA of Bi(41+), and 1.5 e microA of Bi(50+) have been produced. All of these results have again demonstrated the great capability of the SECRAL source. This article will present the detailed results and brief discussions to the production of highly charged ion beams with SECRAL.