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Are implicit and explicit biases related to ASD identification and/or stigma? College students (N = 493) completed two IATs assessing implicit stigma and racial biases. They evaluated vignettes depicting a child with ASD or conduct disorder (CD) paired with a photo of a Black or White child. CD was more implicitly and explicitly stigmatized than ASD. Accurately identifying ASD was associated with reduced explicit stigma; identifying CD led to more stigma. Participants who identified as White implicitly associated the White child with ASD and the Black child with CD. A trend in the reverse direction was observed among Black participants. Implicit and explicit biases were unrelated. Findings highlight a need for trainings to ameliorate biases favoring one’s in-group.

Autistic university students face stigma. Online trainings have been used to improve explicit autism stigma (social distance) and knowledge among university students in different countries. However, autistic university students have not typically been involved in developing such trainings. We developed two autism trainings: a participatory training (developed in collaboration with autistic university students) and a non-participatory training. We evaluated these trainings with undergraduate students in the United States and Lebanon. A pilot study revealed improvements in implicit biases (measured with an Implicit Association Test) and knowledge following both trainings, but no clear benefit of the participatory training in particular. Feedback revealed that participants found the Implicit Association Test tedious, suggesting that it might have dampened effects by boring participants. To increase engagement, we removed the Implicit Association Test and conducted a cross-university training comparison which revealed evidence that the participatory training was more effective than the non-participatory training at improving autism knowledge, explicit stigma, and attitudes toward inclusion. Autistic co-authors coded participant feedback and identified three key themes to guide future training development and adaptation: an (inter)personal element, accessibility, and clarity of information. These studies provide empirical support for the oft-cited, but rarely directed tested, benefits of involving autistic people in research about autism. Lay abstract Autistic university students are often left out because people do not understand autism. We wanted to help people understand autism. Most autism trainings are not made by autistic people. Autistic people know what it is like to be autistic. So autistic people may be the best teachers when it comes to teaching about autism. Autistic students and non-autistic professors made an autism training. The students made videos for the training. They also helped make questions to see what people learned from the trainings. Professors who are not autistic made a training on their own. Students in New York City tried out the trainings. After they answered questions, they did either the training the autistic students helped make or the training made by only professors. Then, they answered questions again. We learned from the students how to make our trainings better. Then, students from two universities in the United States and one university in Lebanon did our trainings and questions. Both trainings made hidden feelings about autism better. The training autistic students helped make taught students more than the training professors made on their own. The autistic-led training also helped students accept autism more. These studies show that autistic students can make autism research and trainings better. At the end of this article, autistic students share their ideas for how to make autism trainings even better in the future.

SYNOPSISHechler et al.’s (2019) utilization of a simulation paradigm to predict postnatal caregiving quality is worth celebrating. Instead of using subjective self-report measures, the authors objectively observed behaviors that potentially mapped onto real-life processes. As well, they considered for regulatory processes and included fathers into the picture of early caregiving. To enhance the prediction of caregiving simulation paradigms, we advocate for paradigms that are interactive in nature and address the unique roles of the infant, the mother, and the father. Effective paradigms afford context-specific conclusions that sufficiently address the dynamic qualities of iterative interactions between the infant and parents.

Currently, there is a higher proportion of older workers in the labor force and the applicant pool than there have been in previous generations as a result of the Baby Boomer demographic bubble. Regarding these older workers as a potentially valuable resource and developing their skills accordingly may help employers fulfill their labor needs in an increasingly competitive market. Relative to younger workers, there is limited information in the literature with respect to the design of a psychologically and socially supportive training environment for this particular demographic. Our intent in this review is to provide a research-based framework for understanding the specific psychological and social needs of older trainees. We first examine the impact of ageism and age-related stereotype threat in the learning environment, and ways to reduce their negative influence on training. We then turn to a consideration of the motivational needs of the older trainee, and the unique ways to foster positive levels of training motivation and self-efficacy. At each step of our discussion, we use technological training as a specific example of these training challenges and remedies. This training domain was chosen because of its increasing relevance to job acquisition for older applicants and to the career development of mature employees. Practical implications for theories and practice tailored to older learners are emphasized.

Introduction Many workers and students experience regular sleep deprivation and daytime sleepiness when they are expected to be performing at their best. The purpose of the current research was to investigate the potential effect of short-term bright green light exposure on daytime performance and sleepiness in partially sleep-deprived persons. Methods Participants were 30 students (19.4±0.89 years; 20 females). On Day 1, participants were loaned a Fitbit to provide an objective measure of activity/sleep and were instructed to sleep no more than 5 hours that night. On Day 2, participants provided information on their sleep time for the previous night and were randomly assigned to a bright light condition (bright green light, 381 Lux) or a standard light condition (control condition, indoor florescent light, 139 Lux). They completed a simple reaction time task, the Arrow Flankers task to measure cognitive inhibition, and the Stanford Sleepiness Scale during three testing periods (baseline, after 20 minutes of light exposure, and after 60 minutes of light exposure). Between the testing periods, participants read a non-fiction book while exposed to their respective light condition. At the end of the study, participants returned their FitBit. Results The Fitbit and self-report sleep data indicated that participants slept 4.9 hours the night between Day 1 and Day 2. Mixed 2 (light condition) x 3 (testing period) ANOVAs indicated that the bright green light condition resulted in a significant decrease in reaction time on the Flankers task but had no significant effect on simple reaction time or subjective sleepiness. Conclusion The current findings suggest that 60 minutes of bright green light exposure could improve performance on a cognitive inhibition task. This suggests that bright green light exposure could be a useful countermeasure for cognitive performance decrements in settings where sleep deprivation is common. Support None to report.

People with intellectual disability (ID) experience negative consequences as a result of stigmas held by the public. Students with ID involved in inclusive postsecondary education (IPSE) programs demonstrate positive outcomes. This study examines the impact of an IPSE program on typically matriculating student attitudes toward ID. Explicit and implicit attitudes were measured at the start and end of a semester among IPSE volunteer peer mentors (n = 17) and an uninvolved student group (n = 14). Findings indicate that volunteers demonstrated lower discomfort after their volunteer experience, as measured by the Attitudes Toward Intellectual Disability Questionnaire (ATTID). Volunteers also demonstrated higher knowledge of causes and preference for interaction with people with ID than nonvolunteers. This demonstrates that volunteer involvement in IPSE positively impacts attitudes toward people with ID among typically matriculating college students.

Forecasts of the labor force supply over the next 20 years reveals a demographic bubble of older retirees that is not offset by the percentage of qualified incoming younger workers ( Bureau of Labor Statistics U.S. Department of Labor, 2014 ). Understanding how training may be used to retain older employees can lead to a competitive edge for firms, given the upcoming need for skilled workers. Training also carries benefits for late career workers or job seekers as a means to increase their existing skills or as a gateway to more lucrative jobs. We review shifts in major cognitive skills and information-processing skills over time and make suggestions for enhancing the training environment for older learners based on that information. We also suggest research needs targeting late-career trainees. These practical recommendations for trainers and program designers, and suggestions for future research may lead to more age-inclusive and comprehensive theories of training-based learning.

Different populations of adults (experienced vs. inexperienced caregivers, men vs. women, abusive vs. nonabusive parents, etc.) have been reported to differ in their affective reactions to the sounds of infant crying. These differences are thought to impact caregiving behavior and, in some instances, to affect long-term outcomes for infants. There can be great intra-group variation, however, even when group differences are significant; modeling developmental process will require a finer grained approach. We have undertaken a pair of studies intended to validate the Negative Affect Scale (NA) from the PANAS as a measure of individuals’ affective reactivity to cry sounds. In Study 1, 306 young women who were not yet mothers listened either to infant crying or to birdsong. The results supported the NA as a measure of reactivity to crying. In Study 2, a new sample of 301 young women listened to crying in a screening task; a group of “high reactors” (n = 21) and a group of “low reactors” (n = 22) then participated in a simulated caregiving situation. Individuals’ affective reactivity to the caregiving simulation mirrored their affective reactivity in the screening task, and rates and overall organization of caregiving behavior differed between the groups. Changes in negative affect, then, appear to be both a result of infant crying and a determinant of some aspects of caregiving behavior. Further studies will extend these laboratory results to real infants and their caregivers, and further validate the NA as a measure of individual differences in reactivity to cry sounds.

BACKGROUND Do the benefits of intensive lipid-lowering therapy seen in symptomatic patients extend to high-risk subjects who have never had symptoms? METHODS AND RESULTS Of 120 men completing the FATS trial, 91 were symptomatic and 29 asymptomatic. All had apolipoprotein B > or = 125 mg/dL, a positive family history, and coronary atherosclerosis. All were counseled in diet and randomized to intensive therapy: colestipol 10 g TID plus either niacin 1 g QID or lovastatin 20 mg BID or to conventional therapy: placebos, or colestipol if low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was elevated. End points included quantitative arteriographic disease change and clinical events over a 2.5-year interval. At baseline, symptomatic and asymptomatic patients had comparable risk profiles, but proximal stenosis severity averaged 36% for symptomatic and 23% for asymptomatic patients (P < .001). Among the 91 symptomatic patients, those in the intensive group experienced definite (> or = 10%S) proximal lesion progression less frequently than conventional (24% of intensive versus 48% of conventional) and definite regression more frequently (36% of intensive versus 15% of conventional) (P = .009). Similarly, among the 29 asymptomatic patients, 19% of intensive versus 38% of conventional had progression and 31% of intensive versus 0% of conventional, regression (P = .04). Ischemia on baseline exercise tolerance testing was associated with significantly greater proximal disease progression among the asymptomatic patients. Clinical cardiovascular events (death, infarction, or revascularization) occurred in 10 of 38 symptomatic patients originally assigned to conventional therapy, compared with 5 of 76 symptomatic patients assigned to intensive (P < .01); no asymptomatic patient had an event. CONCLUSIONS Asymptomatic subjects with this high-risk profile have less coronary disease at baseline than comparable symptomatic patients, and they have an excellent short-term clinical prognosis. However, asymptomatic subjects are indistinguishable from symptomatic patients in terms of their arterial disease progression with conventional therapy and their regression with intensive. These findings may justify an active treatment strategy in such subjects, particularly those with provokable ischemia.

The effect of intensive lipid-lowering therapy on coronary atherosclerosis among men at high risk for cardiovascular events was assessed by quantitative arteriography. Of 146 men no more than 62 years of age who had apolipoprotein B levels greater than or equal to 125 mg per deciliter, documented coronary artery disease, and a family history of vascular disease, 120 completed the 2 1/2-year double-blind study, which included arteriography at base line and after treatment. Patients were given dietary counseling and were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: lovastatin (20 mg twice a day) and colestipol (10 g three times a day); niacin (1 g four times a day) and colestipol (10 g three times a day); or conventional therapy with placebo (or colestipol if the low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol level was elevated).The levels of LDL and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol changed only slightly in the conventional-therapy group (mean changes, -7 and +5 percent, respectively), but more substantially among patients treated with lovastatin and colestipol (-46 and +15 percent) or niacin and colestipol (-32 and +43 percent). In the conventional-therapy group, 46 percent of the patients had definite lesion progression (and no regression) in at least one of nine proximal coronary segments; regression was the only change in 11 percent. By comparison, progression (as the only change) was less frequent among patients who received lovastatin and colestipol (21 percent) and those who received niacin and colestipol (25 percent), and regression was more frequent (lovastatin and colestipol, 32 percent; niacin and colestipol, 39 percent; P less than 0.005). Multivariate analysis indicated that a reduction in the level of apolipoprotein B (or LDL cholesterol) and in systolic blood pressure, and an increase in HDL cholesterol correlated independently with regression of coronary lesions. Clinical events (death, myocardial infarction, or revascularization for worsening symptoms) occurred in 10 of 52 patients assigned to conventional therapy, as compared with 3 of 46 assigned to receive lovastatin and colestipol and 2 of 48 assigned to receive niacin and colestipol (relative risk of an event during intensive treatment, 0.27; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.10 to 0.77).In men with coronary artery disease who were at high risk for cardiovascular events, intensive lipid-lowering therapy reduced the frequency of progression of coronary lesions, increased the frequency of regression, and reduced the incidence of cardiovascular events.

Louvicourt Mine, located approximately 500 km north-west of Montreal, Quebec, Canada, is co-owned by the operator Aur Resources inc. (30%), Teck Corporation (25%) and Novicourt (45%). The polymetallic orebody (Cu-Zn-Au-Ag) was mined between depths of 400 and 920 m for 11 years and the mine closed in July 2005. Extraction of the orebody started from the 655 m and 860 m levels using a primary/secondary ascending mining sequence with paste backfill. Extraction on two levels created a 600000-t sill pillar between the 655 and 680 levels. Extraction below the 860 level created a second sill pillar (230000 t) between the 860 and 885 levels. These two pillars are located under paste backfill and the rockmass in those areas is highly fractured as a result of high mining stresses. Since the backfill was poured at the beginning of the mine’s operation, the mixes used were not optimal and the fill quality was variable. This paper describes the steps taken to design the mining of the stopes under paste and the results obtained for both sill pillars.

Imaging trials using arteriography have been shown to be effective alternatives to clinical end point studies of atherosclerotic vascular disease progression and the effect of therapy on it. However, lack of consensus on what end point measures constitute meaningful change presents a problem for quantitative coronary arteriographic (QCA) approaches. Furthermore, standardized approaches to QCA studies have yet to be established. To address these issues, two different arteriographic approaches were compared in a clinical trial, and the degree of concordance between disease change measured by these two approaches and clinical outcomes was assessed.In the Familial Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (FATS) of three different lipid-lowering strategies in 120 patients, disease progression/regression was assessed by two arteriographic approaches: QCA and a semiquantitative visual approach (SQ-VIS). Lesions classified with SQ-VIS as "not," "possibly," or "definitely" changed were measured by QCA to change by 10% stenosis in 0.3%, 11%, and 81% of cases, respectively. The "best" measured value for distinguishing definite from no change was identified as 9.3% stenosis by logistic regression analysis. The primary outcome analysis of the FATS trial, using a continuous variable estimate of percent stenosis change, gave almost the same favorable result whether by QCA or SQ-VIS.The excellent agreement between these two fundamentally different methods of disease change assessment and the concordance between disease change and clinical outcomes greatly strengthens confidence both in these measurement techniques and in the overall findings of the study. These observations have important implications for the design of clinical trials with arteriographic end points.

The FATS trial compared three lipid-lowering strategies in 120 patients having atherosclerotic lesions of varying severity in 1034 proximal coronary segments. Film pairs (2.5 year interval) were viewed together in a dual projection system at five-fold magnification by two observers blinded to identity, treatment, and film sequence. Two frames per film were selected from comparable views as representative images of each lesion. Lesions were visually classified by consensus as “not-,” “definitely-,” or “possibly-changed” and then rapidly calipered (nearest 5% S(tenosis)). For “possibly changed” lesions, a third frame was selected. The borders of each selected lesion image and the catheter were traced by a technician (two techs each traced the 3 “possible” frames), reviewed for accuracy, and the tracings measured (QCA) for minimum diameter and percent stenosis. For 16 lesions, major discrepancies between the two methods dictated a fully blinded repeat analysis.

A 67-year-old woman had acutely diminished vision and painful proptosis of the left eye amidst a background of chronic headache, scalp tenderness, proximal myalgias, intermittent fever, anemia, and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rates. All symptoms and signs were exquisitely corticosteroid-responsive. She underwent two negative temporal artery biopsies and several extensive negative evaluations for systemic disease. Ultimately deep scalp biopsy, bone biopsy, and bone marrow aspiration were performed, and all revealed a histologically well-differentiated lymphoma.

A migrating endothelial line of keratic precipitates associated with overlying corneal edema suggests an immune attack on the corneal endothelium. This is seen most commonly in corneal allotransplantation rejection. The etiology of such lines in the absence of this condition is unclear. We document the presence of an intranuclear virus compatible with herpesvirus in this condition.