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Water has been known since antiquity as the catalyst and survival of mankind. Therefore, hydraulic structures have been constructed to resolve various hydraulic problems which are exposed such as: pollution, eutrophication, accelerated siltation, intense evaporation and water leakage. In Algeria, the problem of water leaks has appeared in many dams, among them the Hammam Grouz dam in the north-east of the country. Indeed, the hydro-technical work is considered as the most threatened in the country by this thorny problem. During the period between 1984-1987, there is a lack of suitable site for dam construction in this area led the services concerned to build this infrastructure in a cluse composed of limestone (Cenomanian) moderately karstic which are characterized by dissolutions concentrated along the joints. This site was consolidated and sealed during the construction of the dyke dam that allows its exploitation before a real test. However, it should be noted that the water level rose above the normal reservoir level for the first time (January 26, 2003) showed that this site can no longer withstand the strong pressure forces caused by the coastline water. In fact, significant water leaks have appeared at the lower gallery and downstream foot of the right bank. The following variation of water leaks over time, it can be observed that a convergence of stability of the level of the water level in the bowl to levels not exceeding 718 m which is the equivalent of less than 1/3 of the original storage capacity of the dam. The appearance of significant water leaks at the Hammam Grouz dam as soon as the spill was first discharged indicated that the sealing works carried out during the construction of the dyke had either lost their effectiveness or they were not perfect. The settlement works carried out today at the level of the basin and the banks of this hydraulic infrastructure. Despite having minimized the flow of the resurgences that appeared downstream of the dike, they did not solve the problem definitively. This may result in the appearance of a place of water leaks. Indeed, during the hydrological year 2007/2008, the appearance of a vortex in November 2007 within the lake rendering the dam of Hammam Grouz useless because it was empty during the first three months of the year 2008, in addition to the water loss that threaten them. This phenomenon floods the lower gallery of the dyke with each rise of the level of water beyond a limit threshold. Hence, it is impossible to perform some monitoring related to stability control. The harmful effects of the problem of water leakage, the stability of the dike and the quantity of water stored, especially with water scarcity in this semi-arid region, require treatment of this phenomenon. The most adapted techniques are the use of sealing materials. Having the same characteristics as the places to be waterproofed and which adapt sufficiently to their geological formations, the allocation of sealing works to a highly qualified co-contractor, are of great importance in order to provide satisfactory sealing results to make it watertight in order to operate it properly. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2021-02-03-08 Full Text: PDF

Dams in the face of climate change is the title of the subject discussed in this article. Based on field work carried out over the last 20 years, it appears that these climate changes have indeed given rise to new behaviors on dams. For the first time in the history of Algerian hydrotechnical infrastructure, the water in the dam is drying up and all activities around the dam are stopping. Very harsh as a consequence; this new parameter (drying up of the lake) is slowing down the development of aquaculture and therefore it is impossible to promote sustainable fishing in this area (dam) especially for small and medium dams. The dam can also fill up completely during a single flood. This can cause a landslide or pose a problem of stability of the structure. After a long drought of 6 to 7 months, torrential floods bring significant quantities of water to the dam but which are loaded with fine particles. Such a phenomenon causes the appearance of density currents which propagate below the clear water of the lake depositing sediments at the bottom of the dam. In both seasons (dry and wet), the dam loses a volume of water by evaporation and siltation. The dam must continue to play its role of storing flood waters and reusing them in periods of drought, but modifications to the structure must be made so that the dam adapts as well as possible to the new climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internal erosion caused by infiltration poses a significant risk to the stability of hydraulic structures. This form of erosion is all the more dangerous because it can cause - without any obvious warning signs - a destruction of the structure when the reservoir is full. See page areas in dikes are often subject to erosion processes. For this purpose, it is necessary to detect and delineate infiltration zones from their first stage of development. Continuous inspection and monitoring using reliable and sensitive methods for leak detection are therefore of utmost importance. The method is easy to use, and long sections of dikes can be quickly and inexpensively tested. The temperature of the containment fluid playsthe role of a natural tracer. Infiltration of the containment fluid through the dike, causing temperature anomalies in its material, can be detected and localized fromsoil temperature measurements. This is particularly the case for the Ouizert dam, which is located in arid areas where water resources are becoming increasingly scarce. This dam, located approximately 35 km southwest of the city of Mascara (western Algeria), is known for its considerable water losses. With a capacity of approximately 100 million m³, the Ouizert dam is intended to increase the degree of regulation of the Oued El Hammam to supply water to the town of Oran and the industrial complex of Arzew, ensure irrigation of the El Habra perimeter north of Mohammadia and finally supply the Bouhanifia dam with discharges. However, this dam, which has never reached its maximum level, is threatened by water leaks through one of its shores and whose importance is clearly changing over time. Water leakage was estimated at 1 m³/s, which corresponds to a considerable volume of water lost. In this article, we present an observation of the problem of leaks through the dam of Ouizert as well as the results of a study of leak detection by the temperature method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flash floods in Algeria, this paper discusses the characteristics of these new floods. In reality, these floods are of Saharan origin and are caused by torrential rainfall, the equivalent of 3 to 12 months falling between 24 hours and 72 hours. In recent years, these floods have moved toward northern Algeria and even in certain countries of the Mediterranean basin. In addition to the brutality and aggressiveness, these flash floods are characterized by the significant quantities of fine particles transported, which reflect the resizing of the hydrographic network and the digging of new gullies in the watershed to evacuate the large masses of water transported. by these floods. Rainwater evacuation systems (sanitation networks and flood spillways) are currently undersized in the face of these new floods. Flash floods are a little-known subject that requires in-depth studies to predict them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For centuries the oases of the Saoura continue to manage critical situations of drought and the hostility of the Algerian Sahara through the rational exploitation of water, a rare and precious source of traditional irrigation techniques have proved their efficiency. The use of new groundwater drainage systems of drilling, and the lack of effective management of the Foggaras, has made this system lose its value, deteriorate and let the palm groves disappear. More than 80% of these systems have been abandoned in recent years. With increasing urbanization, population growth, climate change and the uncontrolled proliferation of motor pumps, the level of the water table is lowered and the quality of the water is degraded. The foggaras have gradually been abandoned, which leads to the degradation of the gardens and the old oasis.

Surprising, but it is reality that desalination stations shut down during periods of flooding. Despite a very demanding pretreatment phase, RO does not accept seawater laden with dust. What can we do to get our stations to agree to desalinate sea water and provide drinking water for the population? However, watercourses quite simply fulfill nature's mission, that of dumping tons of solid particles into the sea annually to preserve and protect the marine ecosystem. This study showed that more than 50 rivers and several Chaabat (ravines) discharge approximately 120 million tons of fine particles annually into the Mediterranean Sea along the 1200 km Algerian coast. However, these fine materials should not enter the desalination process. For us, the choice of the location of the water intake for a seawater desalination plant must follow a serious study to ensure good quality raw water. This will reduce the cost of the pretreatment phase and increase the lifespan of the membranes for the reverse osmosis process. Obviously, without forgetting, the price of m3 of desalinated water will be less expensive. On the other hand, desalinating the brackish waters from the subsoil of the Sahara does not pose a problem with the quality of the raw water, but it does pose a problem with the temperature of the water in the deep water table, which exceeds 60°C. Only the cooling solution to reduce the temperature of the raw water to minus 30°C to be able to desalinate and obtain drinkable water, but at what cost? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two aspects must be taken care of to achieve sustainable desalination in Algeria. Obtain drinking water at a reasonable price and without damaging the environment. To this end, three projects are to be carried out to set up a desalination plant. The seawater intake tower, the desalination processes itself, and the brine discharge. The study has shown that the right choice of the location of the raw water intake tower (sea water) can greatly improve the performance of the station. Proper management of brine through welldesigned discharge operations helps protect the marine environment. For the drinking water production plant, which consists of extracting salts from raw water, serious study is required to choose the right desalination process. Between reverse osmosis and distillation, the whole strategy of desalination in Algeria is the best choice for the process, which must adapt to our country. We want sustainable desalination, which must ensure our water security and our sovereignty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article evokes for the first time the water security of oases ensured by foggara. It was during our many visits to the oases of the Algerian Sahara that we discovered the important role played by the foggara in the rational management of water. During the period 1998-2022, surveys and interviews were conducted with the ksourian population, the owners of the foggaras and the elderly people who lived through the era of the digging of the foggaras. The consultation of the archives and the very rich data in information has been beneficial for our research work. The results obtained from this study are original. The oasis is one of the first regions on the planet that has ensured its water security thanks to foggara. This ancestral hydraulic system designed in a hostile region has allowed water to flow continuously in quantity and quality and without damaging the environment. This durable hydraulic structure that evolves over time is made up of two parts: collection - transport and distribution of water. The upstream part is made up of a ramified gallery network that changes each time there is a water deficit. The downstream part is made up of a triangular network of seguias, which divides the water into micro quantities. The water of a foggara is of very good quality due to its flow in the gallery of several kilometers and the absence of storage and stagnation of water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the period 1992-2022, we searched for foggaras in the depths of the Algerian Sahara. Herein, an original classification of foggaras as well as a map of geographical locations of foggaras has been established. We have inventoried approximately 2390 foggaras made in the four corners of the Algerian Sahara for more than 20 centuries. With new names, nine types of foggaras have been established according to the nature of the water resources exploited. These are the Erg foggara, garden foggara, Albian foggara, Kenadsa foggara, Ouakda foggara, wadi foggara, foggara of Mzab, foggara of Ziban and foggara of Ain. Two modes of sharing the waters of the foggaras have been highlighted. Ingeniously, the volumetric mode is more interesting since it allows the distribution of water in parallel, and therefore, the irrigation of gardens can be ensured at any time. Contrary to the time mode, the distribution of water is performed alternately, and therefore, irrigation is carried out in series. The article has highlighted the originality of the foggara of the Sahara, which lies in its diversity of catchment sources and the principle of water sharing between the co-owners. Unfortunately, today, this cultural heritage risks being lost in a few years, since of the 2390 foggaras read, only 15% are in service. It is time to highlight a strategy to safeguard these foggaras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper answers the question: How can a region as small as the Bodélé Depression continuously supply large amounts of dust to the Amazon Basin? To answer this question, you must know that millions of tons of dust to fly over more than 4000 km must first be lifted into the upper atmosphere. Such a criterion can only be satisfied by the existence of very violent winds that last several days. This condition was dictated by the geography and geomorphology of the Bodélé region. The adequate layout of the Tibesti and Ennedi mega-obstacles upstream of the Bodélé offers the most beautiful Venturi on the planet. In a very rare case, 3 pass areas participate at the same time to increase the wind speed. These are the passes of Tibesti (south-east), Ennedi (northwest) and Bembéché (under the Venturi effect). The harmattan wind from Libya and Egypt rushes into the Borkou tunnel and escapes from Bembéché (the pass) with much greater speed. The detachment of the air streams from the obstacles takes place in the detachment area (Largeau), which is accompanied by gigantic vortices, thus lifting the dust into the atmosphere. Thus, during the last 20 years, approximately 503 dust uplifts have been recorded at the level of the Bodélé depression, i.e., 58% of the total number of uplifts recorded in the Sahara. The great storms we have called effective upheavals. These are long-lasting dust lifts that exceed 7 days. These storms can send fine particles toward the Amazon. Each year, 2 to 3 effective uprisings per year are recorded in the Bodélé depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ougarta Mountains, located in southwestern Algeria, correspond to an imposing geological entity that corresponds to the center of interest in the geology of the Saharan platform. It is a vast area of elongated NW-SE reliefs, covering an area of 400 x 200 km². The Cambro-Ordovician represents the largest aquifer in the Ougarta region. The cracked type is still poorly known; it is located on a cracked base, and is composed of quartzite sandstone and shale forming a multilayer system, the details of which still remain to be sought and constitute a perennial aquifer for the supply of drinking water for the population. The present study is an attempt to better comprehend the structure and functioning of these basement aquifers. It mainly focuses on the description of soil profiles, structural investigations, and hydrogeological characterization improving knowledge on the hydrodynamic functioning of fractured base reservoirs (geometry of aquifers, hydrodynamic parameters, recharge, resource availability) with a view to the installation of catchment works to optimize, secure and sustain its exploitation in view of its strategic importance for the water supply of this region of Beni Abbes. This contribution is based on field observations and the use of several methods. Various joint approaches have been implemented to locate and characterize aquifers, zones favorable to hydraulic catchments. These are geology, hydrodynamics, piezometry and hydrochemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment of sediment transport in river is important in water resource management such as the design and control dams and other hydraulic structures. In this paper, Three Artificial Neural Network methods are used to estimate the daily suspended sediment concentration for the corresponding daily discharge flow in the river of Oued El Abiod watershed, Biskra, Algeria. The Feed-forward Neural Networks (FFNN), generalized regression neural networks (GRNN) and the radial basis neural networks (RBNN) models are established for estimating current suspended sediment values. The two criteria RMSE and R² were used to evaluate the performance of applied models. The comparison of three models showed that the RBNN method provided generally the better than the other methods in estimation of suspended sediment. Therefore, the ANN model had capability to improve nonlinear relationships between discharge flow and suspended sediment with reasonable precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the mechanism of the uplift of dust from the Sahara in the atmosphere. The first study carried out in 2001 showed that it is at the level of the megaobstacles of the Sahara that the wind dynamics are very active. So, if there is dust rising, it will be at the level of these rock masses. To answer these hypotheses, we used satellite images taken over the Sahara during the period: 2001-2021. The results obtained showed that the Sahara recorded about 875 dust lifts during the period: 2001-2021. It is these uplifts that can send dust flying over the Atlantic. The years 2017 and 2020 recorded the highest number of dust lifts exceeding 600 days. Three types of dust lifting were highlighted: weak (Duration < 3 days), medium (7 days > duration = 3 days) and strong (Duration = 7 days). We have defined effective uplift as uplift capable of propelling a significant amount of dust into the atmosphere. A map of dust lifting areas in the Sahara has been established. Three foci of dust risings in the Sahara have been located. These are the areas induced by the mega-obstacles: Hoggar-Tassili N'Ajjer (Algeria), Aïr (Niger) as well as Tibesti and Ennedi (Chad). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le transport solide dans les cours d'eau en Algérie est très élevé. Cependant, il est mal quantifié dans certains oueds à cause de l'absence et du manque de données concernant surtout la concentration en particules fines et même l'indisponibilité des stations de jaugeage. Afin de combler ce vide, un programme basé sur des statistiques des échantillons recueillis a été mis au point. L'estimation des apports solides en suspension a été faite à partir des débits liquides moyens journaliers, du débit total d'une crue et de la dissociation de la crue (montée et descente). Les résultats obtenus par l'application de ce modèle sur la bassin versant du Chellif sont très encourageants, puisque les coefficients de corrélation des relations débit solide-débit liquide, annuelle et saisonnière varient de 87 % à 95 %. Le bassin versant de Chellif est d'une érodablité très élevée ; la masse solide érodée est située entre 8 et 38 106 tonnes/an.

The water pollution risk is considering a topical subject in Algeria and throughout the world, especially in view of the problems of water scarcity and the climate change phenomena. The infiltration of untreated urban waste into the subsoil presents a major risk of pollution for groundwater close to the surface and which constitutes an important source of water in arid areas. In the Algerian Sahara, the M'Zab valley has recently experienced a critical health and environmental situation, the latter is due to major urban discharges into nature without any means of protection and preservation and especially at El-Atteuf oasis in the downstream of the M'Zab wadi. In this regard, the main objective of this work is to assess the intrinsic vulnerability to pollution of the phreatic aquifer in the M'Zab valley. In this work and through several parameters, the vulnerability study was carried out by applying three methods (GOD, DRASTIC and SINTACS) using piezometric observations for 62 wells. The results are presented in the form of several maps developed by GIS. These maps can be considered as a helper tool for planners and managers to improve the environmental situation of the M'Zab valley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)