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Ocular trauma is one of the leading causes of ocular morbidity all over the world. The most dreaded among this is penetrating trauma, one that can scare even the most experienced of eye surgeons. It requires immense skill on the part of the surgeon to restore the structure and function of the globe. Most penetrating traumas that affect the eyelid also penetrate the globe. It is very rare for an object to penetrate the lid and spare the globe. In this case series, we would like to present two cases of penetrating injury, wherein a fish hook in one case and glass shard in another, pierced the eyelid and missed the globe by a whisker. We would also want to discuss our line of management in tackling this case.

Background: The role of saliva in the maintenance of oral health is unequivocal, and its composition influences the dynamics of dental caries by modifying the phases of demineralization and remineralization. Rationale: Dental caries is a dynamic disease characterized by phases of demineralization and remineralization. Remineralization is facilitated by saliva. In children-free from caries, remineralization is dominant, and in caries-active children, demineralization is predominant. Hence, this study has been planned to evaluate the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the saliva which play a significant role in the remineralization process. Objectives: This pilot study was carried out to evaluate the salivary calcium and phosphorus levels of children aged 3–6 years and their possible association with early childhood caries. Materials and Methods: Eighteen children aged 3–6 years were divided into two groups of nine children each – Group I is the caries-free group and children affected with early childhood caries comprising the Group II. Four milliliters of unstimulated whole saliva was collected. The salivary levels of calcium and phosphorus were evaluated using an emission spectrometer – inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer ICP-OES available at Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, Indian Institute of Technology Madras. Descriptive statistics were done. Results: The salivary levels of calcium and phosphorus in children-free from caries were found to be higher than in saliva of children with early childhood caries. Conclusion: More research is needed to elucidate the role of these elements in the prevention of caries.

A 16-year-old male Type A hemophiliac patient has been reported with complaints of defective vision in the right eye (OD), following ocular trauma 9 months back for which he took treatment outside. On examination, he had blood staining of cornea and cataract in his right eye. His vision was perception of light + and projection of rays intact. After hematologist opinion, under peribulbar anesthesia, he underwent penetrating keratoplasty with pupillary membranectomy and cataractous lens removal with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation under the cover of Factor VIII (antihemophilic factor). On day 21, the best-corrected visual acuity in OD was 6/6P. This case report emphasizes the fact that hemophiliac patients can be operated safely with appropriate hematological support.

Background: Myopia is the most common refractive error worldwide causing visual impairment in children and adults. The prevalence of high myopia varies with age and ethnicity. High myopia has been found to be visually debilitating and affects day-to-day activities of the individual. Aim: This study aimed to analyze the efficacy and visual outcomes of posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens-refractive implantable lens (RIL) in high-myopia patients. Methods: This prospective study was conducted in a tertiary care center during February 2017–February 2018. Results: This study included 50 eyes of 34 patients, which showed 82% of eyes had uncorrected visual acuity equal or better than preoperative best-corrected visual acuity and 52% eyes had visual acuity of 6/6. No incidence of cataract was observed in this study. Conclusion: Refractive results after RIL implantation are found to be safe and satisfactory and has favorable visual outcome.

Background: Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) includes a wide spectrum of conjunctival and corneal intraepithelial neoplasia which can manifest as dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive squamous cell carcinoma. OSSN can be diagnosed by certain noninvasive techniques as well as invasive histopathological examination. One of such noninvasive techniques is impression cytology which refers to the histological study of superficial layers of ocular surface epithelium. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of impression cytology in the diagnosis of OSSN using cellulose acetate paper by correlating with histopathology. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective observational and interventional study conducted at a tertiary referral center in Chennai. This study was conducted from January 2016 to July 2017 and included 43 eyes of 42 patients presenting with conjunctival mass at the limbus or over the conjunctiva. Hospital ethics committee approval was obtained. Results: A total of 43 excision biopsies of 42 patients suspected for OSSN were performed. There was correlation in 36 eyes (83.72%), and in 7 eyes, there was no correlation (16.27%). The cases having hyperkeratotic lesions were missed by the impression cytology. Conclusion: Impression cytology can be used as a screening tool in the diagnosis of OSSN and in the follow-up of patients with recurrence. However, histopathology always remains the gold standard in diagnosing OSSN.

Background: Thyroid lump is a common clinical problem in Nepal. The risk of malignancy has to be judged prior to surgery for which fine needle aspiration cytology is widely used. To bring the uniform reporting of thyroid aspirates, the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology (TBSRTC) was introduced in 2007. This study was done to evaluate the various cytomorphological patterns of thyroid aspirate and to correlate the Bethesda system with final histopathology report.Materials and Methods: Fine needle aspiration were performed and were evaluated as per TBSRTC criteria. Fine needle aspiration cytology report were compared with biopsy specimen whenever possible. Result: A total of 386 cases were studied. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and overall accuracy of TBSRTC were 75.2%, 98.2%, 90.0%, 94.7% and 94.03% respectively. Conclusion: Use of TBSRTC in reporting thyroid cytopathology has a greater accuracy; however, benign cases need regular follow up as there are false negative cases.

Excess molar volume, excess isentropic compressibility, deviation in viscosity and excess Gibbs free energy for activation of viscous flow for binary mixtures of allyl alcohol (AA) with 2-methyl-2-butanol (2M2B), 2-methyl-1-butanol (2M1B) and 3-methyl-2-butanol (3M1B) components in different compositions were determined from the measured values of densities (ρ), viscosities (η) and speeds of sound (u) of pure components and their mixtures at various temperatures ranging from 303.15 K to 313.15 K. The excess properties have been discussed in terms of disruption of H-bonding and dipole–dipole interaction between the components of the mixtures. The Jouyban–Acree model results are discussed in terms of mean relative deviation (MRD) and individual relative deviation (IRD) between calculated and experimental parameters as an accuracy criterion and obtained a good agreement. The thermodynamic functions of activation of viscous flow have been estimated and tested. FTIR studies further confirm the experimental findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dissipation behavior and risk assessment of oxadiazine insecticide indoxacarb in chili ecosystem were evaluated to assess its safe use. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was used for the quantification of indoxacarb residue in chili and soil using a modified QuEChERS method. The mean recoveries were obtained in the range of 90.6–103.9% with repeatability and reproducibility of 1.3–5.8 and 2.4–5.4%, respectively. Indoxacarb dissipated with half-life (T1/2) of 1.4 to 1.5 and 1.5 to 1.6 days for chili and soil, respectively. A pre-harvest interval of 5 days suggested for the consumption of chili fruit at 60 g a.i./ha of indoxacarb 14.5% suspension concentrate. The residue concentrations were reduced in the range of 13.0 to 47.7% from chili fruit using different decontamination practices. The calculated risk quotient of indoxacarb on chili was less than one and the soil ecological risk assessment was found to be low-level risk to earthworms and arthropods at recommended dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]