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A positive definite integral quadratic form is said to be almost (primitively) universal if it (primitively) represents all but at most finitely many positive integers. In general, almost primitive universality is a stronger property than almost universality. The two main results of this paper are: 1) every primitively universal form nontrivially represents zero over every ring of p-adic integers, and 2) every almost universal form in five or more variables is almost primitively universal., Comment: 18 pages

The concept of ‘presence’ in the context of virtual reality (VR) refers to the experience of being in the virtual environment, even when one is physically situated in the real world. Therefore, it is a key parameter of assessing a VR system, based on which, improvements can be made to it. To overcome the limitations of existing methods that are based on standard questionnaires and behavioral analysis, this study proposes to investigate the suitability of biosignals of the user to derive an objective measure of presence. The proposed approach includes experiments conducted on 20 users, recording EEG, ECG and electrodermal activity (EDA) signals while experiencing custom designed VR scenarios with factors contributing to presence suppressed and unsuppressed. Mutual Information based feature selection and subsequent paired t-tests used to identify significant variations in biosignal features when each factor of presence is suppressed revealed significant (p < 0.05) differences in the mean values of EEG signal power and coherence within alpha, beta and gamma bands distributed in specific regions of the brain. Statistical features showed a significant variation with the suppression of realism factor. The variations of activity in the temporal region lead to the assumption of insula activation which may be related to the sense of presence. Therefore, the use of biosignals for an objective measurement of presence in VR systems indicates promise.

Objective This study examined the use of triptan derivatives in Australia between 1997 and 2015, based on a national drug reimbursement database, and compared patterns of use with available international data. Methods We obtained publically available data on the number of prescriptions for triptans marketed in Australia (sumatriptan, eletriptan, rizatriptan, zolmitriptan, naratriptan). Dispensed use was measured as defined daily dose (DDD per 1000 population per day) for Australia's concessional beneficiaries (low-income earners, people with disabilities, and seniors). Results Total triptan use increased at an average annual rate of 112% over the 18-year period. Sumatriptan was the preferred triptan throughout (average annual increase 45%). Zolmitriptan and naratriptan use peaked in 2004, then decreased. Rizatriptan and eletriptan became available in 2010. There were 3.2-fold and 5.9-fold annual increases in their use from 2011 to 2105. There was some evidence suggesting that pattern of triptan use in concessional beneficiaries probably reflected pattern of overall triptan use in Australia. Conclusions The use of triptan derivatives in Australia per head of population for treating migraine attacks continued to increase over the 18-year period studied, with use of recently introduced derivatives more than substituting for decreased use of older triptans. This suggests that the available treatments of migraine attacks had achieved what were considered less than adequate therapeutic outcomes.

Parotidectomy is the definitive procedure for diagnosis and treatment of most parotid masses but, due to the risk of haematoma and seroma formation, has traditionally included a drain. The drain itself comes with its own risks and, in most hospitals, the need for overnight admission, which has significant cost implications (Mallon et al. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 95(4):258–262; 2013). Fibrin glue, with its haemostatic and adhesive properties, reduces the risk of collection or haematoma and therefore may negate the need for a drain. This is the first study to look at the use of ARTISS as an alternative to drains in parotidectomy. We performed a retrospective study of all the patients who underwent a partial parotidectomy over a 4-year period from 2014 until 2018 under the same senior surgeon. Patients were divided into those that had a drain and those that had ARTISS. Their operative record, inpatient notes and clinic letters were reviewed to record information regarding length of stay, histology, complications and recurrence. A total of 34 patients were identified; 17 ARTISS and 17 drain patients. We showed that the mean length of stay improved significantly from 1.6 days with the drain to 0.5 days with ARTISS (Fig. 1) but without a difference in complication rate (Fig. 2), which was 5/17 (29%) in each group. In conclusion, parotidectomy can be undertaken safely as a day-case procedure with the application of ARTISS. This new approach to parotid surgery not only offers less morbidity for patients but also positive financial revenue for public health institutions.

Die Grenzen eines Landes haben einerseits potentiale Wirkung auf das Klima und die Nachhaltigkeit auf Makroskala, vertreten jedoch andererseits eine flexible Wand, die sich fortentwickeln und umwandeln kann. Parameter wie politische, ��konomische und soziale Konditionen, gesellschaftliche Klassen, Topographie und der Kontakt mit Natur und Land entwickeln verschiedene Grenzenverh��ltnisse. Diese hybriden Kontaktzonen, die in der Vergangenheit auch zeitweise als Spitzenpunkt und geographische W��nde betrachtet wurden, stellen heute die neuen Zentren und Labore der gesellschaftlichen und politischen Umwandlung dar. Grenzenregionen gelten als besondere und privilegierte Bereiche, wo man die komplizierte Aggregation der Akteure, territoriale und politische Konfigurationen, verschiedene Verhandlungs- und Bearbeitungsm��glichkeiten, die durch obere und untere Dynamiken geformt werden, beobachten kann. Und, kann man denn heutzutage, wo die Thematik Einwanderung und Grenzkontrolle weltweit sehr oft mit einer kriegsaffirmativen und provokativen Sprache diskutiert wird, zur Diskussion bringen, ob die durch den Staat hergestellten Grenzregionen gestaltet werden k��nnen oder nicht? In diese These wird im Grenzbereich zwischen Nusaybin und Kam����l�� die Gestaltung von ��konomischen Korridors/Regionen vorgeschlagen, wo die St��dte ohne Grenzen miteinander verbunden werden, eine Gro��stadt, in der das Verkehrsnetz, st��dtische Dienstleistungen gleichwertig in den unteren Regionen verteilt werden und auch beide Seiten gleichwertige Arbeitsm��glichkeiten erreichen k��nnen., Country borders not only have potential impacts on climate and sustainability at macro level but also represent a dynamic periphery for a city that can develop and evolve. The parameters such as political, economic, social conditions, social classes, topography, contact with nature and countryside result in different border conditions. These hybrid contact areas, sometimes viewed as endpoints or geographical peripheries in the past, are now considered as new centres and laboratories of social and political change. It is accepted that border zones are exclusive and privileged places to observe the complex clustering of actors, new social, territorial and political configurations as well as different alternatives of negotiations and regulations shaped dynamically from above or below. Do these days when the issues of immigration and border control are discussed with a provocative language that affirms war around the world bring into question whether these zones, which are produced by the state, can be designed? In the area between Nusaybin and Kam����l�� border in particular, this thesis proposes an urban pattern where cities are united without borders, transportation network and urban services are evenly distributed to the sub-regions as well as economic corridors / regions where both sides enjoy equal employment opportunities.

Die Grenzen eines Landes haben einerseits potentiale Wirkung auf das Klima und die Nachhaltigkeit auf Makroskala, vertreten jedoch andererseits eine flexible Wand, die sich fortentwickeln und umwandeln kann. Parameter wie politische, ��konomische und soziale Konditionen, gesellschaftliche Klassen, Topographie und der Kontakt mit Natur und Land entwickeln verschiedene Grenzenverh��ltnisse. Diese hybriden Kontaktzonen, die in der Vergangenheit auch zeitweise als Spitzenpunkt und geographische W��nde betrachtet wurden, stellen heute die neuen Zentren und Labore der gesellschaftlichen und politischen Umwandlung dar. Grenzenregionen gelten als besondere und privilegierte Bereiche, wo man die komplizierte Aggregation der Akteure, territoriale und politische Konfigurationen, verschiedene Verhandlungs- und Bearbeitungsm��glichkeiten, die durch obere und untere Dynamiken geformt werden, beobachten kann. Und, kann man denn heutzutage, wo die Thematik Einwanderung und Grenzkontrolle weltweit sehr oft mit einer kriegsaffirmativen und provokativen Sprache diskutiert wird, zur Diskussion bringen, ob die durch den Staat hergestellten Grenzregionen gestaltet werden k��nnen oder nicht? In diese These wird im Grenzbereich zwischen Nusaybin und Kam����l�� die Gestaltung von ��konomischen Korridors/Regionen vorgeschlagen, wo die St��dte ohne Grenzen miteinander verbunden werden, eine Gro��stadt, in der das Verkehrsnetz, st��dtische Dienstleistungen gleichwertig in den unteren Regionen verteilt werden und auch beide Seiten gleichwertige Arbeitsm��glichkeiten erreichen k��nnen., Country borders not only have potential impacts on climate and sustainability at macro level but also represent a dynamic periphery for a city that can develop and evolve. The parameters such as political, economic, social conditions, social classes, topography, contact with nature and countryside result in different border conditions. These hybrid contact areas, sometimes viewed as endpoints or geographical peripheries in the past, are now considered as new centres and laboratories of social and political change. It is accepted that border zones are exclusive and privileged places to observe the complex clustering of actors, new social, territorial and political configurations as well as different alternatives of negotiations and regulations shaped dynamically from above or below. Do these days when the issues of immigration and border control are discussed with a provocative language that affirms war around the world bring into question whether these zones, which are produced by the state, can be designed? In the area between Nusaybin and Kam����l�� border in particular, this thesis proposes an urban pattern where cities are united without borders, transportation network and urban services are evenly distributed to the sub-regions as well as economic corridors / regions where both sides enjoy equal employment opportunities.

A BSTRACT.— Reef fish movements over short and long time frames have important consequences for identifying essential fish habitat, quantifying ecological flows across the seascape and designing marine reserves. We use grunts (Haemulidae) as a representative model group for quantifying movement in terms of distances, time scales, temporal patterns, habitat associations and controls. Here, we provide a review based on recent studies and our own experience. The ritualized, twilight feeding migrations of grunts represent an important mechanism for transferring nutrients and organic matter across habitat boundaries, with movements on the order of 100-300 m. Both compass orientation and vision are used for navigation during feeding migrations. Feeding movements of adults are less ritualized in both space and time and typically occur on the same scale of distance as juveniles, although longer excursions have been documented. Ontogenetic migrations occur over years and take the form of discrete habitat shifts, with most individuals moving progressively offshore. Distances and pathways followed by fish will depend on the exact width of the shelf and distribution of suitable habitats. Transplant experiments suggest there are significant barriers to fish migration, and migration corridors, especially reef margins, seem to be important in determining the direction of ontogenetic habitat shifts, but these may be disrupted by environmental perturbations. Theoretical considerations relative to barrier perception and growth-survival trade-offs appear to explain normal movements of grunts and their responses to environmental perturbations, but lack of information on how fish may sense new locations at distance prevents the full use of theory to generate rules of migration covering timing, distance and direction.