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Greater Manchester has a greater prevalence and worse asthma outcomes than the national average. This study aims to evaluate a digital approach to primary care asthma management and in particular the initial impact of implementing Clinical Decision Support System software in the form of a computer-guided consultation (CGC) in the setting of primary care asthma reviews in deprived areas of Greater Manchester. The CGC (LungHealth Ltd) is an intelligent decision support system ensuring accurate guideline-based staging of asthma and assessment of asthma control with the software subsequently prompting guideline-standard management. Patients on asthma registers in Greater Manchester Primary Care Networks were identified and underwent remote review by nursing staff using the CGC linked directly to the GP clinical system. Three-hundred thirty-eight patients (mean age 59 (SD 17) years; 60% Female) were reviewed. The CGC reported the patient’s asthma control to be “Good” in 22%, “Partial” in 6% and “Poor” in 72%. ACT scores were significantly higher in those patients exhibiting “Good” and “Partial” control when compared to those with “Poor” control. The number of steroid courses and hospital admissions in the previous 12 months was significantly lower in those patients exhibiting “Good” and “Partial” control when compared to those with “Poor” control. Nineteen percent were found not to have a personalised asthma management plan during CGC review, which was alerted by the CGC and subsequently, all but 3 patients had this created on review completion (McNemar’s test; p

The long-term effect of manuring and fertilization on aggregate distribution and aggregate associated C was studied under the rice-wheat cropping system in an Inceptisol of the upper Indo-Gangetic plain. Eight treatments from the long term experiment were chosen for this study: control (T1), 100% NPK- fertilizer (T2), 50% NPK- fertilizer + 50 % N-FYM (T3), 75% NPK + 25% N-FYM (T4) and 50% NPK + 50% N-Wheat straw (WS) (T5), 75% NPK + 25% N-WS (T6), 50% NPK + 50% N-Green manure (GM) (T7) and 75% NPK + 25% N-GM (T8). The results revealed that application of balanced chemical fertilizer alone or in conjunction with FYM, WS or GM favoured the soil aggregation and C buildup in the soil. Highest % water stable macro-aggregates (WSMA) (50.49%) and mean weight diameter (MWD) (0.85 mm) were resulted under T3 (50% NPK + 50% N-FYM). Macro-aggregate associated C (MA-C) and micro-aggregate associated C (mA-C) were increased by 48.7 and 126% respectively over control under T6 (75 % NPK + 25 % N- WS). Glomalin content was positively related to the stability of aggregates as indicated by the strong correlation of MWD with glomalin associated with macro-aggregates (GMA) (r=0.74*) and glomalin associated with micro-aggregates (GmA) (r=0.95**).

Increase in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration has fertilization effect on crops if nutrient supply remains adequate. Response of cereals and legumes to increased CO2 concentration might differ due to the nitrogen fixing ability of leguminous crops. Considering the importance of differential response of cereal and legumes under elevated CO2 concentration, a field study was conducted to compare the effect of elevated CO2 on yield and plant nitrogen uptake in wheat and chickpea crop. Elevated CO2 level (550 ppm) increased yield by 15.1% and 16.7% over ambient in wheat and by 21.1% and 21.9% in chickpea (p ≤ 0.05) during the first and second years of the study. Nitrogen content in wheat grains decreased under elevated CO2 concentration. Chickpea, being a leguminous crop, showed no change in grain N content. However, higher biomass and grain yield resulted in higher N uptake in both the crops under elevated CO2 level. Under elevated CO2 concentration more partitioning of biomass toward seeds lead to higher seed N partitioning in chickpea. The study showed that although growth and yield of crops might increase in high CO2 condition, nitrogen concentration in grains and soil available N status might decrease in cereals like wheat. But chickpea might not get affected due to their ability to fix atmospheric N2.

The mass of the recently discovered charm tetraquark state has been estimated in the framework of the diquark–antidiquark $$(c\bar{c} c\bar{c})$$ and in the di-hadronic states approach. In the context of the effective mass approximation, diquarks have been designated as quasiparticles and have been used to study the tetraquark $$(c\bar{c} c\bar{c})$$ state. It has also been investigated considering it as a di-hadronic state of di- $$J/\Psi $$ mesons. The results have been compared with the experimental value and other theoretical works. It is observed that the mass of the tetraquark state in the diquark–antidiquark configuration shows very good agreement with the experimental results. The diquark–antidiquark picture in the context of the effective mass approximation seems to describe the $$(c\bar{c} c\bar{c})$$ system very well.

Wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum, sp. Ciceris (FOC) is an important disease causing losses up to 10% in chickpea yield. Experiments were conducted growing chickpea in free air ozone and carbon dioxide enrichment rings under four treatments of elevated ozone (O3) (EO:60 ± 10 ppb), elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) (ECO2:550 ± 25 ppm), combination of elevated CO2 and O3 (EO + ECO2) and ambient control for quantifying the effect on growth, yield, biochemical and nutrient content of chickpea. For studying the impact on wilt disease, chickpea was grown additionally in pots with soil containing FOC in these rings. The incidence of Fusarium wilt reduced significantly (p < 0.01) under EO as compared to ambient and ECO2. The activities of pathogenesis-related proteins chitinase and β-1,3- glucanase, involved in plant defense mechanism were enhanced under EO. The aboveground biomass and pod weight declined by 18.7 and 15.8% respectively in uninnoculated soils under EO, whereas, in FOC inoculated soil (diseased plants), the decline under EO was much less at 8.6 and 9.9% as compared to the ambient. Under EO, the activity of super oxide dismutase increased significantly (p < 0.5, 40%) as compared to catalase (12.5%) and peroxidase (17.5%) without any significant increase under EO + ECO2. The proline accumulation was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in EO as compared to EO + ECO2, and ECO2. The seed yield declined under EO due to significant reduction (p < 0.01) in the number of unproductive pods and seed weight. No change in the protein, total soluble sugars, calcium and phosphorus content was observed in any of the treatments, however, a significant decrease in potassium (K) content was observed under EO + ECO2. Elevated CO2 (554ppm) countered the impacts of 21.1 and 14.4 ppm h (AOT 40) O3 exposure on the seed yield and nutrient content (except K) in the EO + CO2 treatment and reduced the severity of wilt disease in the two years' study., Wilt; Elevated ozone; Elevated carbon dioxide; Chickpea; Fusarium oxysporium

Climate change, as a result of increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases, influences growth and productivity of leguminous crops. A study was carried out to analyse the impacts of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and cyanobacterial inoculation on growth, N2 fixation and N availability and uptake in cowpea crop, under different doses of phosphorus. Cowpea crop was grown under ambient (400 µmol mol−1) and elevated (550 ± 20 µmol mol−1) CO2 levels using Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment facility. Elevated CO2 level increased chlorophyll content in leaves, improved nodulation and nitrogen fixation by the crop. Increase in P dose up to 16 mg kg−1 soil enhanced nodule development and N2 fixation under high CO2 condition. Cyanobacterial inoculation increased nodule weight, leghaemoglobin content in nodules and total nitrogenase activity. Although nitrogen concentration in cowpea seeds decreased in high CO2 treatment, higher N uptake was recorded. Under elevated CO2 condition, cyanobacterial inocula...

A Fermi liquid model for hadrons has been suggested for the hadrons in medium. The hadrons are supposed to behave like quasi particle as Fermi excitation while in the medium and the effective mass of the hadrons have been estimated using Fermi liquid model. Considering a momentum dependent potential inside the medium to describe the interaction, the effective masses of the hadrons are estimated. The temperature dependence of effective masses have also been studied. The possibility of describing masses of the quarks as Fermi excitation have been investigated. Compressibility, specific heats, density of states in medium have been studied. The potential depth for light and singly heavy baryons in medium have been extracted. The results are found to be very interesting and compared with the other studies available in literature.

This paper analyses the impact of a firm combined offer by wind and small hydro generators located in the river chain, with a view to address the intermittency of wind generators. Both generations are dispatchable and cleared against their offer prices. They offer a firm, hourly-schedule (WH schedule) for 24 hours ahead of real-time operation to an auction based locational marginal price (LMP) market with other generators offering to meet the system loads. The model network consists of other generators and loads at different buses. The scheduled power is taken off at a predetermined bus, as a load at the bus. This schedule must be met by the wind and hydro combined generations. If necessary, a notional thermal generation is available at a considerable higher price to meet the schedule, at the off-take point.The objective is to minimise the total supply cost for 24 hours and examine LMPs and constraint-on costs while respecting the given WH schedule, nodal power balance constraint, generation limits, branch flow and other limits. Discussion is based on New Zealand (NZ) Electricity Market rules, where generators are self-committed into the market. Three scenarios are studied, and the results presented.

Using a three- and four-dimensional Pauli–Villars regularization scheme, we investigate quark–antiquark and diquark condensation in the framework of the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model. Using the particle Fermi momentum as a cutoff parameter, we study the energy gap width and coherence length for the meson condensate 〈 $$q\bar q$$ 〉. We also study the energy gap width and critical coherence length (the distance over which there would be no diquark condensation) for the diquark 〈qq〉 and the dependence on the Fermi momentum. We obtain an estimate of the Fermi momentum value for meson and diquark condensates with an energy gap width of the order of 100 MeV.

An experiment was carried out during the kharif season of year 2013 inside Temperature Gradient Tunnel (TGT) of Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture (CESCRA), at IARI farm to study impact of elevated temperature on the growth and yield responses of rice crop under four N levels. Results showed that grain and biomass yield of rice had decreased significantly with rise in temperature inside the TGT. With recommended N dose, yield reduction of rice was 37 per cent with rise in temperature to 3.9ºC over ambient air condition but application of 125 per cent N can prevent the yield loss by 6per cent as compared to 100 per cent recommended N treatment. Yield parameters Spikelet sterility of rice did increase with increase in temperature.

Mungbean is an important leguminous crop providing protein for the rural and urban poor in South and Southeast Asia. An experiment was conducted in free air carbon dioxide enrichment facility (FACE) ring to study the impact of increased CO2 level on growth and biomass partitioning in mungbean crop. The crop was grown under ambient (400 μmol mol-1) and elevated CO2 concentration (550 μmol mol-1) with 5 doses of P with and without cyanobacterial inoculation. Elevated CO2 significantly increased biomass accumulation in mungbean crop which was further increased by P and cyanobacteria application. Leaf biomass increased by 34.4% at increased CO2 level. Maximum biomass allocation to seeds was observed with P dose of 16 mg kg-1 soil in both ambient and elevated CO2 conditions. Allocation was more in high CO2 treatment. The study concludes that mungbean crop grown under elevated CO2 condition accumulates more biomass which gets further improved by application of P nutrient and cyanobacteria inoculation.

The masses of the recently reported by LHCb two pentaquark charmonium states P * (4380) and P * (4450) which are supposed to have the configuration $$\left( {uudc\overline c } \right)$$ have been estimated in the framework of the quasiparticle model of diquarks considering $$\left[ {ud} \right]\left[ {uc} \right]\overline c $$ configuration. The masses are reproduced very well which indicates that the description of diquark as quasiparticle is very useful for describing multiquark state and to understand the dynamics of it.

The effect of duration of conservation agriculture adoption on soil carbon dynamics and system sustainability was evaluated on farms of 30 villages in the Nilokheri block of Karnal district, Haryana, India. Sustainability was evaluated, in which a number of soil physical, chemical, and biological parameters were measured and a Sustainability Index (SI) was applied. Soil samples were collected from existing conservation agriculture (CA) and conventional tillage (CT) farms. Villages under CA practices were subdivided as CA3, CA6, and CA9 based on the number of years of CA practice adoption. Results showed that bulk density (BD) of 0-15 cm soil depth was 7% greater in CA3 plots, whereas in CA6 and CA9 plots BD values were only 2% and 3% higher than CT. Soil organic carbon (SOC) in 0-15 cm soil depth was found to be greater by 16.32% in CA3 than CT plots, whereas SOC was higher by 38.77% and 61.22% in CA6 and CA9. In CA, for the 0–15 and 15-30 cm soil depths, labile pools were 36% and 22% greater than CT, respectively. For both the soil depths in CA, the recalcitrant pool was 12% and 9% more than CT, respectively. Microbial biomass carbon (MBC) values of the 0-15 cm soil depth were increased over CT by 18.57%, 47.08%, and 71.5% for CA3, CA6, and CA9 respectively. In CA plots, the SI of 0-15 cm soil depth ranged between cumulative ratings (CR) of 18–21, which indicates that CA practice is “sustainable” for both soil depths. For CT, CR ranged from 25 to 30 for both soil depths resulting in a SI of “sustainability with high input”. Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) scores showed that SOC had the maximum weight (0.96) towards sustainability, giving it a rank of 1. Effective rooting depth (ERD), BD, texture, and wilting point (WP) ranked 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively, indicating their corresponding weight of contribution towards the SI. Farmers in the Karnal district should be encouraged to adopt CA practices as they can increase SOC and move the systems from “sustainable with high input” to “sustainable”., Aggregation; Conventional agriculture; Glomalin content; Microbial biomass carbon; Soil organic carbon; TOPSIS; Agricultural soil science; Agronomy; Soil health; Soil quality; Environmental assessment.

The masses of the tetra-quark states ( q q q ¯ q ¯ ) have been investigated in the framework of diquark [qq] anti-diquark [ q ¯ q ¯ ] configuration where the diquarks (anti-diquarks) are described by the Composite Fermion Model. The tetra-quark masses of several particles such as f 0(1370), K (1460), D (2632), Y (4143), Zc (4430) and Tcc (3797) have been investigated. The higher state masses of these have also been studied using Mass Loaded Flux Tube Model. Their Regge trajectories for different angular momenta have been drawn indicating their masses at L=0. These estimated masses for L=0 compare favorably with their experimental ground state masses. The corresponding string tensions are estimated. The slope of the Regge Trajectories (RT) are extracted and it is observed that RT slope shows a non-linear behavior.

The effect of climate change is being observed in India in the form of shorter winter coupled with commencement of summer quite earlier than normal. The proximity of equator and late sowing of wheat (due to late harvesting of rice) exposes the wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.) to high temperature stress during grain filling stage leading to terminal heat stress in the crop and reduced yield. There are limited studies done till date in India to assess the long term impact of climate variability on wheat yield and to develop adaptation strategies to reduce its negative impact. Therefore, in this study, simulation model (InfoCrop) and field experiment was used to assess the impacts of terminal heat stress on growth and yield of wheat as well as to identify adaptation strategies. Simulated results showed that terminal heat stress will reduce wheat yield by 18.1%, 16.1% and 11.1%, respectively in present, 2020 and 2050 scenarios. Advancement in sowing date, application of additional dose of nitrogen and irrigation at grain filling stage were found suitable options for preventing yield loss. Among various combinations of adaptation options, early sowing by 10 days from recommended sowing date with 30 kg ha−1 additional nitrogen fertilizer and one additional irrigation at grain filling stage was found most suitable. Adaptation of these strategies will help in reducing impact of heat stress by 7.5, 6.4 and 9% respectively in present, 2020 and 2050 heat stressed scenarios.