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1. The impact of low-mode symmetry on inertial fusion energy output in the burning plasma state

Author: J. E. Ralph, J. S. Ross, A. B. Zylstra, A. L. Kritcher, H. F. Robey, C. V. Young, O. A. Hurricane, A. Pak, D. A. Callahan, K. L. Baker, D. T. Casey, T. Döppner, L. Divol, M. Hohenberger, S. Le Pape, P. K. Patel, R. Tommasini, S. J. Ali, P. A. Amendt, L. J. Atherton, B. Bachmann, D. Bailey, L. R. Benedetti, L. Berzak Hopkins, R. Betti, S. D. Bhandarkar, J. Biener, R. M. Bionta, N. W. Birge, E. J. Bond, D. K. Bradley, T. Braun, T. M. Briggs, M. W. Bruhn, P. M. Celliers, B. Chang, T. Chapman, H. Chen, C. Choate, A. R. Christopherson, D. S. Clark, J. W. Crippen, E. L. Dewald, T. R. Dittrich, M. J. Edwards, W. A. Farmer, J. E. Field, D. Fittinghoff, J. Frenje, J. Gaffney, M. Gatu Johnson, S. H. Glenzer, G. P. Grim, S. Haan, K. D. Hahn, G. N. Hall, B. A. Hammel, J. Harte, E. Hartouni, J. E. Heebner, V. J. Hernandez, H. W. Herrmann, M. C. Herrmann, D. E. Hinkel, D. D. Ho, J. P. Holder, W. W. Hsing, H. Huang, K. D. Humbird, N. Izumi, L. C. Jarrott, J. Jeet, O. Jones, G. D. Kerbel, S. M. Kerr, S. F. Khan, J. Kilkenny, Y. Kim, H. Geppert-Kleinrath, V. Geppert-Kleinrath, C. Kong, J. M. Koning, J. J. Kroll, M. K. G. Kruse, B. Kustowski, O. L. Landen, S. Langer, D. Larson, N. C. Lemos, J. D. Lindl, T. Ma, M. J. MacDonald, B. J. MacGowan, A. J. Mackinnon, S. A. MacLaren, A. G. MacPhee, M. M. Marinak, D. A. Mariscal, E. V. Marley, L. Masse, K. D. Meaney, N. B. Meezan, P. A. Michel, M. Millot, J. L. Milovich, J. D. Moody, A. S. Moore, J. W. Morton, T. J. Murphy, K. Newman, J.-M. G. Di Nicola, A. Nikroo, R. Nora, M. V. Patel, L. J. Pelz, J. L. Peterson, Y. Ping, B. B. Pollock, M. Ratledge, N. G. Rice, H. G. Rinderknecht, M. Rosen, M. S. Rubery, J. D. Salmonson, J. Sater, S. Schiaffino, D. J. Schlossberg, M. B. Schneider, C. R. Schroeder, H. A. Scott, S. M. Sepke, K. Sequoia, M. W. Sherlock, S. Shin, V. A. Smalyuk, B. K. Spears, P. T. Springer, M. Stadermann, S. Stoupin, D. J. Strozzi, L. J. Suter, C. A. Thomas, R. P. J. Town, C. Trosseille, E. R. Tubman, P. L. Volegov, C. R. Weber, K. Widmann, C. Wild, C. H. Wilde, B. M. Van Wonterghem, D. T. Woods, B. N. Woodworth, M. Yamaguchi, S. T. Yang, and G. B. Zimmerman
Subjects: Science
Abstract: Abstract Indirect Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion Experiments on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) have achieved a burning plasma state with neutron yields exceeding 170 kJ, roughly 3 times the prior record and a necessary stage for igniting plasmas. The results are achieved despite multiple sources of degradations that lead to high variability in performance. Results shown here, for the first time, include an empirical correction factor for mode-2 asymmetry in the burning plasma regime in addition to previously determined corrections for radiative mix and mode-1. Analysis shows that including these three corrections alone accounts for the measured fusion performance variability in the two highest performing experimental campaigns on the NIF to within error. Here we quantify the performance sensitivity to mode-2 symmetry in the burning plasma regime and apply the results, in the form of an empirical correction to a 1D performance model. Furthermore, we find the sensitivity to mode-2 determined through a series of integrated 2D radiation hydrodynamic simulations to be consistent with the experimentally determined sensitivity only when including alpha-heating.
Published: 2024
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2. Mental Health Consultations in Immigration Detention: What Can We Learn From Clinical Records?

Author: Leonel C. Gonçalves, Patrick Heller, Anne-Claire B. Bachmann, Jonathan Barbolini, Clara Fuhrer, Laurent Gétaz, Eric Luke, Hans Wolff, and Stéphanie Baggio
Subjects: health care services, immigration detention, mental health consultations, socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, clinical records, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Objectives: Knowledge on mental health consultations in immigration detention and characteristics of people receiving consultations is scarce. Based on a sample of 230 adult men in immigration detention in Switzerland, we aimed to: (1) Quantify the proportion of persons receiving mental health consultations during detention; and (2) Identify socio-demographic and clinical characteristics associated with mental health consultations.Methods: Retrospective observational study with a cross-sectional design. Prevalence estimates, logistic regressions, and contingency tables were used to analyse the data.Results: A total of 30% of the sample received mental health consultations during detention. Time spent in immigration detention, mental health problems during detention, use of psychotropic medication, and self-harm were associated with mental health consultations. Although mental health consultations are provided to people with more severe mental health problems, 41% of persons with assessed mental health needs during the initial screening and 26% of those who self-harmed during detention did not receive mental health consultations.Conclusion: Mental health resources and screening procedures could be improved to ensure that mental health consultations are matched to clinical need in immigration detention settings.
Published: 2024
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3. Increased compression in HDC-based ablator implosions using modified drive profile

Author: R. Tommasini, D. T. Casey, D. Clark, A. Do, K. L. Baker, O. L. Landen, V. A. Smalyuk, C. Weber, B. Bachmann, E. Hartouni, S. Kerr, C. Krauland, E. V. Marley, M. Millot, J. Milovich, R. C. Nora, A. E. Pak, D. Schlossberg, B. Woodworth, T. M. Briggs, D. M. Holunga, A. Nikroo, and M. Stadermann
Subjects: Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: Compression is an essential component of achieving high gain in inertial confinement fusion. However, increasing compression with crystalline ablator-based implosions had not succeeded up to now, attributed to increased hydrodynamic instability growth. We present experimental results demonstrating record high compression of stagnated fuel in indirectly driven implosions that use a high-density carbon ablator at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) [Spaeth et al., Fusion Sci. Technol. 69, 25 (2016)]1536-105510.13182/FST15-144 by the use of a modified drive pulse (and capsule design). Specifically, the SQ-n design [Clark et al., Phys. Plasmas 29, 052710 (2022)1070-664X10.1063/5.0087052] replaces the second and the third shock phase with a more gently ramped rise designed to reduce in-flight fuel adiabat and instability growth at both the ablation front and the ablator-DT fuel interface and hence promote increased compression. Comparing the results from a large set of experiments, we show that SQ-n achieves ≈15%–30% higher compression than prior designs, a finding that may chart a path toward increased compression and higher gain at the NIF [Abu-Shawareb et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 075001 (2022)0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.129.075001.].
Published: 2023
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4. Diagnosing inertial confinement fusion ignition

Author: A.S. Moore, L. Divol, B. Bachmann, R. Bionta, D. Bradley, D.T. Casey, P. Celliers, H. Chen, A. Do, E. Dewald, M. Eckart, D. Fittinghoff, J. Frenje, M. Gatu-Johnson, H. Geppert-Kleinrath, V. Geppert-Kleinrath, G. Grim, K. Hahn, M. Hohenberger, J. Holder, O. Hurricane, N. Izumi, S. Kerr, S.F. Khan, J.D. Kilkenny, Y. Kim, B. Kozioziemski, N. Lemos, A.G. MacPhee, P. Michel, M. Millot, K.D. Meaney, S. Nagel, A. Pak, J.E. Ralph, J.S. Ross, M.S. Rubery, D.J. Schlossberg, V. Smalyuk, G. Swadling, R. Tommasini, C. Trosseille, A.B. Zylstra, A. Mackinnon, J.D. Moody, O.L. Landen, and R. Town
Subjects: inertial fusion, diagnostics, Ignition, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: Fusion ignition by inertial confinement requires compression and heating of the fusion fuel to temperatures in excess of 5 keV and densities exceeding hundreds of g/cc. In August 2021, this scientific milestone was surpassed at the National Ignition Facility (NIF), when the Lawson criterion for ignition was exceeded generating 1.37MJ of fusion energy (Abu-Shawareb et al 2022 Phys. Rev. Lett. 129 075001), and then in December 2022 target gain >1 was realized with the production of 3.1MJ of fusion energy from a target driven by 2.0MJ of laser energy (Abu-Shawareb et al 2024 Phys. Rev. Lett. 132 065102). At the NIF, inertial confinement fusion research primarily uses a laser indirect drive in which the fusion capsule is surrounded by a high-Z enclosure (‘hohlraum’) used to convert the directed laser energy into a symmetric x-ray drive on the capsule. Precise measurements of the plasma conditions, x-rays, γ -rays and neutrons produced are key to understanding the pathway to higher performance. This paper discusses the diagnostics and measurement techniques developed to understand these experiments, focusing on three main topics: (1) key diagnostic developments for achieving igniting plasmas, (2) novel signatures related to thermonuclear burn and (3) advances to diagnostic capabilities in the igniting regime with a perspective toward developments for intertial fusion energy.
Published: 2024
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5. Microfluidic nutrient gradient–based three-dimensional chondrocyte culture-on-a-chip as an in vitro equine arthritis model

Author: J. Rosser, B. Bachmann, C. Jordan, I. Ribitsch, E. Haltmayer, S. Gueltekin, S. Junttila, B. Galik, A. Gyenesei, B. Haddadi, M. Harasek, M. Egerbacher, P. Ertl, and F. Jenner
Subjects: Medicine (General), R5-920, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: In this work, we describe a microfluidic three-dimensional (3D) chondrocyte culture mimicking in vivo articular chondrocyte morphology, cell distribution, metabolism, and gene expression. This has been accomplished by establishing a physiologic nutrient diffusion gradient across the simulated matrix, while geometric design constraints of the microchambers drive native-like cellular behavior. Primary equine chondrocytes remained viable for the extended culture time of 3 weeks and maintained the low metabolic activity and high Sox9, aggrecan, and Col2 expression typical of articular chondrocytes. Our microfluidic 3D chondrocyte microtissues were further exposed to inflammatory cytokines to establish an animal-free, in vitro osteoarthritis model. Results of our study indicate that our microtissue model emulates the basic characteristics of native cartilage and responds to biochemical injury, thus providing a new foundation for exploration of osteoarthritis pathophysiology in both human and veterinary patients. Keywords: Organ-on-a-Chip, Cartilage, Primary cells, Tissue-on-a-Chip
Published: 2019
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6. A Distinct Role of the Autonomic Nervous System in Modulating the Function of Lymphatic Vessels under Physiological and Tumor-Draining Conditions

Author: Samia B. Bachmann, Denise Gsponer, Javier A. Montoya-Zegarra, Martin Schneider, Felix Scholkmann, Carlotta Tacconi, Simon F. Noerrelykke, Steven T. Proulx, and Michael Detmar
Subjects: Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: Summary: Lymphatic vessels (LVs) are important in the regulation of tissue fluid homeostasis and the pathogenesis of tumor progression. We investigated the innervation of LVs and the response to agonists and antagonists of the autonomic nervous system in vivo. While skin-draining collecting LVs express muscarinic, α1- and β2-adrenergic receptors on lymphatic endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, intestinal lacteals express only β-adrenergic receptors and muscarinic receptors on their smooth muscle cells. Quantitative in vivo near-infrared imaging of the exposed flank-collecting LV revealed that muscarinic and α1-adrenergic agonists increased LV contractility, whereas activation of β2-adrenergic receptors inhibited contractility and initiated nitric oxide (NO)-dependent vasodilation. Tumor-draining LVs were expanded and showed a higher innervation density and contractility that was reduced by treatment with atropine, phentolamine, and, most potently, isoproterenol. These findings likely have clinical implications given the impact of lymphatic fluid drainage on intratumoral fluid pressure and thus drug delivery. : Bachmann et al. use in vivo imaging to demonstrate that muscarinic and α1-adrenergic agonists increase lymphatic contractility, whereas activation of β2-adrenergic receptors inhibits contractility and mediates NO-dependent vasodilation. Tumor-draining lymphatics have a denser innervation and increased contractility, which can be diminished by β2-adrenergic agonists. Keywords: lymphatic vessels, contractility, autonomic nervous system, Ca2+ imaging, tumor-draining lymphatics
Published: 2019
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7. An important role of cutaneous lymphatic vessels in coordinating and promoting anagen hair follicle growth.

Author: Sun-Young Yoon, Lothar C Dieterich, Sinem Karaman, Steven T Proulx, Samia B Bachmann, Carol Sciaroni, and Michael Detmar
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: The lymphatic vascular system plays important roles in the control of tissue fluid homeostasis and immune responses. While VEGF-A-induced angiogenesis promotes hair follicle (HF) growth, the potential role of lymphatic vessels (LVs) in HF cycling has remained unknown. In this study, we found that LVs are localized in close proximity to the HF bulge area throughout the postnatal and depilation-induced hair cycle in mice and that a network of LVs directly connects the individual HFs. Increased LV density in the skin of K14-VEGF-C transgenic mice was associated with prolongation of anagen HF growth. Conversely, HF entry into the catagen phase was accelerated in K14-sVEGFR3 transgenic mice that lack cutaneous LVs. Importantly, repeated intradermal injections of VEGF-C promoted hair growth in mice. Conditioned media from lymphatic endothelial cells promoted human dermal papilla cell (DPC) growth and expression of IGF-1 and alkaline phosphatase, both activators of DPCs. Our results reveal an unexpected role of LVs in coordinating and promoting HF growth and identify potential new therapeutic strategies for hair loss-associated conditions.
Published: 2019
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8. Measuring and simulating ice–ablator mix in inertial confinement fusion

Author: B. Bachmann, S. A. MacLaren, L. Masse, S. Bhandarkar, T. Briggs, D. Casey, L. Divol, T. Döppner, D. Fittinghoff, M. Freeman, S. Haan, G. N. Hall, B. Hammel, E. Hartouni, N. Izumi, V. Geppert-Kleinrath, S. Khan, B. Kozioziemski, C. Krauland, O. Landen, D. Mariscal, E. Marley, K. Meaney, G. Mellos, A. Moore, A. Pak, P. Patel, M. Ratledge, N. Rice, M. Rubery, J. Salmonson, J. Sater, D. Schlossberg, M. Schneider, V. A. Smalyuk, C. Trosseille, P. Volegov, C. Weber, G. J. Williams, and A. Wray
Subjects: Condensed Matter Physics
Abstract: Fuel–ablator mix has been established as a major performance degrading effect in the burning plasma regime of recent inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments. As such, the study of fuel–ablator mix with experiments and simulations can provide valuable insight for our understanding of these experiments and establish a path for even higher yields and increased robustness. We present a novel high-yield experimental ICF design that is motivated by recent experiments measuring ice–ablator mix with a CH ablator instead of a high-density carbon (HDC) ablator [B. Bachmann et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 275001 (2022)]. We review these experiments in more detail and describe the modeling assumptions and parameters used to obtain agreement with the data from implosion and burn simulations with mix. Using this mix model calibrated a posteriori to the experimental data, we design an implosion that uses a CH ablator that is predicted to achieve better performance than a recent experiment that achieved net target gain of 1.5 in HDC. Because hydrodynamic instabilities are greatly reduced with this new design, we also expect a high reproducibility at the same implosion adiabat as current record yield experiments.
Published: 2023

9. X-ray imaging methods for high-energy density physics applications

Author: B. Kozioziemski, B. Bachmann, A. Do, and R. Tommasini
Subjects: Instrumentation
Abstract: Large scale high-energy density science facilities continue to grow in scale and complexity worldwide. The increase in driver capabilities, including pulsed-power and lasers, continue to push the boundaries of temperature, pressure, and densities, opening up new physics regimes. X-ray imaging is one of the many diagnostic techniques that are used to probe states of matter in these extreme conditions. Improved fabrication and polishing methods have provided improved x-ray microscope performance, while improving detector and x-ray sources now enable pico-second imaging with few micron resolutions. This Review will cover x-ray imaging methods, primarily absorption imaging, and their improvements over the last few decades.
Published: 2023

10. Nanosecond formation of diamond and lonsdaleite by shock compression of graphite

Author: D. Kraus, A. Ravasio, M. Gauthier, D. O. Gericke, J. Vorberger, S. Frydrych, J. Helfrich, L. B. Fletcher, G. Schaumann, B. Nagler, B. Barbrel, B. Bachmann, E. J. Gamboa, S. Göde, E. Granados, G. Gregori, H. J. Lee, P. Neumayer, W. Schumaker, T. Döppner, R. W. Falcone, S. H. Glenzer, and M. Roth
Subjects: Science
Abstract: Shock synthesis of diamond and even harder carbon polymorphs from graphite is of great interest for science and technology. Here, the authors present unprecedented in situmeasurements of the structural changes, showing ultrafast formation of diamond and, at higher pressures, evidence for a pure lonsdaleite structure.
Published: 2016
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11. Burning plasma achieved in inertial fusion

Author: A. B. Zylstra, O. A. Hurricane, D. A. Callahan, A. L. Kritcher, J. E. Ralph, H. F. Robey, J. S. Ross, C. V. Young, K. L. Baker, D. T. Casey, T. Döppner, L. Divol, M. Hohenberger, S. Le Pape, A. Pak, P. K. Patel, R. Tommasini, S. J. Ali, P. A. Amendt, L. J. Atherton, B. Bachmann, D. Bailey, L. R. Benedetti, L. Berzak Hopkins, R. Betti, S. D. Bhandarkar, J. Biener, R. M. Bionta, N. W. Birge, E. J. Bond, D. K. Bradley, T. Braun, T. M. Briggs, M. W. Bruhn, P. M. Celliers, B. Chang, T. Chapman, H. Chen, C. Choate, A. R. Christopherson, D. S. Clark, J. W. Crippen, E. L. Dewald, T. R. Dittrich, M. J. Edwards, W. A. Farmer, J. E. Field, D. Fittinghoff, J. Frenje, J. Gaffney, M. Gatu Johnson, S. H. Glenzer, G. P. Grim, S. Haan, K. D. Hahn, G. N. Hall, B. A. Hammel, J. Harte, E. Hartouni, J. E. Heebner, V. J. Hernandez, H. Herrmann, M. C. Herrmann, D. E. Hinkel, D. D. Ho, J. P. Holder, W. W. Hsing, H. Huang, K. D. Humbird, N. Izumi, L. C. Jarrott, J. Jeet, O. Jones, G. D. Kerbel, S. M. Kerr, S. F. Khan, J. Kilkenny, Y. Kim, H. Geppert Kleinrath, V. Geppert Kleinrath, C. Kong, J. M. Koning, J. J. Kroll, M. K. G. Kruse, B. Kustowski, O. L. Landen, S. Langer, D. Larson, N. C. Lemos, J. D. Lindl, T. Ma, M. J. MacDonald, B. J. MacGowan, A. J. Mackinnon, S. A. MacLaren, A. G. MacPhee, M. M. Marinak, D. A. Mariscal, E. V. Marley, L. Masse, K. Meaney, N. B. Meezan, P. A. Michel, M. Millot, J. L. Milovich, J. D. Moody, A. S. Moore, J. W. Morton, T. Murphy, K. Newman, J.-M. G. Di Nicola, A. Nikroo, R. Nora, M. V. Patel, L. J. Pelz, J. L. Peterson, Y. Ping, B. B. Pollock, M. Ratledge, N. G. Rice, H. Rinderknecht, M. Rosen, M. S. Rubery, J. D. Salmonson, J. Sater, S. Schiaffino, D. J. Schlossberg, M. B. Schneider, C. R. Schroeder, H. A. Scott, S. M. Sepke, K. Sequoia, M. W. Sherlock, S. Shin, V. A. Smalyuk, B. K. Spears, P. T. Springer, M. Stadermann, S. Stoupin, D. J. Strozzi, L. J. Suter, C. A. Thomas, R. P. J. Town, E. R. Tubman, C. Trosseille, P. L. Volegov, C. R. Weber, K. Widmann, C. Wild, C. H. Wilde, B. M. Van Wonterghem, D. T. Woods, B. N. Woodworth, M. Yamaguchi, S. T. Yang, and G. B. Zimmerman
Subjects: Multidisciplinary
Abstract: Obtaining a burning plasma is a critical step towards self-sustaining fusion energy1. A burning plasma is one in which the fusion reactions themselves are the primary source of heating in the plasma, which is necessary to sustain and propagate the burn, enabling high energy gain. After decades of fusion research, here we achieve a burning-plasma state in the laboratory. These experiments were conducted at the US National Ignition Facility, a laser facility delivering up to 1.9 megajoules of energy in pulses with peak powers up to 500 terawatts. We use the lasers to generate X-rays in a radiation cavity to indirectly drive a fuel-containing capsule via the X-ray ablation pressure, which results in the implosion process compressing and heating the fuel via mechanical work. The burning-plasma state was created using a strategy to increase the spatial scale of the capsule2,3 through two different implosion concepts4–7. These experiments show fusion self-heating in excess of the mechanical work injected into the implosions, satisfying several burning-plasma metrics3,8. Additionally, we describe a subset of experiments that appear to have crossed the static self-heating boundary, where fusion heating surpasses the energy losses from radiation and conduction. These results provide an opportunity to study α-particle-dominated plasmas and burning-plasma physics in the laboratory.
Published: 2022

12. Design of inertial fusion implosions reaching the burning plasma regime

Author: A. L. Kritcher, C. V. Young, H. F. Robey, C. R. Weber, A. B. Zylstra, O. A. Hurricane, D. A. Callahan, J. E. Ralph, J. S. Ross, K. L. Baker, D. T. Casey, D. S. Clark, T. Döppner, L. Divol, M. Hohenberger, L. Berzak Hopkins, S. Le Pape, N. B. Meezan, A. Pak, P. K. Patel, R. Tommasini, S. J. Ali, P. A. Amendt, L. J. Atherton, B. Bachmann, D. Bailey, L. R. Benedetti, R. Betti, S. D. Bhandarkar, J. Biener, R. M. Bionta, N. W. Birge, E. J. Bond, D. K. Bradley, T. Braun, T. M. Briggs, M. W. Bruhn, P. M. Celliers, B. Chang, T. Chapman, H. Chen, C. Choate, A. R. Christopherson, J. W. Crippen, E. L. Dewald, T. R. Dittrich, M. J. Edwards, W. A. Farmer, J. E. Field, D. Fittinghoff, J. A. Frenje, J. A. Gaffney, M. Gatu Johnson, S. H. Glenzer, G. P. Grim, S. Haan, K. D. Hahn, G. N. Hall, B. A. Hammel, J. Harte, E. Hartouni, J. E. Heebner, V. J. Hernandez, H. Herrmann, M. C. Herrmann, D. E. Hinkel, D. D. Ho, J. P. Holder, W. W. Hsing, H. Huang, K. D. Humbird, N. Izumi, L. C. Jarrott, J. Jeet, O. Jones, G. D. Kerbel, S. M. Kerr, S. F. Khan, J. Kilkenny, Y. Kim, H. Geppert-Kleinrath, V. Geppert-Kleinrath, C. Kong, J. M. Koning, M. K. G. Kruse, J. J. Kroll, B. Kustowski, O. L. Landen, S. Langer, D. Larson, N. C. Lemos, J. D. Lindl, T. Ma, M. J. MacDonald, B. J. MacGowan, A. J. Mackinnon, S. A. MacLaren, A. G. MacPhee, M. M. Marinak, D. A. Mariscal, E. V. Marley, L. Masse, K. Meaney, P. A. Michel, M. Millot, J. L. Milovich, J. D. Moody, A. S. Moore, J. W. Morton, T. Murphy, K. Newman, J.-M. G. Di Nicola, A. Nikroo, R. Nora, M. V. Patel, L. J. Pelz, J. L. Peterson, Y. Ping, B. B. Pollock, M. Ratledge, N. G. Rice, H. Rinderknecht, M. Rosen, M. S. Rubery, J. D. Salmonson, J. Sater, S. Schiaffino, D. J. Schlossberg, M. B. Schneider, C. R. Schroeder, H. A. Scott, S. M. Sepke, K. Sequoia, M. W. Sherlock, S. Shin, V. A. Smalyuk, B. K. Spears, P. T. Springer, M. Stadermann, S. Stoupin, D. J. Strozzi, L. J. Suter, C. A. Thomas, R. P. J. Town, C. Trosseille, E. R. Tubman, P. L. Volegov, K. Widmann, C. Wild, C. H. Wilde, B. M. Van Wonterghem, D. T. Woods, B. N. Woodworth, M. Yamaguchi, S. T. Yang, and G. B. Zimmerman
Subjects: General Physics and Astronomy
Abstract: In a burning plasma state1–7, alpha particles from deuterium–tritium fusion reactions redeposit their energy and are the dominant source of heating. This state has recently been achieved at the US National Ignition Facility8 using indirect-drive inertial-confinement fusion. Our experiments use a laser-generated radiation-filled cavity (a hohlraum) to spherically implode capsules containing deuterium and tritium fuel in a central hot spot where the fusion reactions occur. We have developed more efficient hohlraums to implode larger fusion targets compared with previous experiments9,10. This delivered more energy to the hot spot, whereas other parameters were optimized to maintain the high pressures required for inertial-confinement fusion. We also report improvements in implosion symmetry control by moving energy between the laser beams11–16 and designing advanced hohlraum geometry17 that allows for these larger implosions to be driven at the present laser energy and power capability of the National Ignition Facility. These design changes resulted in fusion powers of 1.5 petawatts, greater than the input power of the laser, and 170 kJ of fusion energy18,19. Radiation hydrodynamics simulations20,21 show energy deposition by alpha particles as the dominant term in the hot-spot energy balance, indicative of a burning plasma state.
Published: 2022

13. The Museum as a Colonial Archive

Author: Samuel B. Bachmann
Published: 2023

14. Alpha heating of indirect-drive layered implosions on the National Ignition Facility

Author: K. L. Baker, S. MacLaren, O. Jones, B. K. Spears, P. K. Patel, R. Nora, L. Divol, O. L. Landen, G. J. Anderson, J. Gaffney, M. Kruse, O. A. Hurricane, D. A. Callahan, A. R. Christopherson, J. Salmonson, E. P. Hartouni, T. Döppner, E. Dewald, R. Tommasini, C. A. Thomas, C. Weber, D. Clark, D. T. Casey, M. Hohenberger, S. Khan, T. Woods, J. L. Milovich, R. L. Berger, D. Strozzi, A. Kritcher, B. Bachmann, R. Benedetti, R. Bionta, P. M. Celliers, D. Fittinghoff, R. Hatarik, N. Izumi, M. Gatu Johnson, G. Kyrala, T. Ma, K. Meaney, M. Millot, S. R. Nagel, A. Pak, P. L. Volegov, C. Yeamans, and C. Wilde
Published: 2023

15. Observing the onset of pressure-driven K-shell delocalization

Author: T. Döppner, M. Bethkenhagen, D. Kraus, P. Neumayer, D. A. Chapman, B. Bachmann, R. A. Baggott, M. P. Böhme, L. Divol, R. W. Falcone, L. B. Fletcher, O. L. Landen, M. J. MacDonald, A. M. Saunders, M. Schörner, P. A. Sterne, J. Vorberger, B. B. L. Witte, A. Yi, R. Redmer, S. H. Glenzer, and D. O. Gericke
Subjects: Multidisciplinary, ddc:500
Published: 2023

16. Platform for Probing Radiation Transport Properties of Hydrogen at Conditions Found in the Deep Interiors of Red Dwarfs

Author: J. Lütgert, M. Bethkenhagen, B. Bachmann, L. Divol, D. O. Gericke, S. H. Glenzer, G. N. Hall, N. Izumi, S. F. Khan, O. L. Landen, S. A. MacLaren, L. Masse, R. Redmer, M. Schörner, M. O. Schölmerich, S. Schumacher, N. R. Shaffer, C. E. Starrett, P. A. Sterne, C. Trosseille, T. Döppner, and D. Kraus
Subjects: Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), FOS: Physical sciences, Condensed Matter Physics, Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract: We describe an experimental concept at the National Ignition Facility for specifically tailored spherical implosions to compress hydrogen to extreme densities (up to [Formula: see text] solid density, electron number density [Formula: see text]) at moderate temperatures ([Formula: see text]), i.e., to conditions, which are relevant to the interiors of red dwarf stars. The dense plasma will be probed by laser-generated x-ray radiation of different photon energy to determine the plasma opacity due to collisional (free–free) absorption and Thomson scattering. The obtained results will benchmark radiation transport models, which in the case for free–free absorption show strong deviations at conditions relevant to red dwarfs. This very first experimental test of free–free opacity models at these extreme states will help to constrain where inside those celestial objects energy transport is dominated by radiation or convection. Moreover, our study will inform models for other important processes in dense plasmas, which are based on electron–ion collisions, e.g., stopping of swift ions or electron–ion temperature relaxation.
Published: 2023
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17. Measurement of Dark Ice-Ablator Mix in Inertial Confinement Fusion

Author: B. Bachmann, S. A. MacLaren, S. Bhandarkar, T. Briggs, D. Casey, L. Divol, T. Döppner, D. Fittinghoff, M. Freeman, S. Haan, G. N. Hall, B. Hammel, E. Hartouni, N. Izumi, V. Geppert-Kleinrath, S. Khan, B. Kozioziemski, C. Krauland, O. Landen, D. Mariscal, E. Marley, L. Masse, K. Meaney, G. Mellos, A. Moore, A. Pak, P. Patel, M. Ratledge, N. Rice, M. Rubery, J. Salmonson, J. Sater, D. Schlossberg, M. Schneider, V. A. Smalyuk, C. Trosseille, P. Volegov, C. Weber, G. J. Williams, and A. Wray
Subjects: General Physics and Astronomy
Published: 2022

18. Measurements of ion-electron energy-transfer cross section in high-energy-density plasmas

Author: P. J. Adrian, R. Florido, P. E. Grabowski, R. Mancini, B. Bachmann, L. X. Benedict, M. Gatu Johnson, N. Kabadi, B. Lahmann, C. K. Li, R. D. Petrasso, H. G. Rinderknecht, S. P. Regan, F. H. Séguin, R. L. Singleton, H. Sio, G. D. Sutcliffe, H. D. Whitley, and J. A. Frenje
Abstract: We report on measurements of the ion-electron energy-transfer cross section utilizing low-velocity ion stopping in high-energy-density plasmas at the OMEGA laser facility. These measurements utilize a technique that leverages the close relationship between low-velocity ion stopping and ion-electron equilibration. Shock-driven implosions of capsules filled with D^{3}He gas doped with a trace amount of argon are used to generate densities and temperatures in ranges from 1×10^{23} to 2×10^{24} cm^{-3} and from 1.4 to 2.5 keV, respectively. The energy loss of 1-MeV DD tritons and 3.7-MeV D^{3}He alphas that have velocities lower than the average velocity of the thermal electrons is measured. The energy loss of these ions is used to determine the ion-electron energy-transfer cross section, which is found to be in excellent agreement with quantum-mechanical calculations in the first Born approximation. This result provides an experimental constraint on ion-electron energy transfer in high-energy-density plasmas, which impacts the modeling of alpha heating in inertial confinement fusion implosions, magnetic-field advection in stellar atmospheres, and energy balance in supernova shocks.
Published: 2022

19. Increased Ion Temperature and Neutron Yield Observed in Magnetized Indirectly Driven D2 -Filled Capsule Implosions on the National Ignition Facility

Author: J. D. Moody, B. B. Pollock, H. Sio, D. J. Strozzi, D. D.-M. Ho, C. A. Walsh, G. E. Kemp, B. Lahmann, S. O. Kucheyev, B. Kozioziemski, E. G. Carroll, J. Kroll, D. K. Yanagisawa, J. Angus, B. Bachmann, S. D. Bhandarkar, J. D. Bude, L. Divol, B. Ferguson, J. Fry, L. Hagler, E. Hartouni, M. C. Herrmann, W. Hsing, D. M. Holunga, N. Izumi, J. Javedani, A. Johnson, S. Khan, D. Kalantar, T. Kohut, B. G. Logan, N. Masters, A. Nikroo, N. Orsi, K. Piston, C. Provencher, A. Rowe, J. Sater, K. Skulina, W. A. Stygar, V. Tang, S. E. Winters, G. Zimmerman, P. Adrian, J. P. Chittenden, B. Appelbe, A. Boxall, A. Crilly, S. O’Neill, J. Davies, J. Peebles, and S. Fujioka
Subjects: General Physics and Astronomy
Published: 2022

20. Experimental achievement and signatures of ignition at the National Ignition Facility

Author: A. B. Zylstra, A. L. Kritcher, O. A. Hurricane, D. A. Callahan, J. E. Ralph, D. T. Casey, A. Pak, O. L. Landen, B. Bachmann, K. L. Baker, L. Berzak Hopkins, S. D. Bhandarkar, J. Biener, R. M. Bionta, N. W. Birge, T. Braun, T. M. Briggs, P. M. Celliers, H. Chen, C. Choate, D. S. Clark, L. Divol, T. Döppner, D. Fittinghoff, M. J. Edwards, M. Gatu Johnson, N. Gharibyan, S. Haan, K. D. Hahn, E. Hartouni, D. E. Hinkel, D. D. Ho, M. Hohenberger, J. P. Holder, H. Huang, N. Izumi, J. Jeet, O. Jones, S. M. Kerr, S. F. Khan, H. Geppert Kleinrath, V. Geppert Kleinrath, C. Kong, K. M. Lamb, S. Le Pape, N. C. Lemos, J. D. Lindl, B. J. MacGowan, A. J. Mackinnon, A. G. MacPhee, E. V. Marley, K. Meaney, M. Millot, A. S. Moore, K. Newman, J.-M. G. Di Nicola, A. Nikroo, R. Nora, P. K. Patel, N. G. Rice, M. S. Rubery, J. Sater, D. J. Schlossberg, S. M. Sepke, K. Sequoia, S. J. Shin, M. Stadermann, S. Stoupin, D. J. Strozzi, C. A. Thomas, R. Tommasini, C. Trosseille, E. R. Tubman, P. L. Volegov, C. R. Weber, C. Wild, D. T. Woods, S. T. Yang, and C. V. Young
Abstract: An inertial fusion implosion on the National Ignition Facility, conducted on August 8, 2021 (N210808), recently produced more than a megajoule of fusion yield and passed Lawson's criterion for ignition [Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 075001 (2022)10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.075001]. We describe the experimental improvements that enabled N210808 and present the first experimental measurements from an igniting plasma in the laboratory. Ignition metrics like the product of hot-spot energy and pressure squared, in the absence of self-heating, increased by ∼35%, leading to record values and an enhancement from previous experiments in the hot-spot energy (∼3×), pressure (∼2×), and mass (∼2×). These results are consistent with self-heating dominating other power balance terms. The burn rate increases by an order of magnitude after peak compression, and the hot-spot conditions show clear evidence for burn propagation into the dense fuel surrounding the hot spot. These novel dynamics and thermodynamic properties have never been observed on prior inertial fusion experiments.
Published: 2022

21. Design of an inertial fusion experiment exceeding the Lawson criterion for ignition

Author: A. L. Kritcher, A. B. Zylstra, D. A. Callahan, O. A. Hurricane, C. R. Weber, D. S. Clark, C. V. Young, J. E. Ralph, D. T. Casey, A. Pak, O. L. Landen, B. Bachmann, K. L. Baker, L. Berzak Hopkins, S. D. Bhandarkar, J. Biener, R. M. Bionta, N. W. Birge, T. Braun, T. M. Briggs, P. M. Celliers, H. Chen, C. Choate, L. Divol, T. Döppner, D. Fittinghoff, M. J. Edwards, M. Gatu Johnson, N. Gharibyan, S. Haan, K. D. Hahn, E. Hartouni, D. E. Hinkel, D. D. Ho, M. Hohenberger, J. P. Holder, H. Huang, N. Izumi, J. Jeet, O. Jones, S. M. Kerr, S. F. Khan, H. Geppert Kleinrath, V. Geppert Kleinrath, C. Kong, K. M. Lamb, S. Le Pape, N. C. Lemos, J. D. Lindl, B. J. MacGowan, A. J. Mackinnon, A. G. MacPhee, E. V. Marley, K. Meaney, M. Millot, A. S. Moore, K. Newman, J.-M. G. Di Nicola, A. Nikroo, R. Nora, P. K. Patel, N. G. Rice, M. S. Rubery, J. Sater, D. J. Schlossberg, S. M. Sepke, K. Sequoia, S. J. Shin, M. Stadermann, S. Stoupin, D. J. Strozzi, C. A. Thomas, R. Tommasini, C. Trosseille, E. R. Tubman, P. L. Volegov, C. Wild, D. T. Woods, and S. T. Yang
Abstract: We present the design of the first igniting fusion plasma in the laboratory by Lawson's criterion that produced 1.37 MJ of fusion energy, Hybrid-E experiment N210808 (August 8, 2021) [Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 075001 (2022)10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.075001]. This design uses the indirect drive inertial confinement fusion approach to heat and compress a central "hot spot" of deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel using a surrounding dense DT fuel piston. Ignition occurs when the heating from absorption of α particles created in the fusion process overcomes the loss mechanisms in the system for a duration of time. This letter describes key design changes which enabled a ∼3-6× increase in an ignition figure of merit (generalized Lawson criterion) [Phys. Plasmas 28, 022704 (2021)1070-664X10.1063/5.0035583, Phys. Plasmas 25, 122704 (2018)1070-664X10.1063/1.5049595]) and an eightfold increase in fusion energy output compared to predecessor experiments. We present simulations of the hot-spot conditions for experiment N210808 that show fundamentally different behavior compared to predecessor experiments and simulated metrics that are consistent with N210808 reaching for the first time in the laboratory "ignition."
Published: 2022

22. Reaching a burning plasma and ignition using smaller capsules/Hohlraums, higher radiation temperatures, and thicker ablator/ice on the national ignition facility

Author: K. L. Baker, C. A. Thomas, O. L. Landen, S. Haan, J. D. Lindl, D. T. Casey, C. Young, R. Nora, O. A. Hurricane, D. A. Callahan, O. Jones, L. Berzak Hopkins, S. Khan, B. K. Spears, S. Le Pape, N. B. Meezan, D. D. Ho, T. Döppner, D. Hinkel, E. L. Dewald, R. Tommasini, M. Hohenberger, C. Weber, D. Clark, D. T. Woods, J. L. Milovich, D. Strozzi, A. Kritcher, H. F. Robey, J. S. Ross, V. A. Smalyuk, P. A. Amendt, B. Bachmann, L. R. Benedetti, R. Bionta, P. M. Celliers, D. Fittinghoff, C. Goyon, R. Hatarik, N. Izumi, M. Gatu Johnson, G. Kyrala, T. Ma, K. Meaney, M. Millot, S. R. Nagel, P. K. Patel, D. Turnbull, P. L. Volegov, C. Yeamans, and C. Wilde
Subjects: Condensed Matter Physics
Abstract: In indirect-drive implosions, the final core hot spot energy and pressure and, hence, neutron yield attainable in 1D increase with increasing laser peak power and, hence, radiation drive temperature at the fixed capsule and Hohlraum size. We present simple analytic scalings validated by 1D simulations that quantify the improvement in performance and use this to explain existing data and simulation trends. Extrapolating to the 500 TW National Ignition Facility peak power limit in a low gas-fill 5.4 mm diameter Hohlraum based on existing high adiabat implosion data at 400 TW, 1.3 MJ and 1 × 1016 yield, we find that a 2–3 × 1017 yield (0.5–0.7 MJ) is plausible using only 1.8 MJ of laser energy. Based on existing data varying deuterium–tritium (DT) fuel thickness and dopant areal density, further improvements should be possible by increasing DT fuel areal density, and hence confinement time and yield amplification.
Published: 2023

23. Hot-electron preheat and mitigation in polar-direct-drive experiments at the National Ignition Facility

Author: A. A. Solodov, M. J. Rosenberg, M. Stoeckl, A. R. Christopherson, R. Betti, P. B. Radha, C. Stoeckl, M. Hohenberger, B. Bachmann, R. Epstein, R. K. Follett, W. Seka, J. F. Myatt, P. Michel, S. P. Regan, J. P. Palastro, D. H. Froula, E. M. Campbell, and V. N. Goncharov
Abstract: Target preheat by superthermal electrons from laser-plasma instabilities is a major obstacle to achieving thermonuclear ignition via direct-drive inertial confinement fusion at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Polar-direct-drive surrogate plastic implosion experiments were performed on the NIF to quantify preheat levels at an ignition-relevant scale and develop mitigation strategies. The experiments were used to infer the hot-electron temperature, energy fraction, and divergence, and to directly measure the spatial hot-electron energy deposition profile inside the imploding shell. Silicon layers buried in the ablator are shown to mitigate the growth of laser-plasma instabilities and reduce preheat, providing a promising path forward for ignition designs at an on-target intensity of about 10^{15}W/cm^{2}.
Published: 2021

24. Bound on hot-spot mix in high-velocity, high-adiabat direct-drive cryogenic implosions based on comparison of absolute x-ray and neutron yields

Author: R. C. Shah, D. Cao, L. Aghaian, B. Bachmann, R. Betti, E. M. Campbell, R. Epstein, C. J. Forrest, A. Forsman, V. Yu. Glebov, V. N. Goncharov, V. Gopalaswamy, D. R. Harding, S. X. Hu, I. V. Igumenshchev, R. T. Janezic, L. Keaty, J. P. Knauer, D. Kobs, A. Lees, O. M. Mannion, Z. L. Mohamed, D. Patel, M. J. Rosenberg, W. T. Shmayda, C. Stoeckl, W. Theobald, C. A. Thomas, P. Volegov, K. M. Woo, and S. P. Regan
Abstract: In laser-driven implosions for laboratory fusion, the comparison of hot-spot x-ray yield to neutron production can serve to infer hot-spot mix. For high-performance direct-drive implosions, this ratio depends sensitively on the degree of equilibration between the ion and electron fluids. A scaling for x-ray yield as a function of neutron yield and characteristic ion and electron hot-spot temperatures is developed on the basis of simulations with varying degrees of equilibration. We apply this model to hot-spot x-ray measurements of direct-drive cryogenic implosions typical of the direct-drive designs with best ignition metrics. The comparison of the measured x-ray and neutron yields indicates that hot-spot mix, if present, is below a sensitivity estimated as ∼2% by-atom mix of ablator plastic into the hot spot.
Published: 2021

25. Observation of Hydrodynamic Flows in Imploding Fusion Plasmas on the National Ignition Facility

Author: Mark Eckart, Laura Robin Benedetti, Shahab Khan, J. D. Kilkenny, Leonard Jarrott, Brian Spears, David Schlossberg, J. E. Field, Christopher Young, Ryan Nora, M. Gatu Johnson, Daniel Casey, A. J. Mackinnon, W. W. Hsing, E. P. Hartouni, A. S. Moore, Robert Hatarik, D. H. Munro, Otto Landen, Sabrina Nagel, P. K. Patel, B. J. MacGowan, David N. Fittinghoff, Petr Volegov, R. M. Bionta, Arthur Pak, Gary Grim, B. Bachmann, K. D. Meaney, and V. Geppert-Kleinrath
Subjects: Physics, Jet (fluid), General Physics and Astronomy, Mechanics, Laser, Neutron spectroscopy, law.invention, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, law, Neutron, National Ignition Facility, Anisotropy, Inertial confinement fusion, Doppler broadening
Abstract: Inertial confinement fusion implosions designed to have minimal fluid motion at peak compression often show significant linear flows in the laboratory, attributable per simulations to percent-level imbalances in the laser drive illumination symmetry. We present experimental results which intentionally varied the mode 1 drive imbalance by up to 4% to test hydrodynamic predictions of flows and the resultant imploded core asymmetries and performance, as measured by a combination of DT neutron spectroscopy and high-resolution x-ray core imaging. Neutron yields decrease by up to 50%, and anisotropic neutron Doppler broadening increases by 20%, in agreement with simulations. Furthermore, a tracer jet from the capsule fill-tube perturbation that is entrained by the hot-spot flow confirms the average flow speeds deduced from neutron spectroscopy.
Published: 2021

26. X-ray-imaging spectrometer (XRIS) for studies of residual kinetic energy and low-mode asymmetries in inertial confinement fusion implosions at OMEGA (invited)

Author: P. J. Adrian, B. Bachmann, R. Betti, A. Birkel, P. V. Heuer, M. Gatu Johnson, N. V. Kabadi, J. P. Knauer, J. Kunimune, C. K. Li, O. M. Mannion, R. D. Petrasso, S. P. Regan, H. G. Rinderknecht, C. Stoeckl, F.H. Séguin, A. Sorce, R. C. Shah, G. D. Sutcliffe, and J. A. Frenje
Subjects: Instrumentation
Abstract: A system of x-ray imaging spectrometer (XRIS) has been implemented at the OMEGA Laser Facility and is capable of spatially and spectrally resolving x-ray self-emission from 5 to 40 keV. The system consists of three independent imagers with nearly orthogonal lines of sight for 3D reconstructions of the x-ray emission region. The distinct advantage of the XRIS system is its large dynamic range, which is enabled by the use of tantalum apertures with radii ranging from 50 μm to 1 mm, magnifications of 4 to 35×, and image plates with any filtration level. In addition, XRIS is capable of recording 1–100’s images along a single line of sight, facilitating advanced statistical inference on the detailed structure of the x-ray emitting regions. Properties such as P0 and P2 of an implosion are measured to 1% and 10% precision, respectively. Furthermore, T e can be determined with 5% accuracy.
Published: 2022

27. Publisher's Note: 'Platform for probing radiation transport properties of hydrogen at conditions found in the deep interiors of red dwarfs' [Phys. Plasmas 29, 083301 (2022)]

Author: J. Lütgert, M. Bethkenhagen, B. Bachmann, L. Divol, D. O. Gericke, S. H. Glenzer, G. N. Hall, N. Izumi, S. F. Khan, O. L. Landen, S. A. MacLaren, L. Masse, R. Redmer, M. Schörner, M. O. Schölmerich, S. Schumacher, N. R. Shaffer, C. E. Starrett, P. A. Sterne, C. Trosseille, T. Döppner, and D. Kraus
Subjects: Condensed Matter Physics
Published: 2022

28. Development of an x-ray radiography platform to study laser-direct-drive energy coupling at the National Ignition Facility

Author: L. Ceurvorst, W. Theobald, M. J. Rosenberg, P. B. Radha, C. Stoeckl, R. Betti, K. S. Anderson, J. A. Marozas, V. N. Goncharov, E. M. Campbell, C. M. Shuldberg, R. W. Luo, W. Sweet, L. Aghaian, L. Carlson, B. Bachmann, T. Döppner, M. Hohenberger, K. Glize, R. H. H. Scott, A. Colaïtis, and S. P. Regan
Subjects: Instrumentation
Abstract: A platform has been developed to study laser-direct-drive energy coupling at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) using a plastic sphere target irradiated in a polar-direct-drive geometry to launch a spherically converging shock wave. To diagnose this system evolution, eight NIF laser beams are directed onto a curved Cu foil to generate He α line emission at a photon energy of 8.4 keV. These x rays are collected by a 100-ps gated x-ray imager in the opposing port to produce temporally gated radiographs. The platform is capable of acquiring images during and after the laser drive launches the shock wave. A backlighter profile is fit to the radiographs, and the resulting transmission images are Abel inverted to infer radial density profiles of the shock front and to track its temporal evolution. The measurements provide experimental shock trajectories and radial density profiles that are compared to 2D radiation-hydrodynamic simulations using cross-beam energy transfer and nonlocal heat-transport models.
Published: 2022

29. Characterization of a 1D-imaging high-energy x-ray backlighter driven by the National Ignition Facility Advanced Radiographic Capability laser

Author: M. P. Hill, G. J. Williams, D. H. Kalantar, B. Bachmann, D. A. Martinez, C. V. Stan, A. Murphy, M. J. Arend, G. A. Mercado, H. C. Wong, Z. Dunn, C. D. Santos, T. E. Lockard, E. T. Gumbrell, R. E. Rudd, J. M. McNaney, K. K. Le Galloudec, B. A. Remington, and H.-S. Park
Subjects: Instrumentation
Abstract: Plastic deformation of samples compressed to Mbar pressures at high strain rates at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) forms the basis of ongoing material strength experiments in conditions relevant to meteor impacts, geophysics, armor development, and inertial confinement fusion. Hard x-ray radiography is the primary means of measuring the evolution of these samples, typically employing a slit-collimated high-Z microdot driven by the NIF laser to generate [Formula: see text] keV x rays [E. Gumbrell et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 89, 10G118 (2018) and C. M. Huntington et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 89, 10G121 (2018)]. Alternatively, a dysprosium “micro-flag” target driven by the Advanced Radiographic Capability laser ([Formula: see text] kJ, 10 ps) can deliver significantly higher spatiotemporal resolution [M. P. Hill et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 92, 033535 (2021)], especially in high-opacity samples. Initial experiments revealed problematic brightness and spectral gradients from this source, but by radiographing a set of diamond-turned, 105 µm-thick Pb test objects and supported by simulations using the 3D Monte Carlo code GEANT4, these geometry-dependent gradients across the field of view are quantified and mitigation strategies are assessed. In addition to significantly enhancing the modulation transfer function compared to the existing system, image stacking from multiple layers of image plate is shown to almost double the signal to noise ratio that will reduce uncertainties in future dynamic strength experiments.
Published: 2022

30. Hot Spot Evolution Measured by High-Resolution X-Ray Spectroscopy at the National Ignition Facility

Author: Lan Gao, B. F. Kraus, K. W. Hill, M. B. Schneider, A. Christopherson, B. Bachmann, M. Bitter, P. Efthimion, N. Pablant, R. Betti, C. Thomas, D. Thorn, A. G. MacPhee, S. Khan, R. Kauffman, D. Liedahl, H. Chen, D. Bradley, J. Kilkenny, B. Lahmann, E. Stambulchik, and Y. Maron
Subjects: General Physics and Astronomy
Abstract: Evolution of the hot spot plasma conditions was measured using high-resolution x-ray spectroscopy at the National Ignition Facility. The capsules were filled with DD gas with trace levels of Kr and had either a high-density-carbon (HDC) ablator or a tungsten (W)-doped HDC ablator. Time-resolved measurement of the Kr Heβ spectra, absolutely calibrated by a simultaneous time-integrated measurement, allows inference of the electron density and temperature through observing Stark broadening and the relative intensities of dielectronic satellites. By matching the calculated hot spot emission using a collisional-radiative code to experimental observations, the hot spot size and areal density are determined. These advanced spectroscopy techniques further reveal the effect of W dopant in the ablator on the hot spot parameters for their improved implosion performance.
Published: 2021

31. Differential effects of anaesthesia on the contractility of lymphatic vessels in vivo

Author: Miriam Ries, Steven T. Proulx, Samia B. Bachmann, Yuliang He, and Michael Detmar
Subjects: Xylazine, 0301 basic medicine, Physiology, Mice, Transgenic, Contractility, 03 medical and health sciences, Acepromazine, 0302 clinical medicine, In vivo, medicine, Lymphatic vessel, Animals, Anesthesia, Pentobarbital, Lymphatic Vessels, Isoflurane, business.industry, contractility, anesthesia, imaging, Medetomidine, 3. Good health, 030104 developmental biology, Lymphatic system, medicine.anatomical_structure, Anesthetics, Inhalation, Female, Ketamine, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, medicine.drug
Abstract: Key points Contractility of lymphatic collectors is essential for the functionality of the lymphatic system and, thus, for lymph flow. Previously published rates of lymphatic collectors in mice vary from 1.1 to 17 contractions/min with little agreement between investigators. In this study, we focused on the effects of different anaesthesia regimens on lymphatic vessel contractility using in vivo imaging approaches. We show that isoflurane and pentobarbital have an inhibitory effect on lymphatic contractility compared to mice under other anaesthesia regimens and in awake conditions. These results should help to establish a standardization of lymphatic contraction studies in mice and may also have relevance for patients undergoing anaesthesia during surgery. Abstract Contractions of collecting lymphatic vessels are essential for the function of the lymphatic vascular system, due to the lack of a central pump to drive flow. A wide range of physiological contraction frequencies and strengths have been reported in previous in vivo studies in mice. This is probably due to the different types of anaesthesia that have been used and which might have exerted direct influences on lymphatic vessel function. We investigated six commonly used anaesthesia regimens for their influence on lymphatic vessel contractility using near-infrared in vivo imaging approaches. Non-invasive imaging of the lymphatic leg collector revealed distinct effects of the anaesthesia regimens with reduced contraction activity under isoflurane and pentobarbital anaesthesia. Isoflurane also reduced the contractility of near-infrared dye-loaded vessels during invasive imaging of the lymphatic flank collector whereas the combination of ketamine/xylazine/acepromazine had no major effects. The transport time of a lymphatic-specific dye from the skin through the lymphatic vasculature to the systemic bloodstream was also delayed under isoflurane anaesthesia. Based on these results, we recommend use of combinations of ketamine and medetomidine for future non-invasive studies and of ketamine, xylazine and acepromazine for invasive studies. Beyond their importance for facilitating the interpretation and planning of animal studies, our findings might also have relevance for human patients undergoing anaesthesia for surgical procedures.
Published: 2019

32. Hydroscaling indirect-drive implosions on the National Ignition Facility

Author: K. L. Baker, O. Jones, C. Weber, D. Clark, P. K. Patel, C. A. Thomas, O. L. Landen, R. Nora, G. J. Anderson, J. Gaffney, S. MacLaren, D. T. Casey, T. Döppner, E. L. Dewald, R. Tommasini, B. K. Spears, J. Salmonson, M. Hohenberger, S. Khan, A. Zylstra, A. Kritcher, P. Amendt, V. Smalyuk, J. Lindl, C. Young, J. S. Ross, D. Ho, O. A. Hurricane, D. A. Callahan, T. Woods, J. L. Milovich, D. J. Strozzi, B. Bachmann, R. Bionta, P. M. Celliers, D. Fittinghoff, R. Hatarik, M. Gatu Johnson, K. Meaney, M. Millot, P. L. Volegov, and C. Wilde
Subjects: Condensed Matter Physics
Abstract: A goal of the laser-based National Ignition Facility (NIF) is to increase the liberated fusion energy “yield” in inertial confinement fusion experiments well past the ignition threshold and the input laser energy. One method of increasing the yield, hydrodynamic scaling of current experiments, does not rely on improving compression or implosion velocity, but rather increases the scale of the implosion to increase hotspot areal density and confinement time. Indirect-drive ( Hohlraum driven) implosions carried out at two target sizes, 12.5% apart, have validated hydroscaling expectations. Moreover, extending comparisons to the best-performing implosions at five different capsule sizes shows that their performance also agrees well with hydroscaling expectations even though not direct hydroscales of one another. In the future, by switching to a reduced loss Hohlraum geometry, simulations indicate that we can drive 20% larger-scale implosions within the current power and energy limitations on the NIF. At the demonstrated compression and velocity of these smaller-scale implosions, these 1.2× hydroscaled implosions should put us well past the ignition threshold.
Published: 2022

33. [Displacement of a STARflo glaucoma drainage implant with accompanying complications]

Author: S, Schrittenlocher, A, Doulis, K R, Koch, A, Lappas, L, Altay, A-M, Lentzsch, C, Cursiefen, B, Bachmann, V, Prokosch-Willing, and T, Dietlein
Subjects: Postoperative Complications, Treatment Outcome, Humans, Glaucoma Drainage Implants, Intraocular Pressure, Follow-Up Studies, Retrospective Studies
Published: 2021

34. Prevalence of diabetic and impact on cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with chronic coronary syndromes, across multiple geographical regions and ethnicities

Author: H Appeltants, C Boesch, I Cromarty, D Carretta, S Romanov, U Windstetter, F Mibach, Jens Refsgaard, S Lebedev, F Proietti, M Y Tamimi, M C Gamboa, M Novikova, E Prada, K H Sim, E Messas, E Zherlitsyna, A Kalampalikis, N Nevolina, N Trocan, J Cohen, G Szto, R Gilabert Gómez, M Omelchenko, A Pinzani, D Goodwin, J Umaran Sánchez, Kim Fox, S H Dong, K Kronberg, E Castillo Lueña, T Ignatieva, S Joubert, C Macchi, S Lee, S Eidelman, F Alizon, S Chandra, M Akbar, D M Colquhoun, G Yanes Bowden, J de Juan Baguda, M Sebastian, C Wernham, K Miedema, R La Greca, C Morton, B S Jheeta, A C Tran, T Q Do, O Rodrigues, J Yan, S H Kim, R Jurgaitienė, Jean-Claude Tardif, R Baleón, D Hay, V Hennebelle, F Fazekas, R Davies, P Gratia, L Sorodoc, S Y Wu, C Martínez Sánchez, L Lopes Antunes, T H T Pham, I Suliman, M J Gómez Martinez, A Pernat, S H Hur, M Alanazy, L Zhabina, M Stanley, J Rogers, Y J Kim, S Geffroy, L K Andersen, S Coman, V Pedrosa del Moral, Y Garaud, J Krupicka, O Dzhkha, C Paul, M Jeżewska, B Mahler Mioto, V Abduvalieva, P Morra, L Kucheryava, C La Rosa, B Chan, M Wrębiak-Trznadel, A Kozlowski, M Sharif, L López Barreiro, V Kolesnikov, M Lawrence, A Tucker, C Okawabata, B La Hay, E Sadauskienė, B K Nguyen, L Bui, A Said, M E Ruíz Esparza, R K Saran, M S C Ho, E Homs Espinach, J R Romo Santana, J Forte De Carvalho, I Pattison, H H Phan, L Baleeva, L Kisiel, A López Granados, C Raters, F Paganelli, R Haberl, A P T Wong, D Xu, R Jagathesan, L Grekhova, H Stursova, Q B Truong, P Raymond, Y Sosnova, N H Khong, J Zarauza Navarro, C Florescu, L Gorshkova, N Saaidin, E Gordillo Higuero, L Davin, I Budanova, C Lavicka, L Gruznykh, P Bogdański, A Dufka, I Arroja, H A R Tahir, G Wilson, G Kolios, S J Yoon, Simon Cattan, K Berdnik, A Serrano, B Sievers, A Rodríguez Almodóvar, L A Holden, F O'Reilly, D Verleyen, H Hafez, K Nehrig, S M Kang, S Berrisch-Rahmel, E Meyer-Michael, P Samama, L Soares, A K Nguyen, F Tuktarova, C Weytjens, E Sandoval Rodriguez, J Cheng, F M Villasenor, João Morais, B Sullivan, R Zimoląg, Albert V. Smith, S F Ding, J C Louchart, G Guardigli, R Furtak, P Azzolini, S Chushak, J L Delgado Prieto, S Kornienko, K K Sia, J H Shin, F Baylac Domengetroy, P Błaszczak, M Saade, N Černič-Šuligoj, K Coetzee, A Kadleckova, V Scollo, O Larina, R Pal, M M Singh, N Nosova, R Burns, B S Yoo, O Gukov, F Massari, V Antia, A Brattström, G Holt, M Scherbak, V Firastrau, Y J Li, E Mikhailova, L Machado Cesar, C García García, J Pjontek, C Everton Biglow, G Pes, C Brown, A Bumbu, S Felis, R Bosch, M Lazaro, Luigi Tavazzi, R Engel, I Romeo Castillejo, Y S Byun, F Matias, I Grushetskaya, C Mestre-Fernandes, T Kheliya, S Schlesingerova, G Theodorakis, I Tsamopoulos, R Pedretti, A Puente Barragán, M P Vo, B Lammens, T Carruthers, J S Bhatt, A Khodanov, N Pasechnaya, I Petrova, G Boutros, I A Khan, E Le Moal, D Garofalo, H R Malaterre, A Bahal, J F Martínez González, H N Dinh, N V Pham, C Barjhoux, I Gilmour, C Soriano Navarro, O D Chioncel, K Tóth, N Borodina, P Khanoyan, B Sevilla Toral, H H Kim, C M A Bui, C Dernedde, N Eliseeva, M Galinier, E Kosachek, M M Doohan, L Potapska, M Tennekoon, R Nourallah, L Perez De Isla, K H Chee, E Panova, D M Walker, G Glanowska, G Hua, A Silvestre, W Wang, Matthew A. Brown, B Luke, G Jarosiński, R Davis, S Cleron, C Liatas, I Orestis, M Dereń, J Sudnik, S X Zhou, J Fuertes Alonso, O Baranova, S Mingalaeva, T N Vo, K A Ngo, J A Rodríguez Fernández, R Ishmael, G Bode, K K Chan, G Al Radaideh, S Ramphall, H D Theron, V Montagud Saavedra, A Yusuf, G F Mazzanti Mignaqui, L Evtukhova, J Lorenc, D Beacock, O B Šlapikienė, F Alitto, J N Poujois, B Berzal Martín, M Felbermayer, V Mallamaci, T Spitsina, R Ramachandran, A Jánosi, V Dženkevičiūtė, S Gillam, V Joulie, G Esna Ashari, R Henry, E Durand, A Alam, V Fourchard, H Dreycopp, R Fressonnet, C Camossa, O Jerzykowska, M Castrucci, G Sinicropi, B K Goyal, V Vasylenko, R Grogono, M Partington, B Vaquette, R Blindt, Mª T Moreno Casquete, V Kukaleva, W Streb, P F Clavette, M Pérez Paredes, V Hadjiivanov, C Bundy, D E Manyari, A Wassef, J Kuchar, W Nisker, P S Bath, S Panpunnung, G H Choo, Datshana P Naidoo, Y Pavlova, R McManus, N Brand, E Davies, L Prunier, A Schenowitz, P Sternthal, T Sinotova, J Martínez Florez, R Sykulski, J Pinar Sopena, M Balbi, Y Pesant, D A Playford, C Villar Mariscal, F Redding Escalante, W Wongcharoen, O Grechishkina, A Girão, M Speth-Nitschke, K A Mahendran, A Bianco, A Vadavi, G Singh, L Petoin Peuch, L Sukhanova, A Y Y Fong, J L Vega Barbado, A Dzien, S Honorat, G Ansalone, G Kamensky, G McLaren, T B Kim, I Bratu, R Fillet, V Rogozhyna, L Nagy, M Malgina, M A Sheikh Abdul Kader, Z C Li, L Rotaru H Rus, D Adamczyk-Kot, J Estrella, S Serrano García, P Farto E Abreu, D Mescharekova, Su Thillai Vallal, P Seal, S Möller, A Cziráki, T T H Ta, S Davies, H Ge, M Arafah, M Ovize, A Olszewski, V Aboyans, C Roche, F Al Tamimi, L Popova, V Kazachkova, R Rennert, J Aubry, G Bourgeois, J Mackrell, F Al Kandari, N Reifart, J Bérubé, W H J Hutse, O Lysunets, I Butkuvienė, J Cotroneo, J Gdalia, J Dalle Mule, R Santos, B Singh, H Mohammed, A Birkenhagen, T Chiscaneanu, H Sullivan, Jacob A. Udell, N Bolotova, A Jankowska, M Skonieczny, B S K Ch'ng, O Aiyegbayo, S Ciaroni, N Lago, S R Coimbra, R Ellis, B K Koo, S Rostik, P Jacquier, A Conradie, N Biryukova, M Ayche, A Khripun, B Peperstraete, E Velasco Espejo-Saavedra, G Cunliffe, G Grollier, C Ceraulo, T L To, Q H Tran, M Anscombe, R Jordan, I Czuriga, P Haimes, R Ancín Viguiristi, H Q Zhang, C A Chételat, A Rafter, E Rinkūnienė, K Yang, W Gao, J Pearce, L C Fernández Léoz, L Gareeva, R Fernández Alvarez, G Verret, P Astrakhantseva, C M Chu, L Murphy, P A Do, J L Liu, A Clifford, K Woollard, N Dmitrieva, N Lousada, R Díaz Juárez, N Semenova, T Fesenko, F Henschel, R Amini, G Matuszewska, R Christodorescu, J Varaldi, S Varughese, V Lafarenko, A Ashford, J L Colomer Martín, S Assouline, H Noor Hasni, A Weatherup, T Forster, R Kaserbacher, I Caldwell, N Arabadzhi, Emmanuel Sorbets, A Rink, E C Rueda Calle, J M Stordeur, P West, V C Do, Béla Merkely, J Antunes, U Altmann, S Magheru, B Bachmann, W Parkar, M de los Reyes López, M Wazana, A Frattola, M Mospan, V Koval, E Giusti Rossi, J Vasconcelos, K B Do, A Ogorodnichuk, D Lighezan, G Mentz, J M Cherry, P Pouderou, M Moretti, C M Spinu, Emmanuelle Vidal-Petiot, N Kupstytė, P Jourdain, V Voronina, O Varezhnikova, S Williams, H AlFaleh, R Lew, P Hildebrant, J Drozd, G Muscio, T H Ashton, A Achilli, J Harinasuta, T Ghose, G Walawski, Y Arkhipova, M Alves Costa, B Day, A Suntinger, A Singh, P Sheringham, A Vázquez García, J Taggeselle, J T Dong, T H Goh, G Rojas, R Schultz, A Ballet, O Likhobabina, Z M Qian, S Sandoval Navarrete, D Manzi, S Langridge, W Haerer, C K Abdullah, L Hay, Á Herdade, A Gałuszka-Bilińska, F Biausque, V M Lai, D S Eccleston, L Nikolaeva, P Kalaras, J Martínez Redding, N P H Tran, B Wauer, Philippe Gabriel Steg, B Etcheverry, J Navarro Manchón, R Augarde, C Dixon, M Y Chen, J L Gleizes, S Pustovit, J L Farges, S Cox, G Manchet, K Shein, L Parker, C C Ang, O Sinyukova, V Veth, A Kurekhyan, N Cindea Nica, N Wittlich, J Al Yazeedi, A Pucheu, V Elliott, J Bories, K Alford, M F Ferrão E Vasconcelos, A Adamkiewicz-Piejko, R Cervenak, J F Beltrame, A Castro, L Safonova, G Koutsimpanis, C de Brito Vianna, R Wysocki, V Ginzburg, J Hernández Afonso, A Ihonor, O Golubeva, M Karachaliou, S Kleta, D d'Este, Gustavs Latkovskis, F Jäger, E Gamzatov, Y Kozhelenko, J Lippai, T T L Ong, S J Ge, A Hersi, K Kyd, S Mingam, V Yordanova, L Bardachenko, E Mozerova, S W Liu, J Zdrojewska, E Chung, M Leclair, M Nazir, S Zarechnova, A Rahman, M Sołtysiak, B Maguire, F Moreira Pinto, R Fathi, E Prieto Moriche, C Priftis, P Heno, N Sytilina, A Pladys, S Shimonenko, P Keller, J F Junior, G Amiel Oster Sauvinet, J P Kanner, L Tkachenko, J Dalal, A Liston, D Herrera Fernández, J L Bonnet, A Chirivella González, R P Shah, F A Reyes Cisneros, C Avgerinos, P Ravoala, V Albero Martínez, G Suarez, V Jouve, A Frankiewicz, A Lindsay, A De Meester, H Dau, M Pornin, J Álvarez Gil, J Murin, T Hodac, J J Gómez Barrado, Y J Wu, S Jean, P Hilti, A Dayani, R Steponėnienė, G A Somsen, H Zhang, J Moore, P Tarenidis, T H Nguyen, M Maliszewski, L Voloshyna, S Novo, A Phrommintikul, I Shanina, Roberto Ferrari, P Franklin, C Turner, W Boonyapisit, F Sepulcri, P Vandergoten, J Carvalho, J Halcox, V Rotenberger, J F Baril, M Turiel, P Shiels, P Painsipp, S Reis Monteiro, T Honsig, V Vivekaphirat, J Ardill, P Brodzicki, A Khalifa, H Audibert, T Wettstein, F Auhser, D Ezekiel, D Pella, E Simarro Martín-Ambrioso, H S Seo, J A Núñez Gamero, Gabriel Steg, M Orbán, S Bykovskaya, W Gadziński, N Rozkova, G H M Vawda, R A Motyer, B Limeres González, E Fernandez Valadez, Riyaz S. Patel, I Shaikh, E Ziak, A Estriga, P Dodemant, Dragos Vinereanu, W Miao, L Marullo, F MacNamara, S K Tan, N Giacomantonio, A Leherissier, H W Li, Arpana Agrawal, Y Moreau, F David, S K Ma, A N Jamaluddin, E Alegría Ezquerra, Scalzo, M C Ta, T T Nguyen, A Sudre, R Gupta, H Lagioia, M Haiba, P Kohan, M Szentivanyi, T Dmitrieva, N Vechtomova, C Vuille, R G Schena, P Navratil, O Tsygankov, L Saaby, P Lefebvre, S King Wong, S Maheas Morlet, N H Pham, P Bonnet, S Modi, L Gaspar, M Karlicek, S Pallie, H T Pham, S Abele, N Bizyaeva, L Facila Rubio, N Meneveau, G Poluyanova, J Calaça, S Orazi, M Emonts, A Yusufali, V Sprott, Z Vazhdaeva, M R Conte, E Bulakhova, K Giokoglu, E Page, E Kotova, G Maragoni, C Jerjes Sánchez, T Kiver, M Brunehaut Petaut, A Nagy, P Singer, Zs Sziegl, B Fontanet, S Strange, A Watson, J Föchterle, Janet A. Dunn, R Šlapikas, M Stikhurova, S Salimova, J Volmar, E Otero Chulian, S Hutchinson, R Koller, X Bonnaud, E Peris Domingo, F Marín Ortuño, E Galve Basilio, S Bongo, L Payot, C Miller, A Samothrakitis, L Silva Melchor, K Orzechowski, W Hofer, L V Nguyen, R Oliver, K T Jung, J Robb, D Sobczyk, J Muller, A Tomatti, M Gruchała, C Bradshaw, D Richmond, E Mineeva, E Smirnova, A Idrissi-Sbai, H Vial, R Balai, I Kiseleva, H Jones, M Gibbs, D Ohlmeyer, Y Al Wahshi, V d’Alessandro, S Pérez Ibiricu, V Zachos, A Chernozemova, D R Spink, J Schneider, A M Peset Cubero, M Irurita Latasa, M Migliore, G Perna, E Daniels, M H Tay, N Z Khiew, I Soin, F Bernasconi, T Garban, F Omardeen, O Rodina, L Kanagaratnam, I Blum-Decary, A Jaussi, D Romero Alvira, D Vermander, N Kanumilli, M A Romero Maldonado, M Fernández-Valls Gómez, H Tran, T P Nguyen, H Omar, R S Collette, B Kisjós, H Krause-Allmendinger, J Silva E Sá, H Topf, F Panetta, T C Do, G Roul, J Leso, A Lacroix, M Fic, C Hart, R Chan, L Lema, Y Polyanskaya, R Howlett, Lesley J. Burgess, X P Chen, Hywel C Williams, V T Le, N Gurianova, R Duchowska, V P Nair, D Mitropoulos, A Allcock, T T H Bui, M Golub, E Yakovenko, M Perry, F Belcastro, K Svolis, B H R Forge, F Fernández de la Cigoña, N Murga Eizagaechevarría, G Mariano Pêgo, V Mincheva, T N Nguyen, J Moyal, M Wei, H Vinhas, A Batalla Celorio, C Romero Menor, S Rahman, N Hassler jun, F Duclos, K Ladha, A Ordóñez España, B C Chang, R Cortés Sánchez, G Lafrance, I Mihailova, Y Riou, I Pashentseva, S Tantillo, U Casas Juarezy, Ian B. Wilkinson, MJuneja, Q L Liu, M Baquero Alonso, P Kirmond, A Stevens, T Bouvy, P Casas Giménez, G Kassianos, P Kohler, T Rundell, J A Romero Hinojosa, T Sagastagoitia Gorostiza, M A Bennouna, A Hourany, F Thoin, G Steurer, V Batushkin, L Kolevatova, A Földi, G Sabe-Affaki, J T M Geraedts, I Illushechkin, T Korotich, W Manlay, B Merian, G Morrison, Y Wang, G Solache, P Magnus, A Lugin, S Tereshko, Jorge Escobedo, D Sharp, A Thelemann, J Gold, M Catarino Carvalho, P Lang, B Hermellin, B Doucet, A Martín Santana, E Foltzer, J Mora Robles, A I Bakbak, G Stanciulescu, L Baurenski, O Demina, G Lalljie, N Shmakova, R Vicente Amato, N Q Nguyen, S Kimmel, J-M Grégoire, F Tumarov, R Cue Carpio, S Nikishina, A Mukhtar, J Rueda Soriano, M Gnädinger, Michal Tendera, P Raska, S Cicek-Hartvig, E Potapova, A Melero Pita, P Ormiston, L Pastor Torres, R Shaw, M S Chenniappan, T Guo, L Zharikova, R Amoretti, J Janssen, G Kositsina, S Rajendran, N Atamanchuk, V Plastiras, T Kiernan, M H Pham, V M J Jelinek, J Dalrymple, S Van de Walle, M Goethals, I Stelmakh, S Cantabrana Miguel, L Hurlock-Clarke, C Ferreyra Solorio, J Alcaravela, H H Chuang, C Statescu, T Ługowski, B G Vanhauwaert, E London, G Z Pan, Z Özkan-Rashed, F Fellous, O Fillipova, K Ashmak, L Sargento, N Starostina, J A Ortiz de Murua López, H Thomas, T Gerasimova, L H Gowdak, S Perings, E Gaxiola, K Walcher, O Pogrebna, T Stasiuk, J Bell P McNaught, J Upton, G Scott, P Rossi Sevillano, A Gillet, T K L Nguyen, L E Manautou, L Kardashevskaya, A B Syed, F Brumelot, E Il'ina, V Alekseenko, G Wehr, G Gerges, B Fitzgerald, M Castellari, I Bratishko, M Dorobantu, I O'Connor, M V Ivan, A Esenokova, M Z Abdul Wahab, S Sylivris, S S S Quek, P Buffet, L Thomas, S Darnes Soler, N Pelicano, B Truong, N Vyshnevaya, M Habab, J Moreira, S Z Lv, D Shukla, P Eavis, E Kryvenkova, S Hansone, S Tabet, M Adda, R Trambitas, L A Fernández Lázaro, M Basara, R Mažutavičius, B Roy, X Dreyfus, T Karaseva, R Tilluckdharry, K Królicka, A Rogowsky, A Rodríguez Fernández, S Junejo, H Ancliff, W K Son, G Bodur, G Pournaras, N Sharapova, J Egido, S Kuanprasert, E Alexanderson, L Vanneste, L Singh, N Bokuchava, D K Jin, E H M Tan, A Bernard, F Baslaib, M A Fazil, M Deissner, F Narro García, R Bonhomme, A Dan, V S Hoang, R Snikytė, O Ratovskaya, T T N Pham, M I Mendonça, F Bates, N Karnaukhova, P Nazeyrollas, L A Elizondo Sifuentes, D Onger, S Yakovova, R Sadłowski, B Doronzo, J Carda, A Taylor, A Albuquerque, V López Mouriño, I Segura Laborda, D O'Donnell, R K Pandey, M Asplanato, M A Paz Bermejo, E Rodríguez, L C Iosipescu, K Fikker, Y Porras Ramos, M Escande, D Binet, J Mantoux, P Barahona Pérez, V Zakirova, A Rocha de Lorenzo, I Konstantinidis, H-H Breuer, B Hockings, A Muthu, Koon-Hou Mak, A Soward, D D Ionescu, P Talbot, F Patriarchi, A Meinel, S Abdel Malak, E Craiu, N Ranjith, B A Lim, R Rosado Soares, G Barauskienė, J Vercammen, N Shelomova, S Govender, S González Romero, K S Ng, D M'Bey, B Al-Khalidi, J Berlingieri, J B Fournier, J Tan, P Mochkina, S Pouwels, G Caridi, D P Phan, P Soskin, D Farcas, C Constance, D Rouse, A Tudose, J M Yu, T T C Nguyen, R Brownlie, J Giordano, A Gigantino, T Yip, A I Noury, R Baroudi, E Pinch, I Landragin, T Cahill, N H Mohd Amin, S Baptista, V Lavicka, P Rodenas, M Jeserich, K F Alhabib, U Teleky, M Ege, D Bierge Valero, D Kozlov, M Vallis, A Rahali, F Maes, E Guiu, P Hutayanon, C Escobar Cervantes, H D Luong, T Salah, J C Ford, C Travill, G Barron, L Rebelo, A S Abdullah, K-H Schermaul, Z Lorenc, F Perreault, O Shamsutdinova, A Fernandes, H Rickli, E Usoltseva, C Cazenave, N Baboshina, P Matthews, N Schön, W Matta, J H Zo, N Pontaga, E Novo García, G R Searles, J A Wang, M S Grocutt, A Kondratovica, P Povolna, J Arnedillo Pardo, J L Prevot, J A Rodríguez Hernández, H Killat, M Hinrichsen, S Santaolalla Rodríguez, F Calvo Iglesias, P Mpompoth, M Claus, K Kunhali, K Panisois, A Lourenço, D Iovescu, I Simkova, C González Juanatey, A Vicentini, C Baranes, J Hilario Jiménez Orozco, M Magherusan, I Orpen, M Horrigan, M Banu, R Weinrich, C Arsenescu Georgescu, R Dubinskaya, Y Kulikova, C Petrillo Pio, N Khishova, R Mika, P Dalampyras, M Maćków, M H Custódio, M A Cobos Gil, Y D Chen, B Bondarenko, V Puel, S Garg, Y Lemiere, J Bruguera Cortada, A Pereira, C Vaticón Herreros, V Ravlyk, G Pons, E Osadchuk, Dayasagar Rao, O Charikova, E Liu, M Baverstock, V Kulygina, J P Dubs, V Climent Payá, M Grobéty, I Krajnc, I Feldmann, A Idoate Gastearena, F Paillard, M Alanbaei, D Sinclair, F Pitella, M Casanovas Pié, R Sheahan, F J Nasser-Sharif, M Goralski, D Kinloch, N Chauhan, M Sandin Rollán, M Didier, N S Pham, W Heddle, N Oleinikova, E Verbrugge, C Amo Fernández, M Kraus, Y K Chan, A M Kushner, K Phillips, V Barriales Alvarez, V Martins, P Talavera Calle, Y Jobic, P Túri, C Greco, G Scalia, J Flores, P Saul, C K Wong, O O'Toole, S Nurgalieva, K Makarenkova, S Hayne, S Kutuzova, N MacCarthy, D Logan, J M Dubois, J Cygler, M Kindel, V Karnot, T Herbots, G Masszi, J de Jesús Rivera Arellano, C Botana Penas, T Vicente Vera, R Karnik, J Morales González, L Lasalle, A S Sahar, R Forrai, A Shekhar Pandey, T Wang, N Maximchuk, A Chung, D Zalewska, O Bashkirtcev, A O'Gara, E Dubinina, H E Harlos, P Meyssonnier, G Dalton, X Tabone, R Capalneanu, I Soosiwala, J Finlayson, H Soleille, T J Hong, I Myhailiv, K Babes, K Modzelewska, Robin Young, K Mayr, J Freire Corzo, J M Bourgeois, S Guerard, F Fernandes, A Loera Pinales, C Schmied, A Minsafina, J Ingham, J Escobedo de la Peña, Y Guo, C Krasucki, R Gendreau, J Bonal, I T Ly, M Jaquet Herter, W Kępa, B Prasad, J L Zamorano Gómez, S Banham, P Ziehn, Nicolas Danchin, C W Goh, M Gonzalvez Ortega, D Dymova, P Bishop, T Dutoya, J E Poulard, P Monnier, O Si, J L Briseño, G Attia, N Khartova, I Gorlova, L Raisova, B Faudon, V Freeman, M Kerbev, U Frank, G Kaliska, A K Ghapar, C Tricot, L Jankowska, V Dormagen, A Pasquet, I Kruglova, P Chemin, J L Díaz Díaz, J H Tao, R Bietzk, G Sceats, K Lai, P Berthezene, Digna R. Velez Edwards, A Buakhamsri, N Bazargani, U Spengler, M Toringhibel, M A Matos, I Skoczylas, V Arrarte Esteban, J Fuertes Beneitez, V Gil, L U P Tran, A Mehta, A Álvarez Sangabriel, P Di Pasquale, K Egstrup, P Choudhury, S Whetstone, T S Chee, M Elkohen, P Martina, J Martínez Rivero, C Arden, J Walczewska, I Benett, R Silvestri, V García Saavedra, J Słaboszewska, A Thomson, S Revienė, A Szpak, V Challenor, F Saporito, P Ruiz Pérez, Vives, H M Li, I Sadykova, D Lawton, T Kuzmina, R Elias, D Troup, P Dehayes, J Vavougios, V Pernice, P Tanielian, R Cabrera Solé, T Pitsch, R Nethononda, P Poinson, A Tavares E Taveira, J Yi-MingCha, J Y Hwang, T Haghfelt, C García Pindado, N Bilous, A Kotsalos, M Bariaud, A Drzewiecka, L Polkina, V Arfaras, P Vymetal, J Rawal, A Aumjaud, H P Wang, L Wu Amen, J Fernandes, F Howie, A Ouguoujil, M H Ngo, J A Bertarini, A Malysheva, G De Geeter, N Aimouch, R Parkin, H Taylor, M Kittipovanonth, A Gupte, S Ramanaidu, L Basto, A Zherebtsova, T Arsentieva, V Männl, Y L Cham, J J Gómez Doblas, D Ennouchi, Iveta Mintale, A Vance, R Jirmar, L Boikova, D T Le, P Srivastava, L Tonet, M Liautard, C Proto, Q H Do, Mª A Pérez Martínez, R Stankevičius, L Semedo, M Anghel, I Nikolaeva, J Janes, H Al-Backer, M C Escourrou Berdou, O Leshchuk, D Reshotko, V P Dang, I Édes, L Schlueter, B Sikorska-Buczkowska, K Hatalova, I Marozsán, S Gessner, J Gmehling, M Kuzmicheva, Z Huang, L Kosareva, D K Kumbla, A Baika, F El-Shaer, T Voronova, J M Chopo Alcubilla, A Veternik, S Mohr, D Garcia, J Y Rhew, C K Yeo, C De Niel, H K N Nguyen, E Orts Soler, J Dubrava, S Natarajan, M S H Khan, U Kossowska, J P Detienne, T T H Nguyen, I Centa, M G Millauer, Jose Lopez-Sendon, J T Counsell, E Galehr, T Schröder, L Frost, P P Singh, C Moya López, R Beyer, L Carpentier, J Carrillo Calvillo, Z M Du, R Steeds, E Horstkotte, P Kindler, P Johnson, M Sander, I Rodríguez Tejero, F Azar Manzur, S Brown, M Odín de los Ríos Ibarra, C K Choor, M A Sadiq, D B Gysan, V B Doan, A Gueusquin, M Andrews, L L Feng, B Martina-Hooi, S R Shetty, Y Dascotte, E T Ch'ng, P Dematteo, A Woodall, S Gabriilidis, Jean Ferrières, S K Oh, J Lindford, S Blignaut, L Macedo, R Carrillo Cardoso, Y C Lai, C Lang, S R Jayasinghe, B Bastian, V Sanfins, J de Jeús Zuñiga, F X Meriaux, G Sepp, S Molotyagina, S García Ortego, T Perger, Y Lukina, J H Wirtz, A Regulska, P Durand, P Loheac, J Sinnadurai, S Avlonitis, J García-Moll Marimón, J Bradley, K Pareathumby, L Latyntseva, D Stergiou, K Ling, S K Hong, N S Chonkar, C Goldie, C C Koo, A Salustri, Y Peneva, I Rodríguez Briones, P Ferreira, L Franskyavichene, G Bragança, C Rodrigues, S H Lee, L Dang, B J Lubelsky, L Weinrich, E Hoffer, J Tricoire, M Marachli, O Smirnova, C Falces Salvador, A Mobeirek, M Fagan, A Serazhim, M M W Yeung, F Petitjean, I Cullen, J Benacka, Yañez Wonenburger, D Gentille Lorente, J Ferreira Dos Santos, F Bosa Ojeda, N Marchionni, L Brottier, P Keelan, D Kerö, L Moretti, R Seabra Gomes, I Jasinkevica, P Purnode, D Relange, H N Luqman, A Petit, I Hamilton-Craig, E Kochurov, P Berry, P Aguar Carrascosa, M Noble, S Yvorra, N Razzaq, J M Walch, L Lenartowska, R Sethi, W Kim, C Killeen, S Kurochkina, N Capuano, P Sampson, K H Mak, T Bouchaya, J Hellermann, M Geneves, F Ramos Ariznabarreta, J L Mougeolle, J Ferreira, T Roy, J de Andrés Novales, J F Monteiro Ferreira, M S Mayer, N Lopez Cabanillas, P Touzet, K H Ng, F Pelier, T K Huynh, J Schindler, T Krechunova, A Gaglione, Z Fras, P Haralambus, R Pradhan, L P Low, G Odent, M Sidor, R Sopia, D Janody, T K Ong, K Adamaszek, G Vives Boniato, T Maxwell, H Charles, D Gough, O Dibon, A A Abdul Rahim, H B Liew, S Tikhonova, I Bläse, J Chambel De Aguiar, E Santas Olmeda, M Rosseel, R Angela, D Savard, C Cernetti, O Huttin, J Calder, O Kilaberiya, A Elkrail, I I Tulevski, A Ilyukhina, E Chalkiadakis, R Antonicelli, H C Gwon, G Bautista López, G Brown, J Kojelienė, R Zeitouni, J Mimoso, N Better, N H Vu, H Abdel Wahab, B Poprawa, F Weber, A Ghicu, K Rybak, G Fouquet, C Pindado Rodríguez, A Salakhova, L Isaeva, M H Fallacher, J Placke, G McCansh, V D Tran, O Gusev, D Enayat, P Khera, E Brice, G Levesque, A Alvarez Auñon, M A Arnau, M A López Aranda, E Andreicheva, I Kruck, R Grigoriu, I Sainz Hidalgo, M Węglarz, A Ajani, I Khudina, T Makhieva, V D Dang, R Testa, E Cisowska-Drozd, F Giacomazzi, R Cierpka, Nicola Greenlaw, P Wong, L Simões, L Tsaryabina, O Gureeva, R Raffelsberger, H Luquez, A Rainbird, D Evéquoz, M A Balice-Pasquinelli, R Massay, K L Joseph, I H Chae, R Herrmann, I Salecker, A Montero Gaspar, P F Fonseca, A Martin, W Czarnecki, R Motomancea, E Dechoux, M Shamsuzzaman, M Leandri, D Marzal Martín, C Navas Navas, C Beaurain, T Gkinis, K Shetty, P A Jeannerat, D S Wong, A Gonzaga, W Kulig, J F Millet, E Jankauskienė, E Anastasiou, A I Ruhani, N Aksyutina, O Kolesova, K Yared, M Panajatovic, Y L Zhou, S Thurston, T Alekseeva, S Preston, N Mai, M Kuzyakina, D Rechtman, T Boonyasirinant, J Nobre Dos santos, A Ahuad Guerrero, M Al-Shamiri, M Feldner-Busztin, S Godart, S Liandrat, A Narayan, L Burlakova, M J García Martínez, C Militaru, J Chávez Paez, H B Matheson, D Meddah, P Brindle, N Petrova, A Nicolino, D Spensieri, A Giuca, E Molina Laborda, J Moreno Arribas, V Martinho, T Mularek-Kubzdela, S K Chua, G A Dan, N T H Tu, V T Nguyen, M Alcocer Gamba, J Costa, H Milligan, R Badr-Eslam, E Variava, A Merkhi, C Mays, R De Castro Aritmendiz, A K Mohamed Yusof, A Hamer, R McNeilly, S Dedkova, D Rousson, K Chamou, A Mahr, D C Dan, R Till, T L Yang, M Vida Gutiérrez, D Piyayotai, É Bajcsi, D Zaronskienė, I Alexopoulos, Y Huo, H S Zeng, P Rowe, S Fleming, D B Vu, Á Dongó, C Hand, J C S Leong, M Claeys, S Hood, J Bozkova, G Vieyra, G Unger, A Liqui-Lung, D Cremer Luengo, M Castillo Orive, S Muth, M Joseph, P L Torres Díaz, C Zakopoulos, D Cross, F Trujillo Berraquero, F Sattar, H A Boyrazian, T B Le, M Mantcheva, M Constantinescu, P Gosse, U Keil, G F Vaz, M Bdeir, T S Pham, M J García González, J K Ryu, D W Jeon, Zs Malkócs, J Á Perea Egido, R Izquierdo González, V Probst, E Wellenkamp, C Boureux, M Czarnecka, C Vaughan, H Falconer, H Brunner, G Peña Pérez, E Nelböck-Huber, E Blanc, F Thomas-Richard, A L R Ng, M Provvidenza, R Gascueña Rubia, J Freitas, A Dabboura, B Mörz-Proszowski, A Utech, C Alves, C M David, J A Lastra Galán, L Oliveira, T A Nguyen, I Ghaly, A Hofmeister, I Gorodilova, P Szałkowski, M S Hiremath, G Golovina, C Daly, M Tardy, S Kostomarova, J-P Salembier, P Zagožen, D Wang, M Vogel, J Borbola, I Chlewicka, K-H Schmitz, C Pappas, J Victory, M Garandeau, P Wiggers, C Piñero Ramírez, L Tkhorzhevskaya, E Suglobova, V Samakhovets, P Surmont, H A Ramírez Reyes, M Winter, F Prunier, B Cavert, B Salaun, J M Roca Catalán, A Beinhauer, Ian Ford, K Elsby, V Knyazeva, C Tamburino, V Khoury, A Felice Castro Issa, B Marchenko, K König, A Kennedy, J M Alegret Colomer, T Gillet, Clarify Investigators, B Maheu, A Troncoso Gil, N Haldane, B Koujan, T Mouhat, A Waldman, J Robert, J Campbell, A Kokis, M Micheals, P Gori, P Ramoutar, M Al Zaibag, V Ryzhkova, M Kazakovtseva, C Bernardeau, B Ferreiro Rodríguez, Y Voloshko, S Szabo, I Jarvis, Y N Ke, J Donetti, A Serrano-Garcia, R Ketelers, S Grigoryan, V Kulik, P Zündorf, L Kleemann, J McPherson, M Luaces Méndez, F Mouquet, L G Xiong, T H Tran, P Costello, A Potter, M Cinteza, F Colivicchi, E Nowicka, O Greiner, G Reddy, M Martins Oliveira, F Fernandes De Sousa, P Nocon, R Sewell, I Nikodemska, R Tadeu Munhoz, T Gilbert, I Laizane, M Maroun, B Demianiuk, A Bolidai, R Kacorzyk, R Fernández Mouzo, K Karastanev, J Blanco Castiñeiras, P Messali, R Schwarz, M Vardhani, O Gouli, C Thelemann, A Forclaz, G Khaznadar, G Eisele, P Sosner, M L Bourachot, N Pontikakis, S Heinemann-Meerz, E Zatsarina, E Smrckova, P Calmettes, D H Kang, M L Santos Iglesias, S M Marinescu, A Heap, Melnikova, N F Strathmore, S Tolpygina, M Yang, M Naisseh, E George, J Banach, E Delcoulx, E Teijeira Fernández, J Poles, P Saunders, S Haddad, T Q Luu, A Dhesi, O Prikolota, M Baar, P Lafontaine, C O'Dong, I Petropoulos, B-M Altevogt, D Warden, T De Backer, G Miñana Escrivá, T L Mai, U Schlesinger-Irsch, M M Gomaa, E Moksyuta, M Drexler, P Monteiro, P Grooterhorst, J Moolman, P McAlavey, J O'Shea, L P Quinn, F Crespo, K Srinivasa Reddy, T Shokina, Ellen M. Schmidt, M H Jeong, K Denef, A Pleskof, I Takács, Y Tikhonov, O Ushakov, L Stevens, J Ezcurdia Sasieta, L Nkombua, O Henne Otero, J Y Fraboulet, D S Kim, G Hoh, A Tamm, M Sardon, G Chatzioakim, M A Ulecia Martínez, S Reymond, M Myint, G Proença, R Massabie, E Foster, H Dougall, Anjan Kumar Roy, C Franco Aranda, M Getman, E Filippova, C Aguiar, X D Pu, N Voronina, L L Chen, M Szulc, L Bayakhchan, M J Pinto Vaz, C Niederberger, N Vites, I Sen, Paul R. Kalra, J A Castillo Moreno, W K Ng, C Brunschwig, D Morgan, A Concepción Clemente, N Yakimova, J M Guy, A H Jaafar, J Badarienė, N Taylor, L Compson, R Amor, A Maximovitch, J L Bardají Mayor, E Marín Araez, N H Chau, N Srtumilenko, K Kelly, A Papathanasioy, S Erofeev, B Mamez, A Ribeiro, M Micko, N Alvarenga Recalde, K Atueva, Z Sebõk, P Kycina, A K Gupta, A Laucevičius, R Ahuja, A Prokop, P Stadler, S De Ridder, L Zhang, F B Ramadan, L Kapustina, V Fedoskin, A Bateman, C A Nacht, R Musetescu, M Aparici Feal, A Büttl, S Ross, M Rau, P Federico Zaragoza, G Brisson, M Zagreanu, T T H Pham, F Dominé, N Davydova, N Petrochenko, N Paul, P H Truong, S Frickel, W Bryl, G Brouillette, A Stumpp, M Barrera Bustillos, C Ziccarelli, O Zalyzniak, M eatherhead, N Watkins, G Riccioni, l Kudryavtsev, R Carvalho, J P S Sawhney, V González Toda, P Matos Dias, M Giorgadze, I Rodriguez Marrero, W Gritsch, K Lee, G W Kellam, I Parker, V Ecina, Mª I Soto Ruiz, C Delhomme, T Ivaschenko, Y W Cheah, I Grudtsina, R Chehayeb, T Dookie, O Krasnoslobodskaya, P Jarmużek, F Van den Branden, A M F Vandeplas, A Rocha De Almeida, M Espiga De Macedo, E Łotocka, K Nagy, R Paliulionienė, J L Leyva Pons, N Fedorova, Y Yanina, O Stasuk, Z Vlasuk, P Lim, P Egloff, T Berezhna, A Faria, J Cerda Rojas, E Moser, H G Jin, S J Oh, G Arquero García, K H Karner, I Leontaridis, A Banikova, J Fridrich, H Lesseliers, I Pokrovskaya, P Astridge, H Abdul Manap, R Daniel, C A Almeida Fernández, A Nowowiejska-Wiewióra, B Carvalho De Moura, M Malden, H Rosenstein, S Dixon, G Balogh, M Adam-Blanpain, A Sandalian, H Gervas Pavón, G A Antoniadis, N Naberezhnova, A Amlaiky, P Terrosu, K K H Lau, B Chartier, X Su, O Kovyrshyna, G Beale, P Primot, M H Chen, S S Ramesh, R Chyrek, E Gómez Álvarez, J Rodríguez Collado, G Sibilio, R Jeremiasz, R Colin, C Lalla, G M Fullerton, M P Samal, H Thümmel, R P Patel, J Takhar, H M Kwon, T A Cieza Lara, F Magliari, J Morrell, M Rayo Gutiérrez, T L Orenstein-Lyall, H Choi, S Kulinich, A Aftab, A Wallace, B B Abdul Kareem, S Kwok, A Królak, A Grover, Laurent Fauchier, Mª J Pinilla Lozano, G Sengupta, D Paris, M Al Dhanki, J Milewski, F Petersen Aranguren, H Brufau Redondo, H Mayr, A Arias Mendoza, M Ducoudre, A Correia, J S Awtar Singh, P Aylward, E Brscic, J Du Plooy, J L Arenas León, G Silva Alves, L Sreenivasa Murthy, P Dendale, F La Varra, S Minkin, T Eggeling, A Jamiel, G Lebischak, E Andreev, T V A Tuong, V Chaithiraphan, O Duprez, S Higgins, F Chometon, Y Cottin, A Bonny, C Guyetand, J Matos, F Henpin Yue Cesena, L Polyaeva, M Drijfhout, J Toplak, G E Vertes, N F Wang, J Doucet, A K Trivedi, P Turek, G Chouinard, A Al Lawati, W Filip, F Kovar, T J Cha, A Belanger, H L Cong, J F Robert, D López Gómez, J L Sanz Rodríguez, H Simper, P Shetty, A Chukwu, E Bukanina, C Amoros Galito, H MacCowan, T T T Tran, A Singal, K C Vu, O Ismail, A Ardiaca Capell, P Bousquet, F Goss, Z Galeeva, Maxime Guenoun, B Rijavec, Z Lazerevic, A McCracken, A C Motoc, Y Sharapova, S Wright, A J Paule Sánchez, L Mainar Latorre, I Sirazov, X L Yang, S E Paget, G Berkenboom, J Markenvard, I Surovtseva, S K George, Matthias Simon, M L Fuantos Delgado, C Christoforidis, M Lagares Carballo, P Alvarez García, J Könemann, L Crawford, I Gonos, D Saulnier, E Szabó, L Ardouin, J Bhayat, F J Abardía Oliva, X Bernard, O Sirbu, P Boutsikos, N Khmelevskikh, E Tavlueva, P LeBouthillier, I Bourazanis, A Sequeira, M López Martínez, C P Paulus, R K M Bhaskaran, F Pellerin, B Brown, B Saleh, A Lacchè, R Sola Casado, E Kaźmierczak, M Weingrod, and G Vijayaraghavan
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems, Epidemiology, LONG-TERM, medicine.medical_treatment, Chronic coronary syndromes, Coronary Artery Disease, Revascularization, Ventricular Function, Left, GLUCOSE, MELLITUS, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, Diabetes mellitus, Diabetes Mellitus, Ethnicity, Prevalence, medicine, Humans, ARTERY-DISEASE, Myocardial infarction, Stroke, RISK, OUTCOMES, Ejection fraction, Science & Technology, business.industry, Proportional hazards model, CLARIFY Investigators, Hazard ratio, Diabetes, Stroke Volume, Geographical disparities, Syndrome, medicine.disease, MIDDLE-EAST, EUROPEAN-SOCIETY, Treatment Outcome, MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION, Heart failure, CLARIFY registry, Cardiovascular System & Cardiology, HEART-FAILURE, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Life Sciences & Biomedicine
Abstract: BackgroundIn contrast with the setting of acute myocardial infarction, there are limited data regarding the impact of diabetes mellitus on clinical outcomes in contemporary cohorts of patients with chronic coronary syndromes. We aimed to investigate the prevalence and prognostic impact of diabetes according to geographical regions and ethnicity.Methods and resultsCLARIFY is an observational registry of patients with chronic coronary syndromes, enrolled across 45 countries in Europe, Asia, America, Middle East, Australia, and Africa in 2009–2010, and followed up yearly for 5 years. Chronic coronary syndromes were defined by ≥1 of the following criteria: prior myocardial infarction, evidence of coronary stenosis >50%, proven symptomatic myocardial ischaemia, or prior revascularization procedure.Among 32 694 patients, 9502 (29%) had diabetes, with a regional prevalence ranging from below 20% in Northern Europe to ∼60% in the Gulf countries. In a multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards model, diabetes was associated with increased risks for the primary outcome (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.28 (95% confidence interval 1.18, 1.39) and for all secondary outcomes (all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and coronary revascularization). Differences on outcomes according to geography and ethnicity were modest.ConclusionIn patients with chronic coronary syndromes, diabetes is independently associated with mortality and cardiovascular events, including heart failure, which is not accounted by demographics, prior medical history, left ventricular ejection fraction, or use of secondary prevention medication. This is observed across multiple geographic regions and ethnicities, despite marked disparities in the prevalence of diabetes.ClinicalTrials identifierISRCTN43070564
Published: 2021

35. Using neutrons and x rays to measure plasma conditions in a solid sphere of deuterated polyethylene compressed to densities of 35 g/cc at temperatures of 2 keV and pressures of 40 Gbar

Author: J. Nilsen, B. Bachmann, G. B. Zimmerman, R. Hatarik, T. Döppner, D. C. Swift, J. Hawreliak, G. W. Collins, R. W. Falcone, S. H. Glenzer, D. Kraus, O. L. Landen, J. I. Castor, H. D. Whitley, and A. L. Kritcher
Subjects: Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Condensed Matter Physics
Abstract: This paper describes an experiment that shock compresses the center of a solid deuterated polyethylene sphere, CD2, to densities of 35 g/cc and temperatures of 2 keV with corresponding pressure of 40 Gbar. The design employs a strong spherically converging shock launched through a solid ball of material using a Hohlraum radiation drive. As the shock coalesces at the center it produces a hot spot that we characterize by measuring the x-ray self-emission and 2.45MeV neutrons emitted. Two-dimensional images and time-resolved measurements of the x rays emitted determine the size and time duration of the hot spot, leading to an estimated 2 keV electron temperature. The neutron time of flight spectrometer measures an average ion temperature of 1.06 +/- 0.15 keV and neutron yield of 7.0 (+/-0.5) x 10^9 DD neutrons. Our new distribution function tool enables us to create a forward model of the experimental data based on 1D radiation-hydrodynamic simulations, leading to a better understanding of the plasma conditions that produce the measured neutrons and x rays. Our simulations indicate that the x rays are produced in a short-lived hot-dense core over tens of picoseconds, whereas the neutron emission continues for about 200 ps, as the hot core starts to expand, thereby leading to a lower mean temperature of the plasma during neutron production. This finding is in agreement with the experimental data, and we therefore conclude that the forward-modeling is a useful tool forinferring the conditions of the hot spot in a laser-driven implosion during burn.
Published: 2021

36. Publisher Correction: Burning plasma achieved in inertial fusion

Author: A. B. Zylstra, O. A. Hurricane, D. A. Callahan, A. L. Kritcher, J. E. Ralph, H. F. Robey, J. S. Ross, C. V. Young, K. L. Baker, D. T. Casey, T. Döppner, L. Divol, M. Hohenberger, S. Le Pape, A. Pak, P. K. Patel, R. Tommasini, S. J. Ali, P. A. Amendt, L. J. Atherton, B. Bachmann, D. Bailey, L. R. Benedetti, L. Berzak Hopkins, R. Betti, S. D. Bhandarkar, J. Biener, R. M. Bionta, N. W. Birge, E. J. Bond, D. K. Bradley, T. Braun, T. M. Briggs, M. W. Bruhn, P. M. Celliers, B. Chang, T. Chapman, H. Chen, C. Choate, A. R. Christopherson, D. S. Clark, J. W. Crippen, E. L. Dewald, T. R. Dittrich, M. J. Edwards, W. A. Farmer, J. E. Field, D. Fittinghoff, J. Frenje, J. Gaffney, M. Gatu Johnson, S. H. Glenzer, G. P. Grim, S. Haan, K. D. Hahn, G. N. Hall, B. A. Hammel, J. Harte, E. Hartouni, J. E. Heebner, V. J. Hernandez, H. Herrmann, M. C. Herrmann, D. E. Hinkel, D. D. Ho, J. P. Holder, W. W. Hsing, H. Huang, K. D. Humbird, N. Izumi, L. C. Jarrott, J. Jeet, O. Jones, G. D. Kerbel, S. M. Kerr, S. F. Khan, J. Kilkenny, Y. Kim, H. Geppert Kleinrath, V. Geppert Kleinrath, C. Kong, J. M. Koning, J. J. Kroll, M. K. G. Kruse, B. Kustowski, O. L. Landen, S. Langer, D. Larson, N. C. Lemos, J. D. Lindl, T. Ma, M. J. MacDonald, B. J. MacGowan, A. J. Mackinnon, S. A. MacLaren, A. G. MacPhee, M. M. Marinak, D. A. Mariscal, E. V. Marley, L. Masse, K. Meaney, N. B. Meezan, P. A. Michel, M. Millot, J. L. Milovich, J. D. Moody, A. S. Moore, J. W. Morton, T. Murphy, K. Newman, J.-M. G. Di Nicola, A. Nikroo, R. Nora, M. V. Patel, L. J. Pelz, J. L. Peterson, Y. Ping, B. B. Pollock, M. Ratledge, N. G. Rice, H. Rinderknecht, M. Rosen, M. S. Rubery, J. D. Salmonson, J. Sater, S. Schiaffino, D. J. Schlossberg, M. B. Schneider, C. R. Schroeder, H. A. Scott, S. M. Sepke, K. Sequoia, M. W. Sherlock, S. Shin, V. A. Smalyuk, B. K. Spears, P. T. Springer, M. Stadermann, S. Stoupin, D. J. Strozzi, L. J. Suter, C. A. Thomas, R. P. J. Town, E. R. Tubman, C. Trosseille, P. L. Volegov, C. R. Weber, K. Widmann, C. Wild, C. H. Wilde, B. M. Van Wonterghem, D. T. Woods, B. N. Woodworth, M. Yamaguchi, S. T. Yang, and G. B. Zimmerman
Subjects: Multidisciplinary
Published: 2022

37. ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION DISCLOSURE: A PROPOSED INDICATOR BASED ON EXPERTS’ PERCEPTIONS EVIDENCIAÇÃO DE INFORMAÇÕES AMBIENTAIS: PROPOSTA DE UM INDICADOR A PARTIR DA PERCEPÇÃO DE ESPECIALISTAS

Author: Ramon K. B. Bachmann, Leandro M. Carneiro, and Márcia M. S. B. Espejo
Subjects: Attributes, Environmental Disclosure, Disclosure Indicator, Sustainability., Business, HF5001-6182, Accounting. Bookkeeping, HF5601-5689
Abstract: This paper is aimed at listing environmental attributes, according to the degree of importance of disclosure, to compose a truly Brazilian indicator that assesses the quality of environmental information disclosure. “Environmental accounting/sustainability” experts and environmental disclosure attributes were selected, based on Brazilian and international studies. Through Delphi rounds, the experts outlined the list of the most relevant attributes to compose the indicator. The Environmental Disclosure Indicator – EDI consists of ten attributes than combine practicality and representativeness of the quality of environmental information disclosure. The results revealed a high degree of importance and, therefore, a greater weight of qualitative attributes, such as “Environmental Impacts of Products and Processes” and “Information about Residues”. The study contributes by revealing “what” should be disclosed prioritarily, that is, which are the essential environmental attributes. It contributes to verify whether the amount of environmental information companies have disclosed have necessarily meant disclosure quality. As it provides an instrument to quantify the quality of environmental disclosure, the study permits further research about the association between this disclosure and other company aspects, such as performance and corporate governance.O artigo tem por objetivo elencar atributos ambientais, conforme o grau de importância de disclosure, para composição de um indicador genuinamente brasileiro que avalie qualidade de evidenciação de informações ambientais. Selecionaram-se especialistas da área “contabilidade ambiental/sustentabilidade” e atributos de evidenciação ambiental subsidiados por estudos nacionais e internacionais. Por meio de rodadas Delphi, os especialistas delinearam o rol de atributos mais relevantes para a composição do indicador. O Indicador de Disclosure Ambiental – IDA é composto por dez atributos que combinam praticidade e representatividade da qualidade de evidenciação de informações ambientais. Os resultados revelaram alto grau de importância e, portanto, maior peso para atributos qualitativos, como “Impactos Ambientais de Produtos e Processos” e “Informações sobre Resíduos”. A contribuição do estudo consiste em revelar “o que” se deve evidenciar prioritariamente, ou seja, quais são os atributos ambientais essenciais. Contribui para que verifique se a quantidade de informações ambientais evidenciadas pelas companhias tem significado necessariamente qualidade de disclosure. Por fornecer um instrumento para quantificação da qualidade do disclosure ambiental, o estudo possibilita pesquisas posteriores sobre a associação entre esta evidenciação e demais aspectos das companhias, como desempenho e governança corporativa
Published: 2013
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38. EVIDENCIAÇÃO DE INFORMAÇÕES AMBIENTAIS: PROPOSTA DE UM INDICADOR A PARTIR DA PERCEPÇÃO DE ESPECIALISTAS

Author: Ramon K. B. Bachmann, Leandro M. Carneiro, and Márcia M. S. B. Espejo
Subjects: Attributes, Environmental Disclosure, Disclosure Indicator, Sustainability., Business, HF5001-6182, Accounting. Bookkeeping, HF5601-5689
Abstract: O artigo tem por objetivo elencar atributos ambientais, conforme o grau de importância de disclosure, para composição de um indicador genuinamente brasileiro que avalie qualidade de evidenciação de informações ambientais. Selecionaram-se especialistas da área “contabilidade ambiental/sustentabilidade” e atributos de evidenciação ambiental subsidiados por estudos nacionais e internacionais. Por meio de rodadas Delphi, os especialistas delinearam o rol de atributos mais relevantes para a composição do indicador. O Indicador de Disclosure Ambiental – IDA é composto por dez atributos que combinam praticidade e representatividade da qualidade de evidenciação de informações ambientais. Os resultados revelaram alto grau de importância e, portanto, maior peso para atributos qualitativos, como “Impactos Ambientais de Produtos e Processos” e “Informações sobre Resíduos”. A contribuição do estudo consiste em revelar “o que” se deve evidenciar prioritariamente, ou seja, quais são os atributos ambientais essenciais. Contribui para que verifique se a quantidade de informações ambientais evidenciadas pelas companhias tem significado necessariamente qualidade de disclosure. Por fornecer um instrumento para quantificação da qualidade do disclosure ambiental, o estudo possibilita pesquisas posteriores sobre a associação entre esta evidenciação e demais aspectos das companhias, como desempenho e governança corporativa
Published: 2013

39. Differential effects of anaesthesia on the contractility of lymphatic vessels in vivo: authors' reply

Author: Michael Detmar, Steven T. Proulx, Miriam Ries, Samia B. Bachmann, and Yuliang He
Subjects: Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Physiology, business.industry, Differential effects, Contractility, medicine.anatomical_structure, Lymphatic system, In vivo, Lymphatic vessel, medicine, 570 Life sciences, biology, Vascular function, business, 610 Medicine & health
Published: 2020
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40. Alternative transcription of a shorter, non-anti-angiogenic thrombospondin-2 variant in cancer-associated blood vessels

Author: Susanna Poghosyan, Giorgia Vella, Samia B. Bachmann, Michael Detmar, Jay W. Shin, Simon Schwager, Sun Young Yoon, Cédric Poyet, Sinem Karaman, Vivianne I. Otto, and Filip Roudnicky
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, Cancer Research, Thrombospondin-2, Stromal cell, Angiogenesis, Laser Capture Microdissection, Biology, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Mice, Open Reading Frames, 0302 clinical medicine, Rapid amplification of cDNA ends, Protein Domains, Cell Line, Tumor, Genetics, Animals, Humans, Molecular Biology, Laser capture microdissection, Cell Proliferation, Thrombospondin, Gene Expression Profiling, Alternative splicing, Endothelial Cells, Exons, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Molecular biology, Angiogenesis inhibitor, Up-Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Alternative Splicing, 030104 developmental biology, Urinary Bladder Neoplasms, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Thrombospondins, Neoplasm Transplantation
Abstract: Thrombospondin-2 (TSP2) is an anti-angiogenic matricellular protein that inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis. Tumor-associated blood vascular endothelial cells (BECs) were isolated from human invasive bladder cancers and from matched normal bladder tissue by immuno-laser capture microdissection. Exon expression profiling analyses revealed a particularly high expression of a short TSP2 transcript containing only the last 9 (3′) exons of the full-length TSP2 transcript. Using 5′ and 3′ RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) and Sanger sequencing, we confirmed the existence of the shorter transcript of TSP2 (sTSP2) and determined its sequence which completely lacked the anti-angiogenic thrombospondin type 1 repeats domain. The largest open reading frame predicted within the transcript comprises 209 amino acids and matches almost completely the C-terminal lectin domain of full-length TSP2. We produced recombinant sTSP2 and found that unlike the full-length TSP2, sTSP2 did not inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor-A-induced proliferation of cultured human BECs, but in contrast when combined with TSP2 blocked the inhibitory effects of TSP2 on BEC proliferation. In vivo studies with stably transfected A431 squamous cell carcinoma cells revealed that full-length TSP2, but not sTSP2, inhibited tumor growth and angiogenesis. This study reveals that the transcriptional program of tumor stromal cells can change to transcribe a new version of an endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor that has lost its anti-angiogenic activity., Oncogene, 37 (19), ISSN:0950-9232, ISSN:1476-5594
Published: 2018

41. Therapie der Fuchs-Endotheldystrophie mittels DMEK

Author: C Cursiefen and B Bachmann
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Endothelium, business.industry, Fuchs Endothelial Dystrophy, 03 medical and health sciences, Ophthalmology, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine.anatomical_structure, Descemet Stripping Endothelial Keratoplasty, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, Medicine, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Published: 2018

42. [The painless foreign body]

Author: S, Zwingelberg, P, Hamrah, A, Hamprecht, S, Walker, B, Bachmann, C, Cursiefen, and S, Roters
Subjects: Antifungal Agents, Humans, Foreign Bodies
Published: 2019

43. Transcriptional profiling of breast cancer‐associated lymphatic vessels reveals VCAM‐1 as regulator of lymphatic invasion and permeability

Author: Jeannette Scholl, Michael Detmar, Catharina D. Commerford, Kristian Ikenberg, Steven T. Proulx, Timur Cetintas, Kübra Kapaklikaya, Lothar C. Dieterich, Samia B. Bachmann, University of Zurich, and Dieterich, Lothar C
Subjects: Cancer Research, Integrin alpha4, government.form_of_government, Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1, Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms, 610 Medicine & health, Tumor Immunology and Microenvironment, Permeability, Metastasis, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, breast cancer, lymphatic invasion, 0302 clinical medicine, Cell Line, Tumor, 10049 Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Cell Adhesion, medicine, metastasis, Animals, Neoplasm Invasiveness, 1306 Cancer Research, VCAM-1, Lymphatic Vessels, Cell adhesion molecule, Chemistry, Gene Expression Profiling, Endothelial Cells, Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental, medicine.disease, Primary tumor, 3. Good health, Lymphangiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, Lymphatic Endothelium, Lymphatic system, Oncology, Tumor progression, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, government, Cancer research, 570 Life sciences, biology, Female, 2730 Oncology, Signal Transduction, Breast cancer, Lymphatic invasion
Abstract: Tumor‐associated lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic invasion of tumor cells correlate with poor outcome in many tumor types, including breast cancer. Various explanations for this correlation have been suggested in the past, including the promotion of lymphatic metastasis and an immune‐inhibitory function of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). However, the molecular features of tumor‐associated lymphatic vessels and their implications for tumor progression have been poorly characterized. Here, we report the first transcriptional analysis of tumor‐associated LECs directly isolated from the primary tumor in an orthotopic mouse model of triple negative breast cancer (4T1). Gene expression analysis showed a strong upregulation of inflammation‐associated genes, including endothelial adhesion molecules such as VCAM‐1, in comparison to LECs derived from control tissue. In vitro experiments demonstrated that VCAM‐1 is not involved in the adhesion of tumor cells to LECs but unexpectedly promoted lymphatic permeability by weakening of lymphatic junctions, most likely through a mechanism triggered by interactions with integrin α4 which was also induced in tumor‐associated LECs. In line with this, in vivo blockade of VCAM‐1 reduced lymphatic invasion of 4T1 cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that disruption of lymphatic junctions and increased permeability via tumor‐induced lymphatic VCAM‐1 expression may represent a new target to block lymphatic invasion and metastasis., What's new? Tumor‐associated lymphatic vessels serve important roles in tumor progression and metastasis. Nonetheless, little is known about the molecular changes in these vessels that give rise to a tumor‐promoting phenotype. In this study, transcriptional analysis was performed on lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) isolated from a mouse model of triple‐negative breast cancer. Endothelial adhesion molecules, including tumor‐induced VCAM‐1, were strongly upregulated in tumor‐associated LECs. Additional experiments showed that VCAM‐1 upregulation influences lymphatic permeability and that its inhibition attenuates lymphatic breast cancer cell invasion. The findings identify VCAM‐1 as a potential target for the blockade of lymphatic invasion of tumor cells.
Published: 2019

44. Lymphatic outflow of cerebrospinal fluid is reduced in glioma

Author: Steven T. Proulx, Markus Rudin, Yann Decker, Felix Schlegel, Michael Weller, Qiaoli Ma, Samia B. Bachmann, Hannah Schneider, Michael Detmar, University of Zurich, and Proulx, Steven T
Subjects: Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, lcsh:Medicine, 610 Medicine & health, Cisterna magna, Article, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Cerebrospinal fluid, Cell Line, Tumor, Glioma, Cisterna Magna, Cranial cavity, medicine, Animals, Humans, lcsh:Science, Cerebrospinal Fluid, 030304 developmental biology, Intracranial pressure, 1000 Multidisciplinary, 0303 health sciences, Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared, Multidisciplinary, Brain Neoplasms, business.industry, lcsh:R, medicine.disease, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 10040 Clinic for Neurology, CNS cancer, Disease Models, Animal, Circulation, medicine.anatomical_structure, Lymphatic system, Hydrodynamics, 570 Life sciences, biology, lcsh:Q, Female, Lymph, Intracranial Hypertension, Glioblastoma, business, Glymphatic System, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Blood vessel
Abstract: Glioblastoma is a malignant brain tumor with mean overall survival of less than 15 months. Blood vessel leakage and peritumoral edema lead to increased intracranial pressure and augment neurological deficits which profoundly decrease the quality of life of glioblastoma patients. It is unknown how the dynamics of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) turnover are affected during this process. By monitoring the transport of CSF tracers to the systemic blood circulation after infusion into the cisterna magna, we demonstrate that the outflow of CSF is dramatically reduced in glioma-bearing mice. Using a combination of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and near-infrared (NIR) imaging, we found that the circulation of CSF tracers was hindered after cisterna magna injection with reduced signals along the exiting cranial nerves and downstream lymph nodes, which represent the major CSF outflow route in mice. Due to blockage of the normal routes of CSF bulk flow within and from the cranial cavity, CSF tracers were redirected into the spinal space. In some mice, impaired CSF clearance from the cranium was compensated by a lymphatic outflow from the sacral spine., Scientific Reports, 9, ISSN:2045-2322
Published: 2019

45. [Explantation of two historical posterior chamber phakic intraocular lenses 31 years after implantation]

Author: V, Tahmaz, B, Bachmann, E, Tahmaz, S, Schickhardt, H, Fang, G, Auffarth, and C, Cursiefen
Subjects: Lenses, Intraocular, Male, Phakic Intraocular Lenses, Lens Implantation, Intraocular, Lens, Crystalline, Humans, Middle Aged, Cataract, Device Removal
Abstract: This article reports the case of a 56-year-old male patient who had undergone implantation of posterior chamber phakic intraocular lenses in 1987 in Russia. The patient presented to this clinic 31 years after the initial surgery with anterior cortical cataracts and initial stages of corneal decompensation in both eyes. Strategic planning and execution of surgical treatment and the further clinical course are portrayed in this report.
Published: 2019

46. Localized mix-induced radiative cooling in a capsule implosion at the National Ignition Facility

Author: Joseph Ralph, Tilo Döppner, Tammy Ma, Steve MacLaren, S. A. Yi, Dirk O. Gericke, Gilbert Collins, B. Bachmann, Omar Hurricane, Howard A. Scott, J. R. Rygg, P. K. Patel, and Alex Zylstra
Subjects: Materials science, Radiative cooling, Bremsstrahlung, Implosion, Plasma, Thermal conduction, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Computational physics, 0103 physical sciences, Radiative transfer, Electron temperature, 010306 general physics, National Ignition Facility
Abstract: We present direct measurements of electron temperature variations within an inertially confined deuterium-tritium plasma caused by localized mix of higher-Z materials into the central hot spot. The data are derived from newly developed differentially filtered penumbral imaging of the bremsstrahlung continuum emission. Our analysis reveals distinct localized emitting features in the stagnated hot-spot plasma, and we infer spatial variations in the electron temperature: the mixed region is 660±130eV colder than the surrounding hot-spot plasma at 3.26±0.11keV. Our analysis of the energy flow shows that we measure approximately steady-state conditions where the radiative losses in the mix region are balanced by heat conduction from the surrounding hot deuterium-tritium plasma.
Published: 2019

47. Lymphatic endothelial cells attenuate inflammation via suppression of dendritic cell maturation

Author: Maija Hollmén, Samia B. Bachmann, Roberta Bianchi, David Aebischer, Lothar C. Dieterich, Steven T. Proulx, Ailsa J. Christiansen, Michael Detmar, and Isabel Ohs
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, government.form_of_government, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C, VEGF-C, 610 Medicine & health, Bone Marrow Cells, Mice, Transgenic, 03 medical and health sciences, Mice, Cell Movement, inflammation, lymphangiogenesis, Immunology and Microbiology Section, Immune response, Immunity, Immune Tolerance, Medicine, Animals, Humans, Lymphangiogenesis, Chemokine CCL2, Inflammation, Antigen Presentation, CD11b Antigen, business.industry, Research Paper: Immunology, Peripheral tolerance, Endothelial Cells, Dendritic cell, Dendritic Cells, Flow Cytometry, Cell biology, CD11c Antigen, Interleukin-10, Endothelial stem cell, Lymphatic Endothelium, Vascular endothelial growth factor A, 030104 developmental biology, Lymphatic system, Phenotype, Oncology, Vascular endothelial growth factor C, Immunology, government, Lymph Nodes, business
Abstract: Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C)-induced lymphangiogenesis and increased tissue drainage have been reported to inhibit acute and chronic inflammation, and an activated lymphatic endothelium might mediate peripheral tolerance. Using transgenic mice overexpressing VEGF-C in the skin, we found that under inflammatory conditions, VEGF-C-mediated expansion of the cutaneous lymphatic network establishes an immune-inhibitory microenvironment characterised by increased regulatory T (Treg) cells, immature CD11c+CD11b+ dendritic cells (DCs) and CD8+ cells exhibiting decreased effector function. Strikingly, lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC)-conditioned media (CM) potently suppress DC maturation with reduced expression of MHCII, CD40, and IL-6, and increased IL-10 and CCL2 expression. We identify an imbalance in prostaglandin synthase expression after LEC activation, favoring anti-inflammatory prostacyclin synthesis. Importantly, blockade of LEC prostaglandin synthesis partially restores DC maturity. LECs also produce TGF-ß1, contributing to the immune-inhibitory microenvironment. This study identifies novel mechanisms by which the lymphatic endothelium modulates cellular immune responses to limit inflammation., Oncotarget, 7 (26), ISSN:1949-2553
Published: 2016

48. Recent and planned hydrodynamic instability experiments on indirect-drive implosions on the National Ignition Facility

Author: A. V. Hamza, Mark Herrmann, Louisa Pickworth, L. F. Berzak Hopkins, Arthur Pak, C. R. Weber, Daniel Casey, V. A. Smalyuk, J. Crippen, Kevin Baker, J. E. Field, E. L. Dewald, S. W. Haan, Jose Milovich, J. L. Peterson, M. Mauldin, Tilo Döppner, Bruce Remington, Kumar Raman, Harry Robey, B. A. Hammel, N. Alfonso, M. Havre, David Martinez, Michael Farrell, L. Carlson, Laurent Divol, Neal Rice, John Kline, S. Felker, A. Fernandez, B. Bachmann, Peter M. Celliers, Otto Landen, P. K. Patel, Gareth Hall, Suzanne Ali, W. W. Hsing, Eric Loomis, S. Khan, J. Edwards, Michael Stadermann, Andrew MacPhee, A. Nikroo, Jeremy Kroll, Sebastien LePape, S. A. Yi, Alastair Moore, Laurent Masse, B. J. MacGowan, M. Schoff, and Daniel S. Clark
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Radiation, Materials science, Nuclear engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, Laser, 01 natural sciences, Instability, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Ignition system, Wavelength, Acceleration, chemistry, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Beryllium, 010306 general physics, National Ignition Facility, Inertial confinement fusion
Abstract: At National Ignition Facility (NIF), yield amplification due to alpha particle heating approached ~3 in the highest performing inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions, while yield amplification of ~15-30 is needed for ignition. Hydrodynamic instabilities are a major factor in degradation of implosions while understanding and mitigation of the instabilities are critical to achieving ignition. This article describes recent and planned hydrodynamic instability experiments with several focused platforms that have been developed to directly measure these instabilities in all phases of ICF implosions. Measurements of ripple-shock generation at OMEGA laser have indicated initial seeds for the instabilities in three ablators - plastic (CH), beryllium, and high-density carbon (HDC). Hydrodynamic Growth Radiography (HGR) platform was used to measure instability growth at the ablation front in the acceleration phase of implosions. This platform used pre-imposed 2-D perturbations for growth factor measurements at different perturbation wavelengths and was also used to measure growth of “native roughness” modulations, fill tubes, and capsule support membranes or “tents”. Also, in the acceleration phase several new experimental platforms have been or are being developed to measure instability growth at the ablator-ice interface. In the deceleration phase of implosions, “self-emission” and “self-backlighting” platforms were developed to measure perturbations near peak compression. This article reviews recent progress and results.
Published: 2020

49. Hotspot conditions achieved in inertial confinement fusion experiments on the National Ignition Facility

Author: J. E. Field, Brian Spears, C. R. Weber, Daniel Casey, O. S. Jones, N. Izumi, P. K. Patel, Kelli Humbird, E. L. Dewald, Jay D. Salmonson, Andrew MacPhee, A. L. Kritcher, Tammy Ma, Steve MacLaren, V. Geppert-Kleinrath, C. J. Cerjan, Leonard Jarrott, E. P. Hartouni, V. A. Smalyuk, Alex Zylstra, Jose Milovich, Laurent Divol, P. T. Springer, Joseph Ralph, Jim Gaffney, Otto Landen, Petr Volegov, L. F. Berzak Hopkins, Ryan Nora, S. Le Pape, David N. Fittinghoff, C. A. Thomas, Denise Hinkel, Michael Kruse, B. Bachmann, Omar Hurricane, Matthias Hohenberger, Shahab Khan, Nathan Meezan, Laurent Masse, J. L. Peterson, Robert Hatarik, Daniel S. Clark, Debra Callahan, Gary Grim, Kevin Baker, Harry Robey, M. J. Edwards, Tilo Döppner, and Arthur Pak
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear engineering, Observable, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Ignition system, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Hotspot (geology), Isobaric process, Area density, Overall performance, Physics::Chemical Physics, National Ignition Facility, Inertial confinement fusion
Abstract: We describe the overall performance of the major indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion campaigns executed at the National Ignition Facility. With respect to the proximity to ignition, we can describe the performance of current experiments both in terms of no-burn ignition metrics (metrics based on the hydrodynamic performance of targets in the absence of alpha-particle heating) and in terms of the thermodynamic properties of the hotspot and dense fuel at stagnation—in particular, the hotspot pressure, temperature, and areal density. We describe a simple 1D isobaric model to derive these quantities from experimental observables and examine where current experiments lie with respect to the conditions required for ignition.
Published: 2020

50. Symmetric fielding of the largest diamond capsule implosions on the NIF

Author: Marius Millot, Neal Rice, T. Braun, Jose Milovich, Debra Callahan, A. L. Kritcher, Brandon Woodworth, Matthias Hohenberger, Alex Zylstra, B. Bachmann, Kevin Baker, Omar Hurricane, Denise Hinkel, Laurent Divol, Harry Robey, David Strozzi, David C. Clark, Jürgen Biener, Tilo Döppner, C. R. Weber, J. Edwards, Derek Mariscal, Michael Stadermann, Daniel Casey, C. A. Thomas, C. Kong, Christoph Wild, James Sevier, A. Nikroo, S. Le Pape, Suhas Bhandarkar, and Arthur Pak
Subjects: Physics, business.industry, Implosion, Diamond, Radius, engineering.material, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Symmetry (physics), 010305 fluids & plasmas, Radiation flux, Optics, Physics::Plasma Physics, Hohlraum, 0103 physical sciences, engineering, 010306 general physics, National Ignition Facility, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract: We present results for the largest diamond capsule implosions driven symmetrically on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) (inner radius of ∼1050 μm) without the use of cross beam transfer in cylindrical Hohlraums. We show that the methodology of designing Hohlraum parameters in a semi-empirical way using an extensive database resulted in a round implosion. In addition, we show that the radiation flux symmetry is well controlled during the foot of the pulse and that swings in P2 symmetry between the inflight dense shell and hot spot are within ±4 μm and that swings around peak compression are also within the symmetry specification of ±4 μm. We observed a stronger dependence of symmetry on the capsule scale than previously observed and also observed enhanced inner beam propagation for experiments using a gas fill density of 0.3 mg/cm3 and 1000 μm inner radius capsules. We have observed sufficient symmetry and mass remaining at near full NIF power and energy, up to 480 TW and 1.9 MJ, with little laser–plasma interactions (low laser backscattered light) and predict that this design could support extended NIF energy of up to 2.1 MJ.
Published: 2020

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