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Bu çalışmada, Saccharomyces cerevisiae L. kültür ortamında bazı fosfazenlerin biyokimyasal aktiviteleri belirlendi. Deneysel uygulamada farklı fosfazen molekülleri kullanıldı. Çalışma kapsamındaki deney grupları; kontrol grubu, H2O2 (Hidrojen peroksit) ve fosfazen molekülleri grupları şeklinde düzenlendi. Gruplar hazırlandıktan sonra, kontrol grubu dışında diğer kültürlere 30 µg fosfazen ve 100 µl H2O2 ilave edildi. 30 °C de 72 saat inkübasyona bırakıldı. İnkübasyon sonunda hücre peletleri ayrıldı. Elde edilen süpernatantdan Glutatyon S-Transferaz (GST) ile total protein düzeyleri belirlendi. Hekzan/izopropanol alkol karışımı ile elde edilen homojenattan da yağ asidi ve lipofilik moleküllerin analizi yapıldı. Deney sonuçlarına göre, fosfazen molekülü ve H2O2 ilave edilen maya hücrelerinde total protein değerleri ile GST değerlerinde paralel bir artış gözlenirken, bazı gruplarda protein miktarında artış saptandığı halde GST düzeyinde azalma olduğu belirlendi. S. cerevisiae’ nin membran yapısında önemli bir yer kaplayan ergosterolün, T3 ve T3B kodlu fosfazenler ile H2O2 gruplarında kontrol grubuna göre yüksek, T4 kodlu fosfazenler ile H2O2 gruplarında ise düşük olduğu belirlendi. Sonuç olarak; S. cerevisiae kültür ortamına fosfazen ve H2O2 moleküllerin eklenmesinin, ergosterol ve yağ asidi sentezi ile yağ asitlerinin hidrokarbon zincirine çift bağ girişi yapan enzimlerin son ürünlerinde artışlara ya da azalışlara neden olduğu ortaya konulmuştur., In this study, biochemical activities of some phosphazenes were determined in Saccharomyces cerevisiae L. culture medium. Different phosphazene molecules were used in experimental practice. The experimental groups within the scope of the study were organized as control group, H2O2 (Hydrogen peroxide) and groups of phosphazen molecules. After the groups were prepared, 30 µg of phosphazen and 100 µl of H2O2 were added to other cultures, except for the control group of S. cerevisiae culture. It was incubated for 72 hours at 30 °C. At the end of incubation, cell pellets were separated. Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) and Total protein levels were determined from supernatant. The fatty acid and lipophilic molecules were analyzed from the homogenate obtained with the hexane / isopropanol alcohol mixture. According to our experimental results, while total protein values and GST values increased in parallel with the phosphazen molecule and H2O2 added yeast cells, GST levels were decreased in some groups, although an increase in the amount of protein was observed. Ergosterol, which has an important place in the membrane structure of S. cerevisiae, was found to be higher in T3 and T3B coded phosphazenes and H2O2 groups compared to the control group, and low in T4 coded phosphazenes and H2O2 groups. Our study results revealed that as a result of the addition of phosphazen and H2O2 molecules to the culture medium of S. cerevisiae, ergosterol and fatty acid synthesis, fatty acids cause increases or decreases in the end products of enzymes that double-enter the hydrocarbon chain.

Molecular genetics, genomics, and bioinformatics are interdisciplinary fields that associate with the structure and function of genes and genomes in living organisms, including camels. Molecular genetics control the development and function of cells and organisms. Therefore, the researchers use molecular genetics techniques to study the genetic makeup of camels, including identifying and characterizing specific genes and variations in their DNA sequences. In addition, the genomics have role in the entire genome, or the complete set of genetic information, of an organism. Through genomics, researchers can gain a comprehensive understanding of the genetic makeup of camels and how it relates to their physiology and physiology. Finally, bioinformatics has the application of computational and statistical techniques to the analysis of biological data, such as genetic sequences. their tools and methods are used to analyze and interpret the large amounts of data generated by molecular genetics and genomics studies. Overall, these fields can provide important insights into the biology and evolution of camels, and can aid in the development of new technologies and strategies for the conservation and management of "ships of the desert".

In this study, the laccase production ability of the newly isolated Trametes versicolor strain was investigated in three different fermentation processes. In all three fermentation processes, the fungus was able to produce the laccase enzyme. During the solid-state fermentation process 13.21 U/mL laccase activity was detected on the 20th day in the 10 mM copper-containing medium, while this value reached to 27.30 U/mL in the medium containing 0.5 mM ABTS+10 mM copper. During the liquid batch fermentation process, laccase activity was significantly induced in the medium containing 1 mM copper and the laccase activities reached 2.25, 19.83 and 24.57 U/mL compared to the medium without copper on the 3rd, 6th, and 9th days, respectively. ABTS and xylidine induced the laccase production of this strain at a much lower level than copper. The liquid repeated-batch process also significantly induced the laccase production. While low level of enzyme activities were detected in a copper-free medium, laccase activities were induced in the copper-containing medium and the activity increased from 0.66 U/mL to 9.87 U/mL at the 6th use of the pellets. Copper was detected as an effective inducer for laccase production in all fermentation processes and activity staining after native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis clearly showed the active laccase bands. The results revealed that this strain is a good laccase producer and the laccase production yield varies depending on the fermentation process, production time, and inducer used., Bu çalışmada yeni izole edilmiş Trametes versicolor suşunun lakkaz üretim yeteneği üç farklı fermentasyon sürecinde araştırılmıştır. Üç fermentasyon sürecinde de fungus lakkaz enzimini üretebilmiştir. Katı-faz fermentasyonu sürecinde 10 mM bakır içeren ortamda üretimin 20. gününde 13.21 U/mL lakkaz aktivitesi izlenmiştir, bu değer 0.5 mM ABTS+10 mM bakır içeren ortamda ise 27.30 U/mL’ye ulaşmıştır. Sıvı kesikli fermentasyon sürecinde ise 1 mM bakır içeren ortamda bakır içermeyen ortama göre lakkaz aktivitesi önemli oranda indüklenmiş ve lakkaz aktiviteleri 3, 6 ve 9. günlerde sırasıyla 2.25, 19.83 ve 24.57 U/mL’ye ulaşmıştır. ABTS ve ksilidin bu suşun lakkaz üretimini bakıra göre çok daha düşük düzeyde indüklemiştir. Sıvı tekrarlı-kesikli süreç de lakkaz üretimini önemli oranda indüklemiştir. Bakır içermeyen ortamda düşük düzeyde enzim aktiviteleri saptanırken, bakır içeren ortamda lakkaz aktiviteleri indüklenmiş ve peletlerin 6. kullanımında aktivite 0.66 U/mL’den 9.87 U/mL’ye ulaşmıştır. Tüm fermentasyon süreçlerinde, bakırın lakkaz üretimi için önemli bir indükleyici olduğu gözlenmiştir ve doğal poliakrilamid jel elektroforezi sonrası yapılan aktivite boyamaları aktif lakkaz bantlarını net olarak göstermiştir. Sonuçlar, bu suşun iyi bir lakkaz üreticisi olduğunu ve fermentasyon sürecine, üretim zamanına ve kullanılan indükleyiciye bağlı olarak lakkaz üretim veriminin değiştiğini ortaya koymuştur.

Researches on bee products have become popular in recent years. In fact, the content and component of bee products varies depending on many ecological and floristic factors and its nutritional and therapeutic properties are directly related to its content. Balveren (Şırnak province) beekeepers place their hives in locations with different geographical structure, floristic and topographic characteristics. This variability not only affects the quality of honey but also changes the properties of propolis. Studies on propolis, known as bee glue, have gained importance in recent years. As with other bee products, the propolis content also depends on the floristic characteristics of the region. In this study, propolis samples were collected from the regions where Balveren beekeepers stayed and their botanical origins, wax ratios, phenolic content, and mineral substance contents were analyzed. In the microscopic analysis, pollen grains belonging to 14 different families used by bees were determined. It was determined that the total phenolic and mineral contents of propolis vary completely depending on the location. With this study, the propolis properties of the hives in the region were tried to be revealed and it was aimed that this study would help the region's propolis to be used for technological and therapeutic purposes., Arı ürünleri ile ilgili çalışmalar gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Aslında arı ürünlerinin içeriği, bileşeni; ekolojik ve floristik birçok faktöre bağlı olarak değişkenlik göstermekte, besleyici ve tedavi edici özelliği ise içeriği ile doğrudan ilişkilidir. Balveren beldesi (Şırnak) arıcıları kovanlarını; coğrafik yapısı, floristik ve topografik özellikleri farklı lokasyonlara yerleştirmektedirler. Bu değişkenlik balın kalitesini etkilediği gibi propolis özelliklerini de değiştirmektedir. Kovan yapıştırıcısı olarak bilinen propolis ile ilgili çalışmalar son yıllarda önem kazanmaktadır. Diğer arı ürünlerinde olduğu gibi, propolis içeriği de bölgenin floristik özelliklere bağlıdır. Bu çalışmada Balveren arıcılarının konakladıkları bölgelerden propolis örnekleri toplanmış, botanik orijinleri, mum oranları, fenolik madde içerikleri ve mineral madde miktarları analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan mikroskobik analizlerde arıların kullandığı 14 farklı familyaya ait polen taneleri tespit edilmiştir. Fenolik madde ve mineral madde içeriklerinin ise tamamen propolis örneği alınan lokasyona bağlı olarak değişkenlik gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışma ile bölgede bulunan kovanların propolis özellikleri ortaya konulmaya çalışılmış ve yapılan çalışmanın bölge propolislerinin teknolojik ve tedavi edici amaçlar ile kullanılmasına yardımcı olması hedeflenmiştir.

In this article, Cleome quinquenervia (Cleomaceae) species is reported as a new record for the flora of Turkey based on the samples collected from Şanlıurfa, Mardin, and Adıyaman provinces. A detailed description and particular photographs of this species are given based on the large number of specimens collected. The meticulous comparison of the descriptions of the C. quinquenervia species and the information obtained in this study were made by examining the floras of the nearby countries. In addition, the systematical, ethnobotanical, and pharmacological features of the genus Cleome are summarized., Bu makalede, Şanlıurfa, Mardin ve Adıyaman illerinden toplanan örneklere dayanarak Cleome quinquenervia (Cleomaceae) türü, Türkiye Florası için yeni kayıt olarak rapor edilmektedir. Toplanan çok sayıda örneklere dayalı olarak bu türün, ayrıntılı betimi ve detaylı fotoğrafları verilmiştir. Yakın ülke floraları incelenerek bunlarda yer alan C. quinquenervia türünün betimlemeleri ile bu çalışmada elde edilen bilgilerin detaylı karşılaştırması yapılmıştır. Ayrıca Cleome cinsinin sistematik, etnobotanik ve farmakolojik özellikleri özetlenmiştir.

Pleistocene glacial and interglacial periods have been greatly affected the distribution pattern of the species. The impact of the global climate change upon species distributions such as range shifts in latitude or elevation has been widely studied. In this study, it was aimed to have a better understanding on the effects of the Late-Pleistocene climatic oscillation and the global climate changes on a widely distributed reptile species, the Balkan wall lizard (Podarcis tauricus). To find out the dynamics of the species’ range shifts, ecological niche modelling approach was applied. Bioclimatic variables and regenerated species occurrence records were used to construct models. The chosen model was projected to the present, reconstructed past and predicted future bio-climatic conditions. Moreover, distribution change and landscape connectivity analyzes were executed. Under present conditions, model prediction for the Balkan wall lizard was largely caught its known distribution area. The LGM distribution prediction was limited to a few spots (57,596.19 km2) in the southern Balkans, mainly due to the negative effect of the mean winter temperature. From the LGM to the present, distribution area of the species remarkably extended, particularly noticeable during Mid-Holocene (1,254.59%). The model predicted the distribution area of the species would extend due to high mean summer and high mean winter temperatures in the future and move basically towards northern latitudes and at higher elevations. A connectivity pattern in between the southwestern and northeastern populations of the Balkan wall lizard was found with high connectivity predicted predominantly over the southern Balkans.

Urbanization and fisheries affected a rapid increase in seagull populations in western Mediterranean populations of the yellow-legged gull. The main reason is the increased food resources such as fisheries, big ports, and dumps. In this study, we aimed to understand and to compare the breeding biology of the yellow-legged gull in eastern Mediterranean. We studied on the small island in southwestern Türkiye between 2013 and 2015. All nesting sites were determined, marked, and monitored once a week. The breeding season has started in late February, nesting and laying eggs have started at the beginning of March, and they left the island in the second half of June after fledging. The incubation period is 29.17±2.85 days, only one clutch in a season and 2 or 3 eggs were laid in the nests. There was a slight increase in the number of pairs and nests between years but there is no significant difference in all parameters such as laying date, clutch size, hatching and fledging success in Pırasalı Island population and the rate of both hatching and fledging success are lower than western Mediterranean populations. While predation is the weakest factor for lower breeding success, intraspecific predation may be the factor but the main effect is the lower food abundance for the hatchlings., Kentleşme ve balıkçılık Gümüş martı populasyonlarının Batı Akdeniz’de hızla artmasında etkili olmuştur. Balıkçılık, büyük limanlar ve çöplükler gibi artan gıda kaynakları bu artışın ana sebepleridir. Bu çalışmada, Doğu Akdeniz’de kuluçkaya yatan Gümüş martı üreme biyolojisini belirlemek ve karşılaştırma yapmak amaçlanmıştır. Türkiye’nin güneybatısında yer alan küçük bir ada popülasyonu 2013-2015 yıllarında çalışılmıştır. Tüm yuva alanları tespit edilmiş, işaretlenmiş ve haftada bir gün izlenmiştir. Üreme dönemi Şubat ayı sonlarında başlamış, yuva yapımı ve yumurta bırakma mart ayı başlarında gerçekleşmiş ve yavruların uçmasıyla birlikte tüm popülasyon Haziran ayının ikinci yarısında adadan ayrılmıştır. Kuluçka süresi 29.17±2.85 gün, üreme döneminde sadece bir kuluçka gerçekleştirilmiş ve yuvalara 2 veya 3 yumurta bırakılmıştır. Pırasalı Adası popülasyonunda yıllar arasında çift sayıları ve yuva sayıları açısından küçük bir artış olmasına rağmen, yumurta bırakma tarihi, kuluçka sayısı, yumurtadan çıkan yavru başarısı ve yuvadan uçan yavru başarısı parametrelerinde istatistiksel anlamda bir farklılık bulunmamıştır. Yumurtadan çıkan yavru başarısı ve yuvadan uçan yavru başarısı oranları Batı Akdeniz popülasyonlarından daha düşüktür. Predasyon düşük üreme başarısı için düşük bir faktörken, tür içi predasyon belki etkili olabilir, ancak yumurtadan çıkan yavrular için düşük besin bolluğu temel etkidir.

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de yetişen Dictamnus albus L. bitkisinin, antioksidan ve sitotoksik özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Bitkinin topraküstü ve kök kısımları kimyasal içerik bakımından kalitatif olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Toplam fenol ve flavonoit miktarı spektrofotometrik yöntemlerle hesaplanmış, antioksidan aktivitesi DPPH ve ABTS radikalini süpürücü aktivite deneyi ile test edilmiştir. Ayrıca PC-12 ve SHSY-5Y hücre hatlarında canlılık tayini MTT (3-4,5-dimetil-tiyazolil-2,5-difeniltetrazolyum bromür) testi yapılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre; bitkinin her iki kısmı da tanen, siyanogenetik glikozit, antrakinon, kardiyak glikozit ve antosiyanozit teşhis deneylerinde negatif sonuç verirken, alkaloit, kumarin, saponin, karbonhidrat teşhis deneylerinde pozitif sonuç vermiştir. Bitkinin topraküstü kısımlarından metanol ile hazırlanan ekstresinde (D.A Herba) toplam fenol miktarı 77,13 ± 5,73 mgGAE gekstre-1 olarak hesaplanırken, köklerinden hazırlanan ekstresinde (D. A Root) ise 43,81 ± 9,49 mgGAE gekstre-1 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Toplam flavonoit içeriği ise yalnızca D.A Herba ekstresinde hesaplanabilmiştir (19,11 ± 0,16 mgCA gekstre-1 ). Ekstrelerin DPPH radikalini süpürücü etksi D.A Herba ekstresinde daha yüksek bulunurken, ABTS radikalini süpürücü etkileri her iki ekstrede de benzer bulunmuştur. Toksisite deneyi sonuçlarına göre, PC-12 hücre hattında 500 µg mL-1’de D.A Root ekstresi canlılığı % 50’nin altına düşürmüş (% 43,17 ± 3,44), ancak D.A Herba ekstresi aynı konsantrasyonda %. 19,53 ± 0,183 ile daha toksik etkili bulunmuştur. Ancak, D.A. Herba ve D.A.Root ekstresi SHSY-5Y hücre hattında 3,25 µg mL-1 konsantrasyonlarda sırasıyla % 122,87 ± 6,29 ve 112,78 ± 7,00 canlılık oranı ile hücre proliferasyonu arttırmıştır. Sonuçlar D. albus bitkisinin nöroprotektif etkileri sebebiyle yeni fitofarmasötiklerin için potansiyel adaylar olabileceğini düşündürmektedir., This study investigated the antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of the Dictamnus albus L. plant grown in Türkiye. The aerial parts and roots of the plant were evaluated qualitatively in terms of chemical content. Total phenol and flavonoid amounts were calculated by spectrophotometric methods, antioxidant activity was tested with DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity assay. In addition, cell viability determination in PC-12 and SHSY-5Y cell lines was evaluated by performing MTT (3-4,5-dimethyl-thiazolyl-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) test. According to the results, both parts of the plant gave negative results in the tannin, cyanogenetic glycoside, anthraquinone, cardiac glycoside, and anthocyanoside identification tests, while they gave positive results in the alkaloid, coumarin, saponin, carbohydrate identification tests. While the total amount of phenol was calculated as 77.13 ± 5.73 mgGAE gexracts-1 in the extract prepared with methanol from the aerial parts of the plant (D.A Herba), it was calculated as 43.81 ± 9.49 mgGAE gexracts-1 in the extract prepared from the roots (D.A Root). The total flavonoid content could only be calculated in the D.A Herba extract (19.11 ± 0.16 mgCA gextract-1). Although the DPPH radical scavenging effect of the extracts was higher in D.A Herba extract, the ABTS radical scavenging effects were found similar in both D.A Herba and D.A Root extracts. According to the toxicity test, D.A Root extract reduced the viability below 50% (43.17 ± 3.44%) at 500 µg mL-1, but D.A Herba extract was found to be more toxic at the same concentration with 19.53 ± 0.183% in the PC-12 cell line. However, D.A. Herba and D.A.Root extract increased cell proliferation in the SHSY-5Y cell line at 3.25 µg/mL concentrations with 122.87±6.29 and 112.78±7.00%, respectively. The results suggest that D. albus may be a promising candidate for the new phytopharmaceuticals due to its neuroprotective effects.

Vücutta eser element olarak bulunan bakır (Cu), birçok enzimin yapısında yer alırken, gebelik döneminde çeşitli faktörlere bağlı olarak miktarının değişiklik göstermesi ile gebe ve fetüs üzerinde olumsuz etkiler oluşturabilmektedir. Cu eksikliğinde prematürite, beslenme ve emilim bozuklukları, aşırı beslenme, kronik diyare görülürken, bakır toksisitesinde karaciğer ve böbrekte nekroz ve sindirim sistemi kanamalarını oluşturduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Karabük Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi’ne doğum yapmak üzere gelen gebelere (n=50) rastgele örneklem yöntemi ile hem kan analizi hem de anket uygulanarak sosyodemografik sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Gebelerin yaş ortalamaları 29.2±5.39 olup, %80’i herhangi bir işte çalışmazken, %20’si ilkokul ve %26’sı ortaokul mezunu olarak belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca gebelerin %18’inin kronik hastalığının bulunduğu, %12’sinde gestasyonel diabetes mellitus ve %4’ünde hipertansiyon olduğu belirlenmiştir. Araştırmamızda maternal kanda Cu düzeyi ortalama 200.7±43.3 μg/dl olarak bulunmuştur. Ayrıca gebenin maternal yaş, yaşam süresi, yaşadığı yerin fabrika, otogar ve anayola yakınlığı ile bakır düzeyi arasında herhangi bir ilişki bulunamazken (P>0.05), gebelerin lise ve ortaöğretim mezunu olan eşlerinde kan bakır düzeyleri arasında anlamlı ilişki saptanmıştır (P, While copper (Cu), which is found as a trace element in the body, is included in the structure of many enzymes, it can have negative effects on the pregnant and fetus due to its amount changing depending on various factors during pregnancy. Prematurity, nutritional and absorption disorders, overnutrition, chronic diarrhea are seen in Cu deficiency, while copper toxicity has been suggested to cause liver and kidney necrosis and gastrointestinal bleeding. Sociodemographic results were obtained by applying both blood analysis and questionnaire with random sampling method to pregnant women who came to Karabük Training and Research Hospital (n = 50) to give birth. The average age of pregnant women is 29.2 ± 5.39, 80% of them do not work, 20% of them are primary school graduates and 26% are secondary school graduates. In addition, it was determined that 18% of pregnant women had chronic disease, 12% had gestational diabetes mellitus and 4% had hypertension. In our study, the mean Cu level in maternal blood was found to be 200.7 ± 43.3 μg / dl. In addition, while there was no correlation between maternal age, life expectancy, proximity to the factory, bus station and main road and copper level of the pregnant women (P>0.05), a significant relationship was found between the blood copper levels in the spouses of high school and secondary school graduates (P

Diyarbakır'ın Eğil yöresinden farklı iki lokaliteden toplanan 11 (10♀♀, 1♂♂) Pipistrellus kuhlii örneğinin morfolojik ve karyolojik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Morfolojik karakterler, ölçüler ve karyolojik özellikler daha önce yayınlanmış çalışmalarla karşılaştırılmıştır. Diploid kromozom sayısı 2n = 44, kromozom kol sayısı NF = 54 ve otozomal kromozom kol sayısı NFa =50'dir. X kromozomu orta büyüklükte metasentrik, Y kromozomu nokta şeklinde olup, son akrosentrik kromozom çiftlerinden daha küçüktür. Bu karşılaştırmalı çalışma sonucunda, tragus ve üst diş özellikleri dışında diğer morfolojik ve karyolojik özellikler Türkiye'deki Pipistrellus kuhlii özelliklerine sahiptir., In this study, the morphological and karyological peculiarities of eleven (10♀♀, 1♂♂) specimens of Pipistrellus kuhlii collected from Diyarbakir province were examined. The external and cranial measurements and weights of the specimens were taken and also the field notes were recorded. The diploid chromosome number of the specimens was 2n = 44, fundamental chromosome number was NF = 54 and autosomal chromosome number was NFa = 50. The X chromosome was middle sized metacentric and Y chromosome was small acrocentric. The external and cranial measurements and karyological and morphological peculiarities were compared with previously published accounts. The results revealed that the species of P. kuhlii distributed in this region.

Cistus creticus L. Türkiye’nin kuzey, güney ve batı kıyıları boyunca yayılım gösteren önemli tıbbi bitkilerden birisidir. Antik çağlardan beri antimikrobiyal, antiinflamatuar, sitotoksik ve antiülserojenik özellikleri nedeniyle halk tıbbında kullanılmaktadır. Bitkinin taze ve kuru yaprakları genellikle çay olarak tüketilmektedir. Bu çalışma, Alanya ekolojik koşullarında doğal olarak yetişen Cistus creticus L. bitkisinin taze ve kurutulmuş yapraklarının bazı biyokimyasal özelliklerini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla bitkinin vejetatif gelişiminin en yüksek olduğu ilkbahar döneminde hasat edilen yaprak örneklerinde; toplam askorbik asit, toplam fenolik, toplam flavonoid, toplam klorofil ve toplam karotenoid içerikleri ile antioksidan aktivite araştırılmıştır. Toplam askorbik asit miktarı dışındaki tüm parametreler kuru yaprak örneklerinde taze yaprak örneklerinden daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Bitkinin yüksek derecede biyoaktif bileşen içermesi ve % 50 civarında radikal süpürücü aktiviteye sahip olması bakımından tüketiminin önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir., Cistus creticus L. is one of the important medicinal plants spreading along the northern, southern and western coasts of Turkey. It has been used in folk medicine since ancient times for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and antiulcerogenic properties. The fresh and dry leaves of the plant are generally consumed as tea. This study aims to investigate some biochemical properties of fresh and dried leaves of Cistus creticus L., which grows naturally in Alanya ecological conditions. For this purpose, in leaf samples harvested in the spring period when the vegetative development of the plant is highest; total ascorbic acid, total phenolic, total flavonoid, total chlorophyll and total carotenoid contents and antioxidant activity were investigated. Except for the total ascorbic acid content, all parameters were higher in dry leaf samples than in fresh leaf samples. It is thought that the consumption of the plant is important because it contains a high degree of bioactive component and has a radical scavenging activity of around 50%.

Bitkiler çok eski zamanlardan beri hem Türkiye’de hem de dünyada tıbbi amaçlı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu bitkilerin çoğu antimikrobiyal özellikleri nedeniyle pek çok hastalığın tedavi sürecine dahil edilmektedir. Benzer şekilde meyveler de geleneksel tedavi amaçlı halk arasında sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Bir yabani meyve türü olan Berberis crataegina (karamuk) meyveleri tanen, organik asitler, yüksek oranda C vitamini ve antosiyanin içermekte olup; ateş düşürücü, kaşıntı önleyici ve diüretik etkilerinden dolayı yaygın olarak tüketilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Berberis crataegina meyvelerinin farklı çözücülerle (etanol, metanol, hekzan, diklorometan) hazırlanan ekstratlarının total antioksidan/oksidan etkileri ve Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bakterisine karşı antibakteriyel etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Çalışmada, toplanıp kurutulan meyve tanelerinin farklı çözücülerle hazırlanan ekstraktlarında total antioksidan/oksidan seviyeleri ticari kitler ile spektrofotometrede ölçüldü. Berberis crataegina meyvelerinin Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bakterisine karşı antibakteriyel etkisinin olup olmadığı disk difüzyon yöntemiyle belirlendi. Çalışmaya göre Berberis crataegina meyvelerinin yüksek antioksidan seviyeye sahip olduğu, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bakterisine karşı antibakteriyel etkisinin olmadığı tespit edildi., Plants have been used for medicinal purposes both in Türkiye and in the world since ancient times. Many of these plants are included in the treatment process of many diseases due to their antimicrobial properties. Similarly, fruits are frequently used among the people for traditional treatment purposes. Berberis crataegina (barberry) fruits, a wild fruit species, contain tannins, organic acids, high levels of vitamin C and anthocyanins; it is widely consumed due to its antipyretic, antipruritic and diuretic effects. In this study, it was aimed to determine the total antioxidant/oxidant effects of Berberis crataegina fruit extracts prepared with different solvents (ethanol, methanol, hexane, dichloromethane) and antibacterial effect against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteria. In the study, the total antioxidant/oxidant levels of the extracts of the collected and dried fruit grains prepared with different solvents were measured in spectrophotometer with commercial kits. The antibacterial effect of Berberis crataegina fruits against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was determined by disk diffusion method. According to the study, it was determined that Berberis crataegina fruits had high antioxidant level and had no antibacterial effect against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteria.

215 taxa have been identified from different localities of Yenice (Karabük) District between 2012-2014 years.As a result of the field and laboratory studies, 32 taxa belonging to 21 genera, 14 families from Ascomycota, 183 taxa belonging to 107 genera, 44 families, from Basidiomycota were determined. According to the present literature on the macrofungi, two taxa are new records for the Turkish macrofungi. These are Hygrocybe substrangulata (P.D. Orton) P.D. Orton & Watling and Hygrophorus atramentosus (Alb. & Schwein.) H. Haas & R. Haller Aar. ex Bon., Karabük İli Yenice İlçesi ve çevresindeki farklı lokalitelerden 2012-2014 yılları arasında 215 takson teşhis edilmiştir. Arazi ve laboratuar çalışmaları sonucunda; Ascomycota bölümünden 14 familya, 21 cinse ait 32 takson, Basidiomycota bölümünden 44 familya, 107 cinse ait 183 takson tespit edilmiştir. Makromantarlarla ilgili mevcut literatüre göre, iki takson Hygrocybe substrangulata (P.D. Orton) P.D. Orton & Watling ve Hygrophorus atramentosus (Alb. & Schwein.) H. Haas & R. Haller Aar. ex Bon türleri Türkiye için yeni kayıt olarak belirlenmiştir.

Rumex abyssinicus is a valuable medicinal plant species that is native to tropical Africa. Traditionally, R. abyssinicus is used to treat different disease such as, liver diseases, hepatitis, malaria, scabies, blood pressure, jaundice, wound and pneumonia. The purpose of the current study was to review the literature on the ethnomedicinal uses, chemical constitutes and biological activities of R. abyssinicus in an attempt to create information for future studies aimed towards exploring the therapeutic ability of the species. A scientific search engines, namely Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Web of knowledge for the search terms: Rumex abyssinicus, ethnomedicinal studies, phytochemical investigations, and pharmacological activities were undertaken. The search strategy included all articles with descriptors that were available until December 30, 2021. Only published works in English have been used on this study. The data was collected using textual descriptions of the studies, tabulation, grouping, and figures. The principal phytochemicals of R. abyssinicus are anthraquinones, flavonoids, terepenoids and phenolic compounds. The in vitro and in vivo studies on the crude extracts and compounds of R. abyssinicus showed antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, wound healing, antialzeimer’s and hepatoprotective activities of it. R. abyssinicus afforded drug leads such as helminthosporin (4) with anti-alzheimer and physicon (3) with antifungal and antioxidant activity. R. abyssinicus have traditionally been used to cure a variety of diseases. Pharmacological actions of phytochemicals were shown to be promising. Despite this, further studies on crude extracts and promising compounds are needed to find new drug candidates.

Bu çalışmada, Mardin İlinde bir kamu kurumuna ait iki su kuyusu, bir su deposu ve binaların musluklarından alınan su ve sürüntü numunelerinde mikrobiyolojik ve kimyasal analiz yapılmıştır. Bu örneklerde Legionella ve serogruplarının varlığı ile klor, nitrat, nitrit, pH ve elektriksel iletkenlik gibi parametreler analiz edilmiştir. Alınan 25 su örneğinden Legionella üremesi gözlenmezken, aynı yerlerden alınan 25 sürüntü kültür örneğinin 4 tanesinde L. pneumophila serogrup 1 saptanmıştır. Su örneklerinin pH değerlik aralıkları 7.53-8.02 olarak tespit edilirken en düşük pH değeri 7.53 ile bir nolu kuyuda gözlenirken en yükseği ise 8.02 ile iki nolu kuyuda gözlenmiştir. En düşük elektrik iletkenlik değeri 376.44 μS/cm ile iki nolu kuyuda, en yükseği ise 446.57 μS cm-1 ile bir nolu kuyuda ölçülmüştür. Araştırmada yapılan analizler neticesinde hiçbir su numunesinde nitrit tespit edilmezken, nitrat miktarı en düşük bir nolu kuyuda 4.30 ppm ile en yüksek ise 10.85 ppm ile iki nolu kuyuda tespit edilmiştir. Su numunesi alınan bir nolu ve iki nolu kuyu ile ana depodaki klor değerleri sırasıyla 2.21, 2.05 ve 2.43 ppm olarak ölçülürken, bina musluklarından alınan örneklerde ise bu değerler 1.68-1.73 ppm aralığında olduğu tespit edilmiştir., In this study microbiological and chemical analyzes were carried out on water and swab samples taken from two water wells, a water tank and taps of buildings belonging to a public institution in Mardin Province. In these specimens the presence of Legionella and its serogroups as well as the parameters such as chlorine, nitrate, nitrite concentration, pH level and electrical conductivity were analyzed. While Legionella growth was not observed in 25 water samples, L. pneumophila serogroup 1 was detected in 4 of 25 swab culture samples taken from the same places. The pH values of water samples ranged from 7.53 to 8.02 the lowest pH value was observed in well no 1 as 7.53 while the highest was observed in well no 2 as 8.02. The lowest electrical conductivity value was measured at well 2 as 376.44 μS cm-1 and the highest was measured as 446.57 μS/cm from well 1. As a result of the analyzes made in our research nitrite was not detected in any of the water samples. Whilst the nitrate amount was found to be the lowest with 4.30 ppm in the well , the highest with 10.85 ppm in the well 2. The chlorine values in the well 1 and 2 from which water samples were taken and the main tank were measured as 2.21, 2.05 and 2.43 ppm respectively. These values were found to be in the range of 1.68-1.73 ppm in the samples taken from the building taps.

Androctonus crassicauda scorpion species lives in nature both as a prey and a predator. So it has venom that can be effective for hunting and protection. It can cause venoming and death by stinging people and animals. It is of great importance to know the ecological characteristics and density of this scorpion species, especially in regions where venoming cases are high. In the present study, Şanlıurfa province, where the scorpion species Androctonus crassicauda is prevalent, was chosen as the research area. 289 samples were collected after field studies in all districts of Şanlıurfa province. Owing to desolated and stony structure, Androctonus crassicauda was observed to be more intensive in Harran district. It was generally found from April to October. The most abundant period of the species is June, July, and August. Considering the seasonal expectation, test results of correlation for a series with non-normal distribution were listed in two options, Kendall'stau_b correlation coefficient and Spearman'srho correlation coefficient. There was a positive correlation of 0,168 (16%) at 1% significance between month and population for the former (Kendall'stau_b) coefficient. A positive correlation of 0,231 (23%) at 1% significance level between month and population for the latter (Spearman'srho) coefficient. In the view of regional expectation, results of correlation test for a non-normal distribution were presented in two options. A negative correlation of 0,099 (9%) was found at 5% significance level between region and population for the former coefficient. There was a negative correlation of 0,128 (12%) at 5% significance level between region and population for the second coefficient. The study revealed a variation between seasons and districts., Androctonus crassicauda akrep türü doğada hem av hem de yırtıcı olarak yaşar. Bu yüzden avlanma ve korunma için etkili olabilecek zehirlere sahiptir. İnsanları ve hayvanları sokarak zehirlenmeye ve ölüme neden olabilmektedir. Özellikle zehirlenme vakalarının yoğun olduğu bölgelerde bu akrep türünün ekolojik özelliklerinin ve yoğunluğunun bilinmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, araştırma alanı olarak Androctonus crassicauda akrep türünün yaygın olduğu Şanlıurfa ili seçilmiştir. Şanlıurfa ilinin tüm ilçelerinde yapılan saha çalışmaları sonucunda 289 örnek toplanmıştır. Harran ilçesinde ıssız ve taşlı yapısı nedeniyle Androctonus crassicauda'nın daha yoğun olduğu görülmüştür. Genellikle Nisan'dan Ekim'e kadar bulunmuştur. En yoğun olduğu dönem Haziran, Temmuz ve Ağustos aylarıdır. Mevsimsel beklenti gözetilerek ve normal dağılmayan bir seri için yapılan koralesyon testi sonuçları Kendall'stau_b korelasyon katsayısı ve Spearman'srho korelasyon katsayısı şeklinde iki opsiyon şeklinde listelenmiştir. İlk (Kendall'stau_b) katsayı için ay ile popülasyon arasında %1 anlamlılık seviyesine göre 0,168 (%16) pozitif bir korelasyon söz konusudur. İkinci (Spearman'srho) katsayı için ay ile popülasyon arasında %1 anlamlılık seviyesine göre 0,231 (%23) pozitif bir korelasyon olduğu görünmektedir. Bölgesel beklenti gözetilerek ve normal dağılmayan bir seri için yapılan korelasyon testi sonuçları iki opsiyon şeklinde listelenmiştir. Önceki katsayı için bölge ve popülasyon arasında %5 anlamlılık düzeyinde 0,099 (%9) negatif korelasyon bulunmuştur. İkinci katsayı için bölge ve popülasyon arasında %5 anlamlılık düzeyinde 0,128 (%12) negatif korelasyon bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma mevsimler ve ilçeler arasındaki değişiklikleri ortaya çıkarmaktadır.

Bu çalışmada, polifenol oksidaz (PPO) enziminin Ipomoea purpurea (I. purpurea) bitkisinden ilk kez saflaştırılması ve enzimin biyokimyasal özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Buna göre, in vitro olarak üretilen bitkiye ait yapraklardan optimum koşullarda (25 mg ml-1 Polivinilpolipirrolidon, pH 7.0) gerçekleştirilen ekstraksiyon sonrası elde edilen ham ekstrakt örneğinden PPO enzimi üçlü faz ayırma tekniği ile yaklaşık %57 aktivite geri kazanımla 10,5 kat saflaştırıldı. Enzimin optimum pH ve sıcaklık değerleri sırasıyla 7.0 ve 30°C olarak belirlendi. Aktivite boyama sonrası kısmen saf enzimde lakkaz, peroksidaz ve katekol oksidaz aktiviteleri tespit edildi. Ayrıca, 20°C ile 40°C arasında enzim aktivitesinin ≥%75, pH 7.0 ile 9.0 arasında ≥%65 oranında korunduğu tespit edildi., This study aimed to purify and biochemically characterize polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme from the plant Ipomoea purpurea (I. purpurea) for the first time. For this purpose, the crude extract sample obtained from the extraction of in vitro cultured plant leaves under optimum conditions (25 mgmL-1 Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone, pH 7.0) was subjected to three-phase partitioning, and the PPO enzyme was 10.5-fold purified with a 57% activity recovery. The optimum pH and temperature values were determined as 7.0 and 30°C, respectively. Laccase, peroxidase, and catechol oxidase activities were observed after activity staining of partially purified enzyme. From stability tests, it was noted that more than 75% and 65% of its original activity were maintained at temperatures 20℃-40℃ and pH 7.0-9.0, respectively.

This study was carried out using dead fishes caught by commercial fishermen of Gallipoli Peninsula (northern Aegean Sea, Turkey)to find out length-girth and length-weight relationships of atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda Bloch, 1793), atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus Linnaeus, 1758) and atlantic chub mackerel (Scomber colias Gmelin, 1789) between January 2017 and December 2017. The length-weight relationships were estimated as W=0.0143TL2.84 (R2=0.89), W=0.0059TL3.11 (R2=0.92) and W=0.0059TL3.11 (R2=0.92) for Sarda sarda, Scomber scombrus and Scomber colias, respectively. The length-opercular girth relationships were calculated as Gope=0.3988TL+0.2512 (R2=0.78), Gope=0.3528TL+0.8122 (R2=0.84) and Gope=0.4295TL-0.5991 (R2=0.94), whereas the length-maximum girth relationships were determined to be Gmax=0.5993TL-4.1237 (R2=0.79), Gmax=0.4206TL+0.2732 (R2=0.83) and Gmax=0.4676TL-0.168 for Sarda sarda, Scomber scombrus and Scomber colias, respectively. The present study includes preliminary information on length-opercular girth and length-maximum girth relationships of these fish species for the Mediterranean Basin including Black Sea., Bu çalışma Gelibolu Yarımadası açıklarında (Kuzey Ege Denizi, Türkiye) Ocak 2017-Aralık 2017 tarihleri arasında palamut (Sarda sarda Bloch, 1793), uskumru (Scomber scombrus Linnaeus, 1758) ve kolyoz (Scomber colias Gmelin, 1789) türlerinin boy-ağırlık ve boy-çevre ilişkilerini ortaya çıkarmak için ticari balıkçılar tarafından avlanan öü balıkları kullanmak suretiyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Boy-ağırlık ilişkisi palamut, uskumru ve kolyoz balıkları için, sırasıyla, W=0.0143TL2.84 (R2=0.89), W=0.0059TL3.11 (R2=0.92) ve W=0.0059TL3.11 (R2=0.92) olarak tahmin edildi. Yine sırasıyla bu türlerin boy-operkulum çevre ilişkileri Gope=0.3988TL+0.2512 (R2=0.78), Gope=0.3528TL+0.8122 (R2=0.84) ve Gope=0.4295TL-0.5991 (R2=0.94) olarak hesaplanırken boy-maksimum vücut çevre ilişkileri ise Gmak=0.5993TL-4.1237 (R2=0.79), Gmak=0.4206TL+0.2732 (R2=0.83) ve Gmak=0.4676TL-0.168 olarak saptanmıştır. Bu çalışma Karadeniz’i de kapsayacak şekilde tüm Akdeniz Havzası için bu türlerin boy-operkulum ve boy-maksimum vücut çevresi ile ilgili ilk bilgileri içermektedir.

Son yıllarda gelişen teknoloji ile birlikte yeni teknolojik ürün olarak nanopartikül (NP, With the developing technology in recent years, the production of nanoparticles (NP

Neodiprion is a genus belonging to the small sawfly family Diprionidae, feeding the plant family Pinaceae entirely. Here, the complete mitogenome of the redheaded pine sawfly Neodiprion lecontei (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) was assembled, annotated as third party annotation from the raw genome dataset of N. lecontei and comparatively characterised. The length of N. lecontei mitogenome was 16,067 bp in size, with an AT content of 81.32%. The initiation codons of protein coding genes (PCGs) are ATN (except for nad6 (TTA-Phe), while termination codons are TAA or T−. tRNA genes favoured usual anticodons except for trnS1 which preferred an unusual anticodon GCU. Compared with the Neodiprion sertifer mitogenome, the ARNS1EF gene cluster was rearranged as RAS1RNEF and trnR gene has a duplicated copy, revealing a new event not formerly reported in Symphyta. The phylogeny confirms the position of N. lecontei within the family of Diprionidae and supports the monophyly of included genera and families in Tenthredinoidea.

Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) have been used for the treatment for recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) for a long time. We aimed to investigate the efficacy of the LMWHs on angiogenesis and apoptosis during placentation. A total of twenty-four rats were randomly divided into three groups each containing 8 rats: normal saline; enoxaparine sodium 0.4 ml, and enoxaparine sodium 0.8 ml were given to the Group 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Normal saline and enoxaparine sodium 0.4 ml or 0.8 ml were given to the rats beginning on the day the pregnancy was detected and continued until the 15th day of the pregnancy. The tissues containing placental decidual zone were immunostained for vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and caspase 7. The decidual and placental VEGF-A and the decidual caspase 7 immunostaining scores of all of the groups were high, however, there were no statistically significant differences among the groups (p>0.05). On the other hand, the placental caspase 7 immunostaining scores of the normal saline group were significantly lower than those of the enoxaparine sodium 0.4 and the enoxaparine sodium 0.8 groups (p

In this work, axillary shoot regenerations were investigated from nodal explants of Hygrophila polysperma (Roxb.) T. Anderson in MS medium (Murashige and Skoog) including different combinations of Gibberellic Acid (GA3) and Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA). Nodal explants of H. polysperma were used in propagation studies. The 100% regeneration frequency was determined in MS plus 0.25 and 0.50 mg/L GA3 + 0.15 mg/L NAA. When the shoot numbers were examined, the best nutrient medium was determined as 0.25 mg/L GA3 + 0.15 mg/L NAA (14.72 shoots/explant). The best result in shoot length was reached in MS plus 0.50 mg/L GA3 + 0.15 mg/L NAA (1.91 cm). Then the longest shoot was determined as 1.79 cm in nutrient media plus 0.25 mg/L GA3 + 0.15 mg/L NAA. Longer shoots were obtained in GA3+NAA nutrient media according to control. When the results were examined, it was determined that the number and length of shoots decreased as the amount of GA3+NAA used in the culture medium increased. Regenerated shoots were rooted in MS media including 0.25 mg/L Indole-3-Acetic Acid and successfully acclimatized to aquarium conditions. As a result, multiple and rapid productions of H. polysperma under tissue culture conditions were achieved.

In this study, the effects of enzyme and sonicator usage on the juice amount and antioxidant activity of raw and ripe Myrtus communis L. fruit were investigated. Raw and ripe myrtle fruits collected from the same tree were divided into 4 groups. After crushing by adding equal weight of water, the first group was affected with a sonicator and, the second group with hydrolytic enzyme mixture. The third group with a sonicator after the enzyme mixture and the fourth group is the control group in which no application was made. After the fruit juices were filtered, their amounts, turbidity and antioxidant activities were compared with the control group and each other. According to the results obtained, the amount of fruit juice was higher only in the enzyme-activated group than in the others. The use of sonicator caused a decrease in the amount of raw myrtle juice. Turbidity values of only enzyme-treated myrtle juices were lower than all other samples. In order to determine antioxidant activities, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), iron reducing power (FRAP) and radical scavenging activities (ABTS) were determined, and it was observed that raw myrtle had higher antioxidant activity than mature myrtle. In addition, the use of enzymes and sonicators in general led to an increase in TFC value as 70.7 % and 283.6% for raw and ripe juices, respectively whereas in the ABTS activity, 29 % and 28 % increament was observed.

This study was conducted to determine the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of methanol extract obtained from flower, leaf and root sections of endemic Adonis paryadrica (Boiss.) Kandemir & Aytaç stat. nova. naturally growing in the Turkish flora. The most efficient total phenolic compounds and flavonoid contents were obtained from leaf extract at 21.24 mg GAEs (gallic acid equivalent)/g dw and 54.97 mg REs (rutin equivalent)/g dw, respectively. Among the three different sections of this plant, leaf extracts showed the highest Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Power (CUPRAC) effect with 80.28 µmol TEs (trolox equivalent)/g dw. From the three different sections, the methanol extract of the leaf parts demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis with a 16.1 mm zone diameter. These valuable and current findings from these precious plants, which constitute natural resources in terms of biodiversity, contribute innovative information to the literature on endemic plant species.

The present study focused on chemical composition and base therapeutic potential of common three Scorzonera species (Scorzonera mollis M.Bieb. subsp. mollis, Scorzonera papposa DC. and Scorzonera semicana DC), which have been utilized as food and medicine by local people of Eastern Anatolia for a long time. Comparative analytical studies were performed on ethanol-based extracts and traditional preparations (infusions) through chromatographic (HPLC-MS/MS) and reagent-based antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory assays. Results revealed that leaf extracts were rich in phenolics, particularly hydroxycinnamic acids that were confirmed by HPLC-MS/MS, chlorogenic acids and luteolin were the major phytochemical compounds of extracts. With regards to biological activities findings, it was determined that ethanol-based extracts showed better antioxidant activities and effectively suppressed the activities of α-glucosidase. In addition, both of the extracts were found as strong suppressive agents of pancreatic lipase activity so Scorzonera species were rich sources of bioactive compounds that able to deactivate reactive oxygen species and free radicals and as well as suppress the activities of α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase. Finally, obtained findings reveal base data of Scorzonera species for researches that focused on novel candidates of nutraceuticals and biotherapeutics., The present study focused on chemical composition and base therapeutic potential of common Scorzonera species (Scorzonera mollis, Scorzonera papposa, and Scorzonera semicana), which have been utilized as food and medicine by local people of Eastern Anatolia for a long time. Comparative analytical studies were performed on ethanol-based extracts and traditional preparations (infusions) through chromatographic (HPLC-MS/MS) and reagent-based antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory assays. Results revelated that extracts were rich in phenolics, particularly hydroxycinnamic acids that were confirmed by HPLC-MS/MS, chlorogenic acids and luteolin are the major phytochemical compounds of extracts. With regards to biological activities findings, it was determined that ethanol-based extracts showed better antioxidant activities and effectively suppressed the activities of α-glucosidase. In addition, both of the extracts were found as strong suppressive agents of pancreatic lipase activity so Scorzonera species were rich sources of bioactive compounds that able to deactivate reactive oxygen species and free radicals and as well as suppress the activities of α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase. Finally, obtained findings reveal base data of Scorzonera species for researches that focused on novel candidates of nutraceuticals and biotherapeutics.