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Arıtma çamurlarının yakılarak bertarafı sonucu oluşan küllerin yüksek fosfor içeriğinden dolayı fosfor geri kazanımı, oluşan bu küllerin değerlendirilmesinde önemli bir seçenektir. Bu çalışmada Köyceğiz-Dalyan bölgesindeki arıtma tesisinden alınan arıtma çamurunda kimyasal ekstraksiyon yöntemi ile fosfor geri kazanımı araştırıldı. Arıtma çamurları 850 °C’de kül haline getirilmiş ve HCI, H2SO4 ve NaOH’ın farklı derişimlerdeki çözeltileri ile ekstrakte edilerek fosfor miktarları spektrofotometrik olarak tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak en yüksek verim 38,3 g/kg olarak 1M H2SO4 çözeltisi ile elde edildiği belirlenmiştir. Ancak ekonomik ve çevresel faktörler göz önüne alındığında 0.05 M H2SO4 çözeltisi ile elde edilen 36 g/kg verimin daha etkin olabileceği vurgulanmıştır. Bu sonuçlarla birlikte metal toksisitesi düşük olan arıtma çamuru örneklerinin bu alandaki arıtma çamurlarından, çevresel riski daha düşük fosfor elde edileceğini göstermektedir.

The main objective of the present study was to investigate the water quality of the Selendi Stream and to compare the performance of the indices. Biotic and diversity indices based on benthic macroinvertebrates have been applied using Asterics software programme. Klee's method, cluster analysis (CLUS) and principal component (PCA) analysis were applied to the physicochemical dataset. Seven sites were determined and samplings were carried out monthly. By using UPGMA analysis, similarities between the sites were clustered based on both benthic macroinvertebrates and physicochemical parameters. Pearson's based correlations were applied to the indices in order to determine the proper biotic indices. The results indicate that the BMWP Polish, BMWP Spanish, BMWP Hungarian, BMWP Greek versions and all versions of ASPT indices are more proper than FBI and BBI indices to determine the water quality of Selendi Stream.

Drinking water basins are freshwater resources that need to be protected and sustained of water quality. However, these areas are lately facing pressures such as agricultural, industrial and urbanization activities. This study was carried out to determine water quality of Balaban Stream and to compare the performance of the indices. Five sampling stations were determined and the samplings were carried out seasonally. Biotic and diversity indices based on benthic macroinvertebrates have been applied using Asterics software. By using UPGMA analysis, the similarities between the stations were clustered based on benthic macroinvertebrates. Pearson's based correlations were applied to the indices in order to determine the proper biotic indices. A total of 62 taxa which belong to Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Diptera, Odonata, Coleoptera, Arhynchobdellida, Haplotaxida, Basommatophora and Amphipoda were detected. The most dominant group between the benthic macroinvertebrates (51 taxa) was found among Insecta. The 4(th) and 5(th) stations were the most similar according to the benthic macroinvertebrates assemblages. As a result of this research, the water quality of Balaban Stream was determined as unpolluted-slightly polluted. BMWP- O, BMWP- S, BMWP- H, ASPT- O, ASPT- H and ASPT- C indices were more proper than SI, FBI and BBI indices to determine the water quality of Balaban stream., Ege University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit [FYL-2018-20350], This study is supported by Ege University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit. Project Number: FYL-2018-20350.

This study has been carried out to determine water quality of Sangi Stream (West Anatolia, Turkey) and to compare the performance of indices used. Five biotic and three diversity indices have been used for determination of water quality of Sangi Stream. The assessment of water quality has been done based on benthic macroinvertebrate and physicochemical parameters. The following biotic indices have been used: Saprobi Index (SI), Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP), Average Score per Taxon (ASPT), Family Biotic Index (FBI), Belgian Biotic Index (BBI), as well as the following diversity indices: Shannon-Weaver index (SWDI), Simpsons index (SDI), Margalef index (MDI) and Evenness (E1). Principal component analysis (PCA) has been applied to the physicochemical variables. The similarities between the sampling stations have been clustered by using Cluster analysis (CLUS). Our results have shown the presence of 9 taxonomic groups in Sangi Stream: Crustacea, Oligochaeta, Gastropoda, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Odonata, Coleoptera, and Diptera. The water quality along the Sangi Stream has varied from high class quality in station 1, 2, 3 and 4, to good and moderate quality in station 5 and 6. The results indicate that the SI, BMWP, FBI and ASPT were sufficient in the estimation of water quality in the examined watercourse. This study has clearly shown that a specific biotic index according to the ecological characteristics of Turkey should be developed.

The food composition of Pelophylax bedriagae was studied in the province of Mugla, southwestern Anatolia. The food contents of 32 individuals (16 males, 16 females) were collected by using the stomach-flushing method. A total of 128 different food items were detected and identified to the lowest possible taxa. Class Insecta was the most dominant prey category, 60% in number, 87% in frequency and 33% in volume. Among orders, Diptera was the highest prey group in both number (27%) and frequency (53%) whereas Coleoptera was the highest in volume (17%). Similarly, Culicidae was the highest prey group in both number (20%) and frequency (33%) among families while Scarabaeidae was the highest in volume (17%). There was no difference between the number of preys consumed by females and males.

This study was carried out in Kelebek, which is the most important stream in Gediz River Basin, Turkey, to determine water quality by using macroinvertebrate-based metrics and physicochemial variables. In addition, we also aimed to investigate the effects of anthropogenic pressure and dam construction on stream macroinvertebrates during the study period. In this study, following biotic indices are used: Saprobi Index (SI), Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP), Average Score per Taxon (ASPT), Family Biotic Index (FBI), Belgian Biotic Index (BBI), as well as diversity indices: Shannon-Weaver index (SWDI), Simpsons index (SDI) and Margalef index (MDI). Collection of macroinvertebrate samples and the physicochemical measurements were carried out monthly for a year. As a result of the identification, the most dominant macroinverterate group was Insecta. Our results show the presence of 9 taxonomic group in the stream which belong to nine groups: Oligochaeta, Mollusca, Crustacea, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Odonata, Coleoptera, Diptera. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) indicates importance of physicochemial variables in the distribution of different macroinvertebrates groups (total variance 88%), species (total variance 86.2%) and biotic indices (total variance 88.2%). The water quality along the Kelebek Stream show variation from good class in station #1, #2 and #5, to moderate in station #3 and #4. We conclude that BMWP (Original), BMWP (Spanish), BMWP (Greek) and ASPT indices are suitable for assessing stream health by macroinvertebrates.

On the chosen six sampling points on Aksu River, 80 taxa belong to Bacillariophyta, 40 taxa belong to Chlorophyta, 15 taxa belong to Cyanophyta, 2 taxa belong to Euglenophyta and 1 taxon belong to Rhodophyta, total 138 taxa were determined. The ephilitic algae biodiversity is parallel to the water quality on Aksu River. BOI(5) is the most effective parameter on the biodiversity of epilithic algae. Ammonium nitogen, ortophosphate, nitrate nitrogen, sulphate, and chloride fallow this. The dominant species differ according to sampling points. On the I. sampling point the dominant takson was Achnanthes lanceolata on the II. and III. sampling points the dominant takson was Nitzschia palea and A. lanceolata was not found on this sampling points. On the W. sampling point Cocconeis pediculus, V sampling point Navicula gracilis and on the VI. sampling point Diatoma vulgare were dominant species.

Anatolian ghizani Ladigesocypris irideus is a Cyprinid species, endemic only to some localities in Southwest Anatolia (Turkey). In recent years, population of this species exhibits tendencies to decline due to habitat degradation and water abstraction. Currently, the species is considered as Near Threatened (NT) in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species., Anatolijski ciprinid, Ladigesocypris irideus, je endemska vrsta koja obitava samo na nekim mjestima u jugozapadnoj Anatoliji (Turska). Posljednjih nekoliko godina populacije ove vrste opadaju zbog degradacije staništa i iskorištavanja vode. Trenutno je vrsta kategorizirana kao gotovo ugrožena (NZ) u IUCN Crvenom popisu ugroženih vrsta.

7th International Symposium on Ecology and Environmental Problems - DEC 18-21, 2013 - Antalya, TURKEY WOS: 000351332400005 Five biotic indices were used for the assessment of water quality of Esen River in South-west of Turkey. The classification of water quality based on benthic macroinvertebrate and physical and chemical parameters were also done. Taxonomic composition of benthic macroinvertebrate fauna was used for calculation of the following biological indices; Saproby Index (SI), Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP), Average Score Per Taxon (ASPT), Family Biotic Index (FBI) and Belgian Biotic Index (BBI). Electrical conductivity, temperature, dissolved 02 content, pH, BOD5, Cl-, NH4-N, NO2-N, NO3-N, PO4-P were analyzed. According to the data obtained, the water quality of Esen River varied from poor to high ecological status. The indices SI, BMWP, BBI and ASPT were the more adequate estimate of water quality in accordance with physicochemical characteristics of the examined watercourse. Unit of Scientific Research Projects of Mugla Sitki Kocman UniversityMugla Sitki Kocman University [2003/10] The authors are thankful for the financial support of the Unit of Scientific Research Projects of Mugla Sitki Kocman University (Project No: 2003/10).

7th International Symposium on Ecology and Environmental Problems - DEC 18-21, 2013 - Antalya, TURKEY WOS: 000351332400008 In the present study, some heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, N, Pb and Zn) were seasonally determined in some tissues of mussel Unio sp. from Tersakan River, which is an important agricultural, a visiting area and, a water source for irrigation. Generally, higher concentrations of the measured metals were found in the winter and autumn compared with those during spring and summer. High levels of heavy metals were found in shell samples, while low levels in muscle. The measured metal concentrations in tissues is not differed significantly for all metals except Fe between autumn and spring but significant differences for Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn and Pb were observed between summer and aututnn (p

Bu çalısma Mart 2004 ve Haziran 2004 tarihleri arasında, İzmir ili Menemen ilçesi sınırları içinde yer alan Emiralem deresinin bazı biyolojik ve fiziko-kimyasal özelliklerini incelemek ve bu özelliklere dayanarak su kalitesini belirlemek amacı ile yapılmıstır. Çözünmüs oksijen miktarı, elektriksel iletkenlik, pH ve su sıcaklıgı degerleri arazide tasınabilir ölçüm aletleri kullanılarak, asit baglama yetenegi, toplam sertlik; kalsiyum iyonu, magnezyum iyonu, amonyum azotu, nitrat azotu, nitrit azotu ve fosfat fosforu miktarları ise laboratuar ortamında analiz edilmistir. Çalısma sonucunda, sekiz takıma ait 24 cins saptanmıstır. Tayin edilen taksonlardan indikatör özellikte olanlar kullanılarak Emiralem deresinin su kalitesi biyolojik olarak tanımlanmıstır. Ayrıca fiziko-kimyasal veriler de kullanılarak su kalitesi tayini yapılmıs ve elde edilen sonuçlar karsılastırılmıstır.

Bu çalışma, 1999-2003 yılları arasında Muğla il sınırları içinde yer alan akarsulardan, Eşençay, Tersakan, Dalaman, Yuvarlakcay, Namnam, Dipsiz-Çine ve Sarıçay akarsuları, Kocagöl, Köyceğiz gölleri ve Mumcular, Geyik, Bereket baraj göllerinde balık faunasının ortaya çıkarılması amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışma sonucunda, 15 familyaya ait 26 tür ve 6 alttürün yaşadığı anlaşılmıştır. Bunlar; Cyprinidae; Leuciscus cephalus, Leuciscus smyrnaeus, Barbus plebejus escherichi, Barbus capito pectoralis, Capoeta capoeta bergamae, Ladigesocypris ghigii ghigii, Cyprinus carpio, Carassius carassius, Pseudorasbora parva, Alburnus orontis, Alburnoides bipunctatus, Vimba vimba tenella Siluridae; Siluris glanis, Anguillidae; Anguilla anguilla, Cyprinodontidae; Aphanius fasciatus, Cobitidae; Cobitis taenia, Cobitis simplicispina, Balitoridae; Orthrias angorae, Mugilidae; Mugil cephalus, Liza ramada, Liza labeo, Liza aurata, Liza saliens, Chelon labrosus, Salmonidae; Salmo trutta macrostigma, Cichlidae; Tilapia zillii, Blenniidae; Blennius fluviatilis, Gobiidae; Gobius ophicephalus, Poecilidae; Gambusia affinis, Centrarchidae; Lepomis gibbosus, Moronidae; Morone labrax, Atherinidae; Atherina boyeri., This study was carried out between 1999-2003 on Eşençay, Tersakan, Dalaman, Yuvarlakçay, Namnam, Dipsiz-Çine and Sarıçay rivers, Kocagöl, Köyceğiz lakes and Mumcular, Geyik, Bereket dam lakes to determine the inland fish fauna of Muğla. As a result, 26 species and 6 subspecies belonging to 15 families were found to be living in the region. These are; Cyprinidae; Leuciscus cephalus, Leuciscus smyrnaeus, Barbus plebejus escherichi, Barbus capito pectoralis, Capoeta capoeta bergamae, Ladigesocypris ghigii ghigii, Cyprinus carpio, Carassius carassius, Pseudorasbora parva, Alburnus orontis, Alburnoides bipunctatus, Vimba vimba tenella Siluridae; Siluris glanis, Anguillidae; Anguilla anguilla, Cyprinodontidae; Aphanius fasciatus, Cobitidae; Cobitis taenia, Cobitis simplicispina, Balitoridae; Orthrias angorae, Mugilidae; Mugil cephalus, Liza ramada, Liza labeo, Liza aurata, Liza saliens, Chelon labrosus, Salmonidae; Salmo trutta macrostigma, Cichlidae; Tilapia zilli, Blennidae; Blennius fluviatilis, Gobiidae; Gobius ophicephalus, Poecilidae; Gambusia affinis, Centrarchidae; Lepomis gibbosus, Moronidae; Morone labrax, Atherinidae; Atherina boyeri.

The use of epilithic diatoms as indicators of river water quality was evaluated in two streams of south Turkey. Diatoms as well as physical and chemical variables were sampled monthly between May, 2002 and April 2003 at six sites that can represent the streams. A total of 110 diatom taxa belonging to 32 genera were found. The most tolerant taxa to organic pollution were Nitzschia palea (Kutzing) W. Smith., Craticula accomoda (Hustedt) D. G. Mann., Gomphonema parvulum (Kutzing) Kutzing, Navicula atomus (Kutzing) Grunow, Navicula cryptocephala Kutzing. These species were dominant at the organically polluted stations. The performance of three types of benthic diatom index was compared ( Swiss Diatom Index (DI-CH), Trophic Index (TI) and Saprobic Index (SI)). The indices were significantly correlated with dissolved oxygen, chloride, biological oxygen demand (BOD(5)), and concentrations of nutrients (NO(3)-N, NO(2)-N, NH(4)-N, and PO(4)-P). DI-CH, TI and SI had high correlations with the physicochemical variables but DI-CH and TI were more reliable than the SI. We concluded that in these rivers, DI-CH and TI could be more useful than SI. Based on the significant correlation with nutrients and organic pollution variables this study suggests that SI, TI and DI-CH are integrating the effects of organic pollution.

In this study, concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, Al, As, Hg, Se, were determined in liver, gill and muscle tissues of eel, Anguilla anguilla, inhabiting Koycegiz-Dalyan Lagoon System in the South-West of Turkey. A total of seventy six eels were obtained seasonally and the total size and weight were measured. Tissue samples were analyzed for heavy metals by ICP/OES Optima 2000-Perkin Elmer. Our results indicated that iron had the highest concentrations in the muscle, gill and liver, followed by zinc, aluminum, copper, manganese, nickel. Considering all the samples, metal concentrations were significantly higher in the liver than in the muscle except for Mn, Ni, Al and Cr which were preferentially accumulated in the gill. In European eel, Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn concentrations were significantly different among tissues, but Cu and Zn were observed higher in individuals obtained from Dalyan sampling point. In Namnam River sampling point, eel muscles were also highly contaminated by Mn, in contrast to eel muscles from Koycegiz Lake sampling point with the lowest levels. In this study, Cd and Pb accumulations were higher than the limits for fish proposed by Turkish Food Codex and European Union Regulation. According to our results, eels inhabiting Kelycegiz Lagoon were associated with enhanced metal content in their muscle tissue and were not safe within the limits for human consumption.