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Objective: Biological aging has been recognized to cause impairment of memory and the development of vascular dementia. Based on our previous work, agmatine has been shown to have a beneficial effect and might have therapeutic potential on cognitive functions, including learning and memory. The aim of the present study was to examine the possible effect of agmatine on biological aging-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction and associated dementia in rats. Methods: We used three different age groups (4-month-olds, 18-month-olds and 24-month-olds; n = 12 in each group) of control and agmatine-treated rats. Control animals received physiological saline for 8 weeks. Agmatine sulfate (40 mg/kg, twice daily) was given to the agmatine groups orally for 8 weeks. Herein, we investigated the effects of agmatine on systolic blood pressure (SBP), nitric oxide (NO)-mediated endothelium-dependent and -independent vasorelaxant responses in thoracic aorta, cognitive performance (passive avoidance test; PAT, and Morris water maze test; MWMT), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and both hippocampal and amygdaloid brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in aged rats. Results: We found cognitive decline, endothelial dysfunction and reduced eNOS and BDNF expression in aged rats. All these changes may result from aging-induced vascular dementia. We also found that chronic treatment with agmatine may improve amygdala-dependent emotional and spatial learning and memorial performance, and endothelial function, and may regulate eNOS and BDNF protein expression in aged rats. Conclusion: Results of the current study point out that chronic agmatine treatment may prevent endothelial dysfunction associated with vascular dementia through eNOS and BDNF expression in aged rats.

Summary:. The dual-plane technique is an effective and safe method that aims to correct sunken upper eyelid deformity by increasing the volume of retro-orbicularis oculi fat, and especially supraorbital fat, through hyaluronic acid filler injection. Filling in the superficial plane allows for a more precise correction of sunken upper eyelid deformity with a smaller amount of filler. Contrary to common knowledge in the literature, this technique—filling the superficial plane with a filler, such as subcutaneous fat—does not lead to irregular filler accumulation and surface irregularity on the skin. Additionally, the risk of complications is much lower compared with techniques that recommend filling the deep plane using a sharp needle.

Summary:. The liquid malar-lift technique describes an approach to correct the midcheek groove by injecting monophasic cross-linked hyaluronic acid into the deep medial cheek fat, deep lateral cheek fat, and the superficial fat compartments, that is the superficial medial cheek fat and superficial middle cheek fat, respectively. The selective volume loss in the deep fat compartments of the face with aging is restored with the liquid malar-lift technique, and the midcheek groove is corrected in harmony with the patient’s unique facial anatomy.

Summary:. The nonsurgical treatment of valley-type tear trough (TT) deformity with diffuse depression in preseptal segment aims a more effective and safer treatment alternative to present padding techniques through the use of hyaluronic acid fillers to the preseptal space. 22G 50-mm cannula was inserted into the preseptal space, 2 cm inferolateral to the lateral canthus, and a low concentration of monophasic hyaluronic acid filler was applied. TT deformity was treated through the elimination of the contrasting subcutaneous fat tissue quality and quantity both above and below the TT, which contributes to the accentuation of the TT deformity. Valley-type TT deformity was successfully treated without any complications via filler injections to the preseptal space in which no structures pass.