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In this study, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects of kefir were investigated in spinal cord injury that was experimentally created on rats with a compression trauma model. A total of 56 Wistar-Albino male rats were used in the study. Daily freshly prepared 18 ml/kg/day of kefir was given by oral gavage to animals 7 days before and during the trauma and during the trauma. Spinal cord injury was created according to the weight drop method. On the 1st and 7th days before euthanasia, intracardiac blood was collected for analysis, and then they were sacrificed. The damaged spinal cord segments were examined biochemically, immunohistochemically, and histopathologically. When compared to the sham groups, kefir had a positive effect in the preconditioning and treatment groups by decreasing spinal cord bleeding, edema, myelin sheath damage, liquefactive necrosis, neuronal necrosis, selectivity of canalis centralis, and gitter cell levels significantly. When compared to the sham groups, kefir was found to have a positive effect in the treatment groups by decreasing the neuron specific enolase (NSE), ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and myelin basic protein (MBP) levels significantly on the 1st and 7th days, and by increasing the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) level significantly. As a result, it was demonstrated that kefir had a protective and therapeutic effect on spinal cord injury.

L-carnitine plays a main role in β-oxidation of fatty acids, and has been used increasingly in the livestock. This study aimed to determine the possible effects of adding L-carnitine to the ration at two different doses to protect Damascus goats from pregnancy toxemia, regardless of feed consumption. An estrus synchronization and natural mating protocol was performed in 150 goats. After pregnancy diagnosis, a total of 90 pregnant goats were divided into three groups at 100th day of pregnancy as CAR50, (50 mg/kg L-carnitine), CAR100 (100 mg/kg L-carnitine), and CON (no L-carnitine, control). 15 goats were randomly selected from each group and blood samples were collected at 100, 115, 130 and 145 days of pregnancy. Serum β-HBA, NEFA, and glucose levels were measured. Dietary L-carnitine supplementation had no effect on blood glucose levels in CAR50 and CAR100 compared to CON (P > 0.05) at third trimester of pregnancy. At 145 day of pregnancy differences in serum NEFA levels were significantly lower in CAR50 and CAR100 compared to CON (P 0.05). The results of the present study suggest that dietary L-carnitine supplementation represses ketone and NEFA levels in pregnant goat, especially at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Regardless of individual consumption of feed, adding fixed amount of L-carnitine to ration may help to avoid pregnancy toxemia in herds with a history of pregnancy toxemia.

A 49-day trial was conducted to determine the impact of dietary amino acid (AA) density and stocking density (SD) on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and white striping (WS) occurrence in broiler chickens. Two hundred eighty-eight Ross 308 male broilers consisting of 6 replicate cages with 8 broilers per replicate were used. Treatments were arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial and consisted of 3 AA densities (normal, 10, or 20% lower than normal) and 2 different SD (high 35 kg/m2 or low 26 kg/m2). Breasts were classified as normal, moderate, and severe for WS. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using the GLM procedure. Decreasing AA density decreased overall growth performance, carcass, breast yields, and fillet dimensions linearly, while leg and rib cage yields increased linearly (P < 0.01). High SD decreased hot carcass, breast, wings, and rib cage weights in birds fed normal AA diets (P < 0.05). High SD increased the length of breast fillet (P < 0.05). Cooking loss, breast lightness (L∗), and redness (a∗) at 48 h postmortem increased linearly with decreasing AA density, while ultimate breast pH (pHu) and nitrogen content decreased linearly (P < 0.05). The occurrence of normal, moderate, and severe WS fillets was 45.3, 49.1, and 5.6%, respectively. As the dietary AA density decreased, the occurrence of no WS breast fillets increased linearly, whereas the occurrence of moderate WS fillets and mean WS score decreased linearly (P < 0.05). SD did not affect the occurrence of WS. Severe WS fillets were heavier and had higher cranial thickness, pHu, and fat content and lower yellowness (P < 0.05), but water-holding capacity, nitrogen content, L∗, and a∗ value did not differ among different WS scores. Taken together, WS occurrence and severity increased with higher growth rate. Growth depression created by lowering dietary AA density regardless of SD resulted in a decrease in mean WS score, but it also compromised the growth and meat quality. © 2020 Istanbul Üniversitesi: TSA-2018-30357 Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştirma Kurumu This study was funded by Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University−Cerrahpasa . Project number TSA-2018-30357. The authors gratefully appreciate Istanbul University−Cerrahpasa for providing the aforementioned grant. The authors are also grateful to the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) for awarding the doctoral fellowship to U.A. in BİDEB-2215 scholarship program for international students.

A study was conducted to evaluate the changes in serum biochemical and lipid profile, and fatty acid composition of breast meat of broiler chickens fed supplemental grape seed extract GSE . A total of 240 1-day-old male broiler chickens were randomly allocated to 4 groups, each consisting of 4 replicate pens having 15 birds/replicate pen. One group served as control group fed basal diets and other groups received 100, 200, and 400 ppm GSE supplemented to the basal diets. Liver weight was greater in broilers fed 200 ppm GSE compared to the other groups P = 0.004, L = 0.024, C = 0.010 . Serum AST and ALT levels decreased P < 0.001 whereas ALP levels increased with increasing dietary GSE levels P < 0.001 . Serum albumin and total protein levels were lower in control in comparison with other groups P < 0.001 . Serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL levels declined P < 0.001 while HDL levels increased with increasing supplemental GSE levels P < 0.001 . MUFA levels were greater in breast meat of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with 100 ppm GSE. On the other hand, PUFA including n-3 and n-6 were greater in broiler chickens fed control diets or 400 ppm GSE supplemented diets. In general, essential fatty acids such as α-linolenic acid n-3 C18:3 , arachidonic acid n-6 C20:4 , eicosapentaenoic acid n-3 C20:5 , and docosahexaenoic acid n-3 C22:6 were greater in breast meat of broiler chickens fed supplemental GSE 100, 200, or 400 ppm while overall UFA concentration in breast meat remained unaffected. In conclusion, findings of this study suggest that dietary supplementation of up to 400 ppm GSE in broilers may improve serum biochemical and lipid profile. It may also improve the fatty acid composition of breast meat to varying extent despite no effect on overall UFA concentration.

Bu çalışma, 5farklı çeltik çeşidine (Efe, Yatkın, Halilbey, Kızıltan, Osmancık-97) aittohumların besin değerlerinin tespit edilmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir.Araştırma 2018 yılında yürütülmüştür. Araştırma sonucunda, çeltik çeşitleriarasında, kuru madde (KM), ham protein (HP) ve ham yağ (HY) içerikleriistatistiki anlamda önemli düzeyde (P, This study was carried out in order toevaluate the nutritional value of 5 different rice varieties (Efe, Yatkın, Halilbey,Kızıltan, Osmancık-97). The research was carried out in 2018. As a result ofthe study, the differences in dry matter (DM), crude fat (CF) and crude protein(CP) contents among the rice cultivars were statistically significant (P

A study was conducted to evaluate the fatty acid composition of liver and breast meat of Japanese quails fed diets containing black cumin seed and/or coriander seed as unsaturated fatty acid sources. A total of 216 one-day-old Japanese quails were assigned to six experimental groups, each consisting of four replicates having 9 birds per replicate. One group served as control group fed diets without black cumin seed and/or coriander seed. Other groups were fed diets containing 1% black cumin seed, 2% black cumin seed, 1% coriander seed, 2% coriander seed, and 1.5% of each of black cumin and coriander seeds. All the diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The trial lasted for 35 days. Body weight (BW) gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were recorded at 1 to 14, 15 to 35, and 1 to 35 days. At the end of experiment, carcass and organ yields, and carcass characteristics were measured. Fatty acid composition of liver and breast meat of quails were determined. Growth performance traits were not different among the groups except for BW gain at 1 to 14 days which was lower (P < 0.05) in quails fed diets containing 2% coriander seed or 1.5% of black cumin and coriander seeds. Dietary black cumin seed and/or coriander seed had no effect on carcass and organ yields, cooking loss, and water holding capacity of breast fillet of quails. However, quails fed control diets had greater (P < 0.05) breast meat pH(15) and pH(u). C16:0 and C18:1 were identified as the key fatty acids of the liver whereas C16:0, C18:1, and n-6 C18:2 were major contributor of breast meat fatty acids representing about 85% of total fatty acids. Quails fed diets with black cumin seed and/or coriander seed had greater (P = 0.041) n-6 C18:2 concentration in breast meat. Diets containing a combination of black cumin and coriander seeds reduced n-6 C18:3 in breast meat (P = 0.007). Black cumin seed (1% or 2%) in quail diets increased n-3 C18:3 in breast meat (P < 0.001). Total PUFA and total n-6 concentrations, and PUFA:SFA ratio in quail breast meat were lower in control group (P = 0.038, P = 0.005, and P = 0.043, respectively). In conclusion, findings of the present study suggest that black cumin and/or coriander seeds can be used to improve the fatty acid composition of breast meat of quails without any effect on overall growth performance.

The effect of essential oil (EO) supplementation on carcass characteristics of Japanese quails and interactions between ingredients and intestinal morphology were investigated in this study. A total of 250 quails were fed different diet: D1, basal diet (BD); D2, BD plus palmarosa oil (PO; 100 µg/kg diet); D3, BD plus lemon myrtle oil (LMO; 100 µg/kg diet); D4, BD plus α-Tops (mixture of α-terpineol, cineole and terpinene-4-ol; 100 µg/kg diet); and D5, BD plus cyclodextrin. Overall growth performance was determined at multiple time points during 35 days of experiment. Carcass characteristics (fatty acid, pH and colour), intestinal morphology and the expression levels of meat quality-related genes including the insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), myogenin and avian uncoupling protein (avUCP) were examined at the end of the trial. Additionally, intestinal microbiome of quails was studied by next-generation sequencing-based culture-independent analysis. Although the inclusion of EOs into the diet had no effect on the growth performance of quails and the microbial profile, the significant changes in pH24 and colour (a*) of the quail's breast muscle (p < .05) in the group receiving PO were observed. Additionally, oleic acid content in the breast muscle was significantly higher in the EOs supplemented groups (p < .01). Quails fed the PO supplemented diet had higher villus and relatively rich in oleic acid. The expression levels of IGF-1 and myogenin genes in quail's muscle were not affected, but the expression of avUCP gene was significantly lower in quails fed with LMO and α-Tops (p < .05). The results demonstrated variable effects of these treatments on intestinal morphology. Taken together, dietary inclusion of EOs is found to be beneficial and hence can be recommended for improving the quality of poultry meat.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, yumurta tavuğu rasyonlarına farklı düzeylerde (1gr/kg, 3g/kg ve 4.5g/kg) ilave edilen esansiyel yağ ve organik asit karışımının performans yumurta verimi ve kalite parametreleri üzerine etkisinin değerlendirilmesidir.Materyal ve Metot: Denemede, 16 haftalık yaşta 120 adet Beyaz Nick Chick ırkı yumurtacı tavuk kullanılmıştır. Her grupta 30 yarka bulunan 1 kontrol ve 3 deneme grubu oluşturulmuştur. Gruplar kendi aralarında 5 alt gruba ayrılmıştır ve her alt grup 6 adet yarkadan oluşturulmuştur. Araştırma 12 haftada sürdürülmüştür. Kontrol grubuna bazal rasyon verilirken ve diğer üç deneme gruplarına sırasıyla artan düzeylerde esansiyel yağ ve organik asit karışımı içeren rasyonlar verilmiştir (1-3-4.5 g/kg). Yumurtacı tavuklar % 17 HP ve 2750 kcal/kg ME içeren rasyonla beslenmişlerdir. Bulgular: Çalışma sonunda, gruplar arasında canlı ağırlık yönünden istatistiksel olarak bir fark oluşmamıştır (p>0.05). Yem tüketimi, yemden yararlanma oranı, yumurta ağırlıkları ve Haugh Birimi bakımından deneme grupları arasında istatistiksel olarak önemli farklılıklar bulunmuştur (p

In this study, effect of dietary nano-Zn and stocking density on performance, carcass yield, meat quality, and feathering score of broiler chickens was assessed at 42 d of age. Experimental treatments consisted of a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of stocking density (low = 12 broiler/m2 and high = 18 broiler/m2) and dietary Zn form (inorganic or nano). Four hundred eighty 1-d-old male broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 4 treatments with 8 pens in each treatment having 15 chickens per pen. Corn-soybean meal diets were formulated for starter, grower, and finisher phases. The high stocking density (HSD) negatively affected body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) of broiler chickens at 24 to 42 and 0 to 42 d of experiment (P

Bu çalışmada kefirin deneysel olarak oluşturulan Tip 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) ve Nonalkolik Karaciğer Yağlanmasında (NAFLD) karaciğer dokusunda oluşan hasara karşı koruyucu etkileri araştırıldı.Toplam 30 adet Wistar albino ırkı dişi rat kullanıldı. Ratlar her grupta 6 adet olmak üzere 5 gruba ayrıldı. Kontrol grubu hayvanlara herhangi bir uygulama yapılmadı. T2DM oluşturmak amacıyla hayvanlara tek doz 80 mg/kg intraperiteonal Streptozotocin, NAFLD oluşturmak için de hayvanlara yüksek yağlı rat yemi deneme boyunca verildi. Deneme grubundaki hayvanlara sırasıyla yüksek yağlı rat yemi, yüksek yağlı rat yemi+30 ml/kg kefir (oral gavaj), yüksek yağlı rat yemi+Streptozotocin 80 mg/kg intraperiteonal (İP), yüksek yağlı rat yemi+30 ml/kg kefir (oral gavaj)+ Streptozotocin 80 mg/kg (İP) verildi. T2DM oluşturulan gruba kıyasla kan glikoz düzeylerinde kefir eklenmesi ile düşme gözlendi. Ayrıca T2DM ve NAFLD grubunda serumda artan AST, ALT, total protein, kolesterol, trigliserit değerlerinin kefir eklenmesi ile azaldığı gözlendi. Histopatolojik bulgular da biyokimyasal sonuçları desteklemektedir. Kefir eklenen grubun karaciğerlerinde normale yakın histolojik yapı gözlendi. Sonuç olarak karaciğer dokusunda ciddi hasarlara neden olan T2DM ve NAFLD ye karşı kefir içeceğinin tüketilmesinin yararlı olacağı kanısına varıldı.

The objective of this study was to assess the changes in serum glucose, beta-hydroxybutyric acid ß-HBA , and nonesterified fatty acid NEFA levels in Damascus dairy goats fed niacin Nia and methionine Met during late gestation and early postpartum period. A total of 75 dairy goats at 105th day of gestation were divided into 3 groups as control no supplementation , Nia 20 g/kg Nia , and Met 2.5 g/kg Met groups. The dietary treatments continued until parturition. Dairy goats fed dietary Nia had greater serum glucose levels on day 125 of gestation compared to the other dietary treatments P < 0.05 . On day 135 of pregnancy, serum glucose levels were higher in Met group than control group P < 0.05 . Serum ß-HBA levels decreased on days 135 and 145 in dairy goats fed Nia than those in control group. Dietary Nia and Met lowered serum ß-HBA levels on day 10 postpartum compared to control group P < 0.05 . Serum NEFA levels decreased P < 0.05 on days 135 and 145 in dairy goats fed Nia supplemented ration than those in control group. Serum NEFA levels d 10 postpartum were different among the groups P < 0.05 . In conclusion, dietary Nia and Met supplementation improved serum glucose levels on day 125 of gestation while decreasing ß-HBA and NEFA levels during late gestation and early postpartum period in Damascus dairy goats under the conditions of present study.

The current study was carried out to determine the changes in serum electrolytes, liver enzymes, and hormones during breeding and non-breeding seasons in estrus-synchronized goats. Forty goats (n = 40) were synchronized by inserting the sponges intravaginally for 12 days; PMSG and PGF2α were injected on day of sponge removal. Blood samples were collected from the goats at the time of sponges insertion (day -12), estrus day (day 0), and at 15 day after sponge withdrawal (day 15). The blood samples were analyzed for glucose, cholesterol (CHO), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and progesterone (P4), calcium (Ca), phosphate (PO4), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chlorine (Cl) levels. Repeated measurements ANOVA of general linear model were used as statistical model. The results showed that seasons have an effect (p

This study investigated the effects of different levels (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2%) of yeast culture supplementation on body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg production, egg weight, egg quality traits, egg yolk fatty acid composition, and microbiological flora in feces. A total of 240 laying hens at 18-19 weeks of age were divided into four groups and fed a basal diet containing 2750 kcal/kg metabolizable energy and 16% crude protein for 16 weeks. The basal diet was supplemented with 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2% commercial yeast culture product obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The different levels of yeast culture supplementation to the diets did not statistically affect body weight change among the treatments. However, feed intake was lowest in the group fed 0.2% of yeast culture. The highest egg weights were obtained from the groups fed 0.1 and 0.2% yeast culture, when compared with control group. Regarding fatty acid composition, linolenic acid (C18:2 n6) was lowest in the group fed 0.2% yeast culture. However, yeast culture supplementation to the diet did not alter the microbial flora. Yeast culture (S. cerevisiae) supplementation to the diet of laying hens is beneficial for increasing feed intake and egg weight of laying hens without affecting the microbial flora in their digestive system.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of the usage of glycerol from biodiesel production from soybean oil in laying hen diets on laying performance, egg traits, heterophils to lymphocytes ratio (H/L), some blood parameters and antibody production to SRBC. A total of 180 Lohmann Brown laying hens 39 weeks of age were allocated to four dietary treatments with one control group and three treatment groups and fed for 16 weeks. Each group was divided into five replicates as subgroups, comprising of 9 hens each. Glycerol was used at the level of 2.5, 5 and 7.5% in the diets of the first, second and third treatment groups, respectively. The diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Dietary treatments did not significantly affect body weight, egg production, egg weight, feed efficiency, mortality, egg albumen index, egg yolk index and egg Haugh unit, yolk weight percentage, exterior egg quality characteristics, excreta moisture, H/L ratio, blood parameters and antibody production to SRBC. Hens fed diets with 7.5% glycerol consumed significantly less feed than those of the other groups. Egg yolk cholesterol concentration was significantly higher for hens fed diets with 5 and 7.5% glycerol as compared to those of the other groups (P

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary black cumin seed on performance, egg traits, egg cholesterol content and egg yolk fatty acid composition in laying hens during a 12 week period. For this purpose a total of 160 Lohmann Brown laying hens 36 weeks of age were allocated to four dietary treatments with one control group and three treatment groups. Black cumin seed (Nigella sativa L.) was used at the level of 5, 10 and 15 g kg−1 in the diets of the first, second and third treatment groups, respectively. RESULTS: Dietary treatments did not significantly affect body weight, feed intake, egg production, egg quality characteristics and blood parameters. Diets containing 10 and 15 g kg−1 black cumin seed increased egg weight (P < 0.01), improved feed efficiency (P < 0.01) and decreased egg yolk cholesterol, saturated fatty acids (% of total fatty acid methyl esters) and the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.05) compared to the diet of control group. CONCLUSION: Dietary black cumin seed at the level of 10 and 15 g kg−1 had beneficial effects on egg weight, feed efficiency, egg cholesterol content and egg yolk fatty acid composition. Therefore it can be used at the level of 10 and 15 g kg−1 in the diets of laying hens. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry

We investigated the protective effects of L-carnitine on hippocampus tissue damage in rats during experimental formaldehyde (FA) intoxication. Male Wistar albino rats were assigned into four groups: (1) control (C), (2) formaldehyde (FA), (3) formaldehyde + 0.5 g/kg of L-carnitine (FA + 0.5 LC) (4) formaldehyde + 1 g/kg L-carnitine (FA + 1 LC). At the end of the 14 day trial period, animals were sacrificed by decapitation under anesthesia. The hippocampus tissue samples were extracted to measure MDA, GSH and SOD activity. Neuronal degeneration was assessed based on histopathological (hematoxylin and eosin) and immunohistochemical (anti-ubiquitin) examination. To detect oxidative stress, specimens were reacted with anti-Cu/Zn-SOD antibody. After administering L-carnitine with FA to the animals, the activities of SOD and GSH increased, but the levels of MDA decreased in hippocampus tissue. Neuronal degeneration was observed in the FA group. L-carnitine administration reduced neuronal degeneration and histological structure was similar to controls. After FA application, degenerated hippocampus neurons were stained with anti-ubiquitin and Cu/Zn-SOD antibodies; weakly positive staining was observed in L- carnitine-treated groups. L-carnitine may be useful for preventing oxidative damage in the hippocampus tissue due to formaldehyde intoxication.

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of different levels of yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation to the broiler turkey diets on the performance characteristics, some blood parameters and immune system. A total of 48 female poults aged five weeks were divided into one control group and three treatment groups each containing 12 female poults. The diets of the first, second and third treatment groups were supplemented with 1, 2 and 3 g/kg yeast culture (Diamond V “XP”, Saccharomyces cerevisiae), respectively. The experimental period lasted 10 weeks. At the end of the experiment body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, carcass yield, weights and rates of internal organs, abdominal fat and the values of pH and viscosity of small intestine of turkeys were not significantly affected by different levels of yeast culture. There were no significant differences among the groups in total protein, cholesterol, triglyceride, uric acid, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase of blood serum and haemetological parameters. Immune system of turkeys was also not affected by dietary yeast culture. The results in this study demonstrated that yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation at the levels of 1, 2 and 3 g/kg to the diets of female broiler turkeys did not have any significant effects on performance characteristics, some blood parameters and immune system., Bu araştırma, broyler dişi hindi rasyonlarına farklı düzeylerde maya kültürü (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ilavesinin hindilerde verim özellikleri, bazı kan parametreleri ve immun sistem üzerine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Toplam 48 adet 5 haftalık dişi palazı her biri 12 adet palazdan meydana gelen 1 kontrol ve 3 deneme olmak üzere toplam 4 gruba ayrılmıştır. Birinci, ikinci ve üçüncü deneme grupları rasyonlarına sırasıyla 1, 2 ve 3 g/kg düzeylerinde maya kültürü (Diamond V “XP”, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ilave edilmiştir. Deneme 10 hafta sürdürülmüştür. Araştırma sonunda rasyonlara farklı düzeylerde ilave edilen maya kültürünün hindilerde canlı ağırlık, canlı ağırlık artışı, yem tüketimi ve yemden yararlanma oranı üzerine önemli etkisi gözlenmemiştir. Rasyonlara maya kültürü ilavesi karkas randımanını, iç organ ağırlıklarını, abdominal yağ ağırlığı ile oranlarını, ince bağırsak pH'sı ve viskositesini etkilememiştir. Kan serumu toplam protein, kolesterol, trigliserit, ürik asit ALT, AST, ALP düzeyleri bakımından gruplar arasında istatistik önem taşıyan farklılık oluşmamıştır. Hindilerde maya kültürünün immun sistem üzerinde de herhangi bir önemli etkisi olmadığı görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, broyler dişi hindi rasyonlarına 1, 2 ve 3 g/kg düzeylerinde maya kültürü (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ilavesinin hindilerde verim özellikleri, bazı kan parametreleri, ince bağırsak pH’sı ve viskositesi ile immun sistem üzerinde önemli bir etkisi saptanmamıştır.

Female Wistar-albino rats were given lead acetate (PbAc) for 60 days to investigate the protective effects of L-carnitine (CA) clinically and histopathologically on PbAc-induced tissue damage. Blood samples were obtained from the jugular vein for hemoglobin (HB), hematocrit (HCT), red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), platelets (PLT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatinine. PbAc treatment caused a significant decrease in HB, HCT and RBC, a significant increase in WBC, AST, ALT and creatinine compared to controls. Although administration of CA did not reverse HB and HCT values, it reversed both the decrease in RBC and the increase in WBC, AST, ALT and creatinine. After the experimental period, all rats were weighed, then decapitated for pathological examination. Control rat liver, kidney and brain showed normal histological architecture. Lead-induced nephropathic kidneys; degenerative changes, inflammation and portal edema of the liver; and brain neuropil vacuolation, neuronal vacuolation, satellitosis and neuronophagia were observed in experimental groups. All changes were reduced in the PbAc group treated with CA (PbAc + CA). PbAc caused copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) expression in both the hepatocytes and tubular epithelium of the kidney. PbAc + CA exposure caused moderate Cu/Zn-SOD immunoreactivity. While in the brain sections of the PbAc group the degenerative neurons were stained intensely with anti-ubiquitin antibody, PbAc + CA rats showed moderate staining in neurons with anti-ubiquitin antibody. These results show that CA as a food additive reduced the severity of tissue damage caused by PbAc.

In this study, the effects of replacing inorganic copper, zinc and manganese with different levels of organic complexes of the same trace minerals on the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense systems in broilers were investigated. Two-hundred Ross-308 one-day-old broiler chickens were placed on controlled diets until 42 d of age. The experimental animals were divided into four groups comprising three experimental groups and one control group, each consisting of 50 chickens. All groups were also divided into five subgroups each containing 10 broiler chicks. The mineral content of the control group diet was controlled using a standard inorganic mineral premix with supplement levels and sources of trace minerals typical of commercial broiler diets according to the National Research Council (NRC) (containing 8 mg Cu as CuSO(4), 40 mg Zn as ZnSO(4), and 60 mg Mn as MnO, per kg). In the experimental diets, mineral premix was also comprised of inorganic formulations, except for those of Cu, Zn and Mn. Organically-complexed Cu, Zn, and Mn were separately added to the basal diet at 1/3 (L1), 2/3 (L2) and 3/3 (L3) levels with respect to the NRC recommendation, as Bioplex Cu (TM), Bioplex Zn (TM), Bioplex Mn (TM). At the end of the trial, the plasma Zn level significantly increased when the plasma Cu level significantly decreased (p

WOS: 000231641800009, PubMed: 16156131, This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of using L-carnitine and humate alone or in combination in quail diets on laying performance, egg traits and blood parameters. A total of 280 Japanese quails aged 10 weeks, divided into one control group and three treatment groups, were used. The diets of the first, second and third treatment groups were supplemented with 100 mg L-carnitine/kg, 1.5 g humate (Farmagulator (R) Dry Plus)/kg and 100 mg L-camitine + 1.5 g humate/kg, respectively. The experimental period lasted 16 weeks. The addition of L-camitine and sodium humate alone or in combination did not significantly affect body weight, feed consumption, egg production, feed conversion ratio, mortality, egg-shell thickness, egg yolk index and the percentages of egg-shell, albumen and yolk. Egg weight increased (P < 0.001) with L-camitine supplementation. The values of egg albumen height (P < 0.05), egg albumen index (P < 0.01) and egg Haugh unit (P < 0.05) were increased with humate supplementation. Egg cholesterol content and blood serum parameters were not affected by the supplementation of L-camitine with or without humate. The results in this study demonstrated that L-carnitine supplementation increased egg weight while humate addition increased egg albumen index and egg Haugh unit of laying quails. However, the combined administration of L-camitine and humate did not have any significant effects on the parameters measured.

Summary: This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of the usage of L-carnitine in diets with different levels of energy on some productive characteristics and blood parameters of Japanese quail. A total of 204 quail chicks aged one week (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) were used. They were divided into four groups each containing 51 quail chicks. Diets having normal (3000 kcal/kg) and low (2700 kcal/kg) metabolizable energy level were supplemented with 0 and 100 mg/kg L-carnitine. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenic. The experimental period lasted five weeks. L-carnitine supplementation to the diets having normal energy level did not affect the live weight at the end of the experiment, total live weight gain, feed intake per one kg live weight gain and carcass yield but increased total feed intake (p