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Equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) issues are relevant to all areas of society, including the cultural sector, which is characterised by systemic discrimination. Our research question is: how do artists and cultural workers perceive the role of cultural organisations in addressing EDI issues in the Canadian cultural sector? We conducted 65 semi-structured interviews with Canadian artists and cultural organisation workers to investigate this question. Our results show the difference in perception between artists and cultural organisation workers, particularly regarding grant programmes that promote equity, the role of education, and of cultural organisations. All agree on the importance of promoting EDI in the cultural sector. However, artists and cultural organisation workers sometimes have different ideas about how EDI can be promoted. Results point to better EDI training for workers in cultural organisations, more long-term funding for EDI projects, better communication of EDI initiatives, and better sharing of best practices among organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artists‐entrepreneurs struggle with the tension between their artistic and entrepreneurial values. Previous research on this tension focuses on urban creative hubs and shows the presence of politicians to create, with the artists, a structure constituted of investment formulas to ease this tension. Based on Boltanski and Thévenot's On Justification theory, our research focuses on the case of artist‐entrepreneurs located outside Canada's creative hubs. The tension between artistic and entrepreneurial values is expressed as a tension between the inspired and market worlds, which is managed through the civic world in Canadian creative hubs. The results of 50 semi‐structured interviews with non‐urban Canadian artist‐entrepreneurs reveal that politicians are less implicated in these regional cultural industries. In order to manage the tension between artistic and entrepreneurial values, artists themselves are developing individual and collective investment formulas to create structure in the cultural industries that compensates for the low‐level of involvement by politicians. Thus, we identify that the tension between the inspired and market worlds is managed through the presence of the projective world in the case of Canada's non‐urban artist‐entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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For about the last ten years, the creative industries have been structuring themselves around projects; this is called projectification. With this research, we study the tension between artistic and project management values and compromises in projects in creative industries. Drawing on the Making Projects Critical approach, we used the Economies of Worth framework to analyze the results of an instrumental multiple case study of creative industries. We undertook semi-structured interviews with creative workers, art directors and project managers of small advertising agencies. This article highlights compromise between artistic and project management values as a condition for the viability of projects in creative industries. Our conclusion is that compromise is attainable if project managers focus not only on instrumental project management principles but also on the satisfaction and daily support of creative workers, and an educational-type relationship with customers. Given the tension between creative and project management values, achieving a compromise is a condition for the viability of projects in creative industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Proteins of the TRIM5 family, such as TRIM5α and the related TRIMCyp, are cytoplasmic factors that can inhibit incoming retroviruses. This type of restriction requires a direct interaction between TRIM5 proteins and capsid proteins that are part of mature, intact retroviral cores. In such cores, capsids are arranged as hexameric units. Multiple lines of evidence imply that TRIM5 proteins themselves interact with retroviral cores as multimers. Accordingly, stabilization by crosslinking agents has revealed that TRIM5α and TRIMCyp are present as trimers in mammalian cells. We report here that TRIM5 proteins seem to form dimers, trimers, hexamers and multimers of higher complexity in mammalian cells. The hexameric form in particular seems to be the most abundant multimer. Multimerization did not involve disulfide bridges and was not affected by infection with restriction-sensitive viruses or by treatment with the known TRIM5 inhibitors arsenic trioxide, MG132 and cyclosporine A. We conclude that TRIM5 multimerization results from more than one protein-protein interface and that it is seemingly not triggered by contact with retroviral cores.

Abstract Background TRIM5α, which is expressed in most primates and the related TRIMCyp, which has been found in one of the New World monkey species, are antiviral proteins of the TRIM5 family that are able to intercept incoming retroviruses early after their entry into cells. The mechanism of action has been partially elucidated for TRIM5α, which seems to promote premature decapsidation of the restricted retroviruses. In addition, through its N-terminal RING domain, TRIM5α may sensitize retroviruses to proteasome-mediated degradation. TRIM5α-mediated restriction requires a physical interaction with the capsid protein of targeted retroviruses. It is unclear whether other cellular proteins are involved in the inhibition mediated by TRIM5α and TRIMCyp. A previous report suggested that the inhibition of HIV-1 by the rhesus macaque orthologue of TRIM5α was inefficient in the D17a canine cell line, suggesting that the cellular environment was important for the restriction mechanism. Here we investigated further the behavior of TRIM5α and TRIMCyp in the D17 cells. Results We found that the various TRIM5α orthologues studied (human, rhesus macaque, African green monkey) as well as TRIMCyp had poor antiviral activity in the D17 cells, despite seemingly normal expression levels and subcellular distribution. Restriction of both HIV-1 and the distantly related N-tropic murine leukemia virus (N-MLV) was low in D17 cells. Both TRIM5αrh and TRIMCyp promoted early HIV-1 decapsidation in murine cells, but weak levels of restriction in D17 cells correlated with the absence of accelerated decapsidation in these cells and also correlated with normal levels of cDNA synthesis. Fv1, a murine restriction factor structurally unrelated to TRIM5α, was fully functional in D17 cells, showing that the loss of activity was specific to TRIM5α/TRIMCyp. Conclusion We show that D17 cells provide a poor environment for the inhibition of retroviral replication by proteins of the TRIM5 family. Because both TRIM5α and TRIMCyp are poorly active in these cells, despite having quite different viral target recognition domains, we conclude that a step either upstream or downstream of target recognition is impaired. We speculate that an unknown factor required for TRIM5α and TRIMCyp activity is missing or inadequately expressed in D17 cells.