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The goal of our study was to examine whether differences in the sensitivity and intrusiveness of fathers and mothers from gay-, lesbian-, and heterosexual-parent families (57 French couples, 47 Dutch couples, and 31 British couples) with their first-born infants were explained by gender or caregiver role, while controlling for nesting within families, infant temperament, and twinship. We assessed the sensitivity and intrusiveness of 147 primary caregivers (45 fathers, 102 mothers) and 123 secondary caregivers (68 fathers and 55 mothers). All infants were conceived using assisted reproductive techniques and averaged 4 months of age. They were videotaped at home with both parents while engaged in play, feeding, and other childcare (bathing or changing) and these videotapes were coded for sensitivity and intrusiveness. Information about relative levels of caregiving, infant temperament, and twinship was collected via parent report questionnaires. Mixed linear models showed that sensitivity while playing, cleaning, and feeding were not predicted by parental gender, relative parental involvement, and the interaction between parental gender and parental caregiver role. Models for intrusiveness while playing and feeding showed similar results. However, intrusiveness during cleaning was predicted by parental gender and the interaction between parental gender and caregiver role. Post-hoc analyses showed that secondary caregiving fathers showed more intrusive behavior during cleaning (M = 1.51, SD = 0.09) than secondary caregiving mothers (M = 1.26, SD = 0.10). Our results also showed that contextual factors, such as having singletons or twins, infant temperament, and country of residence were related to parenting behavior. In sum, our findings do not support presumptions that mothers are more capable of providing better quality care than fathers, or that, at this early stage, primary caregiving parents are better attuned to their infants than those who are less involved.

Background: The division of non-paid labor in heterosexual parents in the West is usually still gender-based, with mothers taking on the majority of direct caregiving responsibilities. However, in same-sex couples, gender cannot be the deciding factor. Inspired by Feinberg’s ecological model of co-parenting, this study investigated whether infant temperament, parent factors (biological relatedness to child, psychological adjustment, parenting stress, and work status), and partner relationship quality explained how first-time gay, lesbian, and heterosexual parents divided labor (childcare and family decision-making) when their infants were 4 and 12 months old. We also tested whether family type acted as a moderator. Method: Participants were drawn from the new parents study. Only those who provided information about their biological relatedness to their child (N = 263 parents) were included. When infants were 4 months (T1), parents completed a password-protected online questionnaire exploring their demographic characteristics including work status and standardized online-questionnaires on task division (childcare and family decision-making), infant temperament, parental anxiety, parental depression, parental stress, and partner relationship satisfaction. When infants were 12-months-old (T2), parents provided information about task division and their biological relatedness to their children. Results: Linear mixed models showed that no factor explained the division of family decision making at T1 and T2. For relative time spent on childcare tasks at T1, biological relatedness mattered for lesbian mothers only: biologically related mothers appeared to spend more time on childcare tasks than did non-related mothers. Results showed that, regardless of family type, parents who were not working or were working part-time at T1 performed more childcare tasks at T1. This was still true at T2. The other factors did not significantly contribute to relative time spent on childcare tasks at T2. Conclusion: We had the opportunity to analyze the division of non-paid tasks in families where parenting was necessarily planned and in which gender could not affect that division. Although Feinberg’s model of co-parenting suggests that various factors are related to task division, we found that paid work outside the home was most important during the first year of parenthood in determining caregiving roles.

Wellbeing of gay fathers with children born through surrogacy A study of parental wellbeing in the U.K., France, and the Netherlands compared parents in 38 gay father families, 61 lesbian mother families, and 42 heterosexual parent families. In all family types, the parents had just become parents for the first time and had an infant aged around 4 months. The infants in the gay father families were born through surrogacy, and those in the lesbian mother families were conceived after insemination with donor sperm. The heterosexual parent families had used in vitro fertilization without sperm or egg donation. Standardized measures of parental wellbeing (parental stress, psychological adjustment, and partner relationship satisfaction) were used to collect data via a password-protected online survey. Both parents in all families completed the survey. The parents’ scores on the studied variables were similar regardless of family type or caregiver role. The findings of the present study contribute to the theoretical understanding of the role of family type and caregiver role in families whose first child was conceived by means of assisted reproductive technologies, and especially our knowledge of gay fathers who became parents through surrogacy.

International audience; A qualitative study was conducted to identify how parents describe and attribute their toddler's food pickiness, a common pediatric problem during childhood. Parental strategies to respond to picky behaviors were also explored in this study. Focus groups were used with 38 parents of children aged 18-38 months. Results highlighted several consequences of child pickiness such as parental concerns about child's growth and health, conflicts at mealtime, and feelings of guilt. Parents attributed food pickiness mainly as a manifestation of opposition and assertiveness by their child. Some strategies known to be effective were applied by parents (such as repeated exposure, modeling, co-preparing meals, and using a flavor-based approach) but some strategies that are counterproductive were also highlighted (such as rewards for eating). Parents need to be better informed about food pickiness and the strategies that help to overcome it. Understanding parental beliefs may help pediatricians to offer appropriate guidance adapted to parental experiences and feelings.

Parmi les stratégies mises en oeuvre pour modifier les comportements des usagers de la route, l'éducation n'est pas celle qui apporte les résultats les plus immédiats mais elle est une composante essentielle d'une politique de sécurité routière équilibrée et une condition de l'acceptabilité sociale des mesures de sécurité routière (Assailly, 2013 ; Assailly, 2017). Cette stratégie se fonde sur les concepts de "continuum éducatif" ou "d'apprentissage tout au long de la vie", qui correspondent à l'idée que l'adaptation du comportement routier ne peut pas être obtenue seulement par une vingtaine d'heures d'apprentissage précédant l'examen du permis de conduire, mais qu'elle doit être initiée le plus précocement possible dans l'existence et se poursuivre tout au long de la vie et ce quel que soit le mode de transport utilisé.

Cadre de la recherche : À côté des pères « classiques », reliés génétiquement à leur enfant et conjoint de la mère, il existe des pères adoptifs, des pères seuls, des beaux-pères, des pères non génétiques. Au sein de cette diversité apparaissent les pères gays. Mais choisir la paternité gay est un phénomène relativement récent qui nécessite d’affronter un environnement légal et social hostile et qui défie les normes de genre.Objectifs : Explorer les représentations de la parenté et de la paternité et notamment l’importance accordée ou non au lien génétique chez les pères gays ayant eu recours à une gestation pour autrui.Méthodologie : L’article s’appuie sur des entretiens menés auprès de 36 hommes gays en couple qui ont eu recours à la gestation pour autrui pour devenir père d’un enfant ou de jumeaux agés d’environ 4 mois. Résultats : Probablement conscients de l’importance accordée au lien génétique dans les représentations sociales dominantes, les pères interrogés sont très attentifs à ce que leurs proches ne fassent pas de distinction. Mais ces mêmes représentations ne sont pas absentes chez ces pères, notamment au moment de la mise en œuvre de la conception. En effet, un certain nombre d’entre eux a implanté des embryons de l’un et de l’autre pour se donner une chance d’avoir des jumeaux génétiquement reliés à chacun des pères. Dans le cas d’une deuxième GPA, ils tiennent assez souvent à ce que le deuxième enfant (deuxième jumeau ou grossesse future) soit du père qui n’a pas donné son sperme la première fois.Conclusions : Les observations recueillies montrent que les représentations de la paternité sont diversifiées et combinent des représentations fondées sur l’engendrement avec des représentations davantage fondées sur la parentalité.Contribution : L’article met en évidence la complexité des représentations de la paternité. Celles-ci ne se résument pas aux liens biogénétiques mais accordent également une grande importance aux liens électifs., Research Framework: Alongside the "classic" fathers, genetically related to their child and the mother's spouse, there are adoptive fathers, single fathers, stepfathers, non-genetic fathers. Within this diversity appear gay fathers. But choosing gay parenthood is a relatively recent phenomenon that requires confronting a hostile legal and social environment and challenging gender norms. Objectives: The objective of this article is to explore representations of kinship and paternity, including whether or not the genetic link is important to gay fathers who have used gestational surrogacy. Methodology: The paper is based on interviews with 36 gay men in couple's who have used surrogacy to become the father of a child or twins of about 4 months of age. Results: Because they are likely aware of the importance of genetic bonds in dominant social representations of parenthood, the interviewed fathers are very careful that their own relatives make no distinction between them. Some fathers go so far as to refuse to tell others about which father is biologically related to the child. Nevertheless, these dominant representations are not absent, especially at the moment of conception. Indeed, a number of them implanted embryos of each to give themselves a chance to have twins genetically linked to each of the fathers. In the case of a second surrogacy, they often want the second child (second twin or future pregnancy) to be of the father who has not given his sperm the first time. Conclusions: The gathered observations show that the representations of paternity are diversified and combine representations based on genetic ties with representations based more on daily parenthood. Contribution: The article highlights the complexity of paternity representations. These are not just about biogenetic links, but also about elective links.

International audience; The aim of our study is to evaluate the validity of the "Caregiving x Temperament Paradigm" in the food domain. In this study, two prototypes of caregiving,control have been contrasted: Harsh (forceful measures to curve the child's behavior) versus Gentle control (supportive measures to direct the child's behavior). In food domain, the most effective control to help a child to overcome initial dislike is repeated exposure. Our first objective was to test whether the repeated exposure displayed in a gentle context has a more benefical effect on dislike shifting than the one displayed in a harsh context. Our second objective was to assess whether this effect was moderated by a temperamental characteristic (child's inhibitory control). A randomized experimental protocol was used in day care-centers, involving 98 children aged 21-41 months. Children were asked to consume an initially rejected target food on five occasions either with a Gentle or a Harsh instruction. Children's dislike for the target food was assessed via intake before and after the familiarization phase. Inhibitory control level was measured in 78 of these children using validated questionnaire. Four groups were created: Instructions (Gentle vs Harsh) x Inhibitory control (Lower vs Higher). After the familiarization phase, the consumption of the target food increased in all groups, but with a higher increase in children with high Inhibitory control with Gentle instruction, than for children with low Inhibitory control with Harsh instruction, the two other groups being in between. Our data fit a model of cumulative effects, and show that both gentle control strategies and high inhibitory control in children contribute to regulate disgusts experienced in some feeding contexts. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

International audience; Selon le modèle de Rothbart [1], le tempérament est défini, d'une part, par le niveau de réactivité des enfants, et d'autre part, par leur capacité d'autorégulation. Au moyen de deux études, nous avons cherché a testé la valeur de ce modèle tempéramental dans le domaine alimentaire enfantin. La première étude [2] est relative à la question du surpoids. Nous avons émis l'hypothèse que les enfants les plus à risque de surpoids étaient les enfants les plus réactifs à la nourriture et s'autorégulant le moins bien. À partir des réponses de 475~pré-adolescents ayant rempli un questionnaire ad hoc et dont on a mesuré l'IMC, l'hypothèse a été confirmée, mais de façon directe pour une des dimensions seulement. La seconde étude [3] concerne la problématique de la néophobie alimentaire, à savoir la réticence à goûter les aliments inconnus qui conduit à une faible consommation de fruits et légumes notamment. Notre hypothèse était que les enfants ayant de faibles capacités à autoréguler leurs émotions consommeraient moins d'un aliment inconnu que des enfants s'autorégulant facilement, et ceci d'autant plus que la consigne de la consommation était incitative plutôt que directive (selon le concept de Goodness of fit suggéré par Thomas et Chess [4]). Quatre-vingt-dix-huit enfants, âgés entre 2~et 3 ans ont participé à une étude expérimentale les amenant à goûter à 5~occasions un aliment inconnu dans un contexte soit incitatif soit directif. Les résultats du post-test ont indiqué que la consommation de l'aliment était supérieure chez les enfants s'autorégulant facilement dans le contexte incitatif, que chez les enfants s'autorégulant difficilement dans le contexte directif. Il apparaît ainsi que le concept de tempérament selon Rothbart, et notamment à travers les capacités d'autorégulation, joue un rôle dans les conduites alimentaires de l'enfant dans leur dimension quantitative (quantités consommées et du surpoids) et qualitative (néophobie et variété du répertoire de consommation).

The study was designed to develop and validate a self-report questionnaire on food neophobia in French children. We evaluated food neophobia in a specific cultural context, examining an age group that has hardly been studied (5- to 8-year-olds). The questionnaire items were based on methods known for changing neophobic behavior (imitation, information, flavor principle and external stimulation) in order to diversify food presentation situations. In addition, we used colored pictures of food for seven items. Thirteen items that referred to acceptance of unfamiliar food were selected out of 25 items tested in an earlier stage. Six hundred and three children filled out the food neophobia questionnaire and a food task used to check its predictive validity was given to 503 of them. A factor analysis emphasized the one-dimensional structure of the questionnaire. Results showed satisfactory internal consistency and good test-retest reliability. The children's choices and their willingness to try new types of food were significantly correlated with the questionnaire scores. Food neophobia conceived as a personality trait was discussed.