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Leprosy is a chronic infection of the skin and peripheral nerves caused byMycobacterium leprae. Despite recent improvements in disease control, leprosy remains an important cause of infectious disability globally. Large-scale genetic association studies in Chinese, Vietnamese and Indian populations have identified over 30 susceptibility loci for leprosy. There is a significant burden of leprosy in Africa, however it is uncertain whether the findings of published genetic association studies are generalizable to African populations. To address this, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of leprosy in Malawian (327 cases, 436 controls) and Malian (247 cases, 368 controls) individuals. In that analysis, we replicated five risk loci previously reported in China, Vietnam and India; MHC Class I and II,LACC1(2 independent loci) andSLC29A3. We further identified a novel leprosy susceptibility locus at 10q24 (rs2015583: combinedp= 8.81 × 10−9;OR= 0.51 [95% CI 0.40-0.64]). The leprosy risk locus is a determinant ofACTR1ARNA expression in CD4+T cells (posterior probability of colocalization -PP= 0.96). Furthermore, it demonstrates pleiotropy with established risk loci for inflammatory bowel disease and atopic disease. ReducedACTR1Aexpression decreases susceptibility to leprosy and atopy but increases risk of inflammatory bowel disease. A shared genetic architecture for leprosy and inflammatory bowel disease has been previously described. We expand on this, strengthening the evidence that selection pressure driven by leprosy has shaped the evolution of autoimmune and atopic disease in modern populations. More broadly, our data highlights the importance of defining the genetic architecture of disease across genetically diverse populations, and that disease insights derived from GWAS in one population may not translate to all affected populations.Author SummaryLeprosy remains a leading cause of infectious disability globally. Human genetic variation is a major determinant of susceptibility to infection, including leprosy. Large-scale genetic association studies have been pivotal in advancing our understanding of leprosy biology. These studies have been performed in Chinese, Vietnamese and Indian populations, and it remains unclear whether these insights are informative of leprosy susceptibility in African populations. To address this, we performed a genome-wide association study of leprosy susceptibility in Malawi and Mali. In doing so we replicate known leprosy susceptibility loci at MHC class I and II,LACC1andSLC29A3. Furthermore, we identify a novel leprosy susceptibility locus, which modifies expression ofACTR1Ain CD4+T cells and demonstrates pleiotropy with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and atopic disease. These data deepen our understanding of leprosy biology, identifyingACTR1Aexpression in CD4+T cells as a determinant of leprosy disease risk, and further define the role of this ancient pathogen in the evolution of immune-mediated diseases in modern populations.

Background: Early screening is crucial for early autism spectrum disorders (ASD) diagnosis and intervention. ASD screening tools have mostly been constructed based on the Western cultural context. We hypothesized that their use in Mali may require a prior validation. Objective: To validate the modified checklist for autism in toddlers-Revised (M-CHAT-R) and the social communication questionnaire (SCQ) in the Malian sociocultural context for ASD screening. Study design: We administered M-CHAT-R and SCQ in 947 toddlers aged 16–30 months old at the district and community health centers in Bamako and 120 patients (60 autistic and 60 age and sex matched controls) aged ≥4 years old at the psychiatry department in Bamako. Toddlers at moderate to high risk of ASD underwent M-CHAT-R/F and clinical evaluation by an ASD multidisciplinary team. M-CHAT-R and SCQ were evaluated for cultural appropriateness by Malian anthropologists. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV were determined for both M-CHAT-R and SCQ. Health professionals have been trained during ASD seminary on how to use M-CHAT-R and SCQ for ASD screening in Bamako. Results: We found for the M-CHAT-R a sensitivity of 50%, a specificity of 100%, a PPV of 100% and a NPV of 87%. The SCQ had a sensitivity of 71%, a specificity of 72%, a PPV of 73% and a NPV of 70%. We have found four out of 20 items on the M-CHAT-R that were culturally inappropriate in the Malian context. Discussion: M-CHAT-R and SCQ can be used for early autism screening in Mali. In the future, we plan to train a descent number of Malian physicians in chief and pediatricians at the district hospitals across the country to integrate the early ASD screening into the national health system. Conclusion: M-CHAT-R has a perfect specificity and SCQ a fair diagnostic accuracy for ASD in Mali. Keywords: M-CHAT-R, SCQ, NPV, PPV, Mali

Previous studies have shown that a single season of intermittent preventive treatment in schoolchildren (IPTsc) targeting the transmission season has reduced the rates of clinical malaria, all-cause clinic visits, asymptomatic parasitemia, and anemia. Efficacy over the course of multiple years of IPTsc has been scantly investigated. Methods: An open, randomized-controlled trial among schoolchildren aged 6–13 years was conducted from September 2007 to January 2010 in Kolle, Mali. Students were included in three arms: sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine+artesunate (SP+AS), amodiaquine+artesunate (AQ+AS), and control (C). All students received two full doses, given 2 months apart, and were compared with respect to the incidence of clinical malaria, all-cause clinic visits, asymptomatic parasitemia, and anemia. Results: A total of 296 students were randomized. All-cause clinic visits were in the SP+AS versus control (29 (20.1%) vs. 68 (47.2%); 20 (21.7%) vs. 41 (44.6%); and 14 (21.2%) vs. 30 (44.6%); p < 0.02) in 2007, 2008, and 2009, respectively. The prevalence of asymptomatic parasitemia was lower in the SP+AS compared to control (38 (7.5%) vs. 143 (28.7%); and 47 (12.7%) vs. 75 (21.2%); p < 0.002) in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Hemoglobin concentration was significantly higher in children receiving SP+AS (11.96, 12.06, and 12.62 g/dL) than in control children (11.60, 11.64, and 12.15 g/dL; p < 0.001) in 2007, 2008, and 2009, respectively. No impact on clinical malaria was observed. Conclusion: IPTsc with SP+AS reduced the rates of all-cause clinic visits and anemia during a three-year implementation.

The Stafne defect is a benign, asymptomatic, non-progressive and rare bone depression, mainly discovered by chance in the posterior mandibular region. It is described radiographically as an oval radiolucency located below the mandibular canal, in the molar region, close to the submandibular gland. Sialography is a traditional technique in the radiographic examination of salivary glands that involves the injection of an iodine-based contrast medium into the main salivary duct. The Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is a 3D imaging technique that has modernized the dental and maxillofacial practice with its advantages such as high speed, good spatial resolution and low radiation exposure. The CBCT Sialography that consists in a 3D Sialography with cone beam offers the same benefits as traditional sialography and allows three-dimensional viewing. It is a new imaging test for an accurate anatomical study of the major salivary glands and their relationships with their environments. The aim of this report is to present a case of Stafne bone cavity containing right submandibular gland tissue, occurring in a 58-year-old man and diagnosed by using CBCT sialography.

Objectif : decrire la faisabilite et les resultats d’un suivi a domicile d’accouchees sorties precocement de la maternite apres un accouchement normal. Methodologie : il s’agit d’une etude prospective et descriptive menee du 1er au 30 avril 2011, dans cinq maternites de la ville de Bobo-Dioulasso au Burkina Faso. Les accouchees par voie basse dont l’examen a la sixieme heure du postpartum a conclu a l’absence de complications pour la mere et le nouveau-ne ont ete incluses. Les sorties ont eu lieu entre 12 et 48 h. Le suivi a domicile a ete assure par telephone, par des visites a domicile ou des visites a l’hopital, avec une consultation postnatale systematique a J7. Resultats : au total, 630 accouchees et leurs nouveau-nes ont ete suivis. Il y a eu en tout 1 567 appels telephoniques. Vingt-sept accouchees n’ont pas pu etre jointes au telephone apres leur sortie, et 140 visites a domicile a la demande ont ete realisees. Nous avons releve en tout cinquante-cinq complications maternelles et 135 complications neonatales. Conclusion :le suivi postnatal a domicile est necessaire pour les accouchees et leurs nouveau-nes sortis precocement de la maternite, du fait des possibilites de complications. Il permet d’assurer le continuum de soins afin d’ameliorer la survie de la mere et du nouveau-ne. Le telephone mobile, du fait de sa propagation dans la population, est probablement un des moyens pour ce suivi.

International audience; A new approach for easy and fast modeling of EMI filter in aircraft application is proposed, in order to be used in an optimization process. A modular description in a user friendly environment allows describing the model and taking into account all the technological parameters of the system, i.e., the control strategy, the inverter model (semiconductors, layout, etc.), the filter, the cables, and the ac machine. The frequency model is automatically built from this description, as well as its gradients according to its inputs. In a second step, by using this model, an optimization of the filter values can be carried out, using various algorithms, to reach the smallest volume. This early design methodology can also be used to investigate the impact of some technological choices of the electrical drive (control strategy or cable characteristics for instance) on the filter volume.

Background: We sought to document the association of Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and immunodeficiency with oncogenic Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection in women with no cervical neoplastic lesions identified through a cervical cancer screening programme in Côte d'Ivoire. Methods: A consecutive sample of women stratified on their HIV status and attending the national blood donor clinic or the closest HIV clinic was recruited during a cervical cancer screening programme based on the visual inspection. Diagnosis of HPV infection and genotype identification were based on the Linear Array; HPV test. Results: A total of 445 (254 HIV-positive and 191 HIV-negative) women were included. The prevalence of oncogenic HPV infection was 53.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) 47.9–59.9) in HIV-positive women and 33.7% (95% CI 27.1–40.3) in HIV-negative women (odds ratio (OR)=2.3 (95% CI 1.5–3.3)). In multivariate analysis, HIV-positive women with a CD4 count

PurposeThe frequency simulation and optimisation of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) filter is often computation time consuming. The purpose of this paper is to propose an approach for easy and fast modelling and optimization of power electronics structures.Design/methodology/approachThe paper proposes an approach for easy and fast modelling and optimization of power electronics structures. It focuses on the EMC filter design. To achieve this task time simulation, FFT and automatic frequency modelling are combined.FindingsAn automatic frequency modelling is proposed and also gives automatically the model gradients. Therefore, the model can be used to optimize the EMC filter, but also can help in choosing its topology. Several optimization algorithms are used and compared.Research limitations/implicationsThe power electronics load is supposed to be a set of predefined harmonic sources, obtained by time simulation + FFT before the optimisation process.Practical implicationsThe frequency model allows for the rapid designing and comparing of several structures or modelling hypothesis with regard to the parasitic elements and circuit imperfections.Originality/valueThe frequency model is automatically generated, and sizing criteria on the component (e.g. inductors, capacitor) can be added in an analytical form, for example, to deal with volume or mass criteria.

Background The safety and immunogenicity of PfAMA1, adjuvanted with Alhydrogel® was assessed in malaria–experienced Malian adults. The malaria vaccine, PfAMA1-FVO [25-545] is a recombinant protein Pichia pastoris-expressed AMA-1 from Plasmodium falciparum FVO clone adsorbed to Alhydrogel®, the control vaccine was tetanus toxoid produced from formaldehyde detoxified and purified tetanus toxin. Methods A double blind randomized controlled phase 1 study enrolled and followed 40 healthy adults aged 18–55 years in Bandiagara, Mali, West Africa, a rural setting with intense seasonal transmission of P. falciparum malaria. Volunteers were randomized to receive either 50 µg of malaria vaccine or the control vaccine. Three doses of vaccine were given on Days 0, 28 and 56, and participants were followed for 1 year. Solicited symptoms were assessed for seven days and unsolicited symptoms for 28 days after each vaccination. Serious adverse events were assessed throughout the study. The titres of anti-AMA-1 antibodies were measured by ELISA and P. falciparum growth inhibition assays were performed. Results Commonest local solicited adverse events were the injection site pain and swelling more frequent in the PfAMA1 group. No vaccine related serious adverse events were reported. A significant 3.5-fold increase of anti-AMA-1 IgG antibodies was observed in malaria vaccine recipients four weeks after the third immunization compared to the control group. Conclusion The PfAMA1 showed a good safety profile. Most adverse events reported were of mild to moderate intensity. In addition, the vaccine induced a significant though short-lived increase in the anti-AMA1 IgG titres. Registered on www.clinicaltrials.gov with the number NCT00431808 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1466-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background Plasmodium falciparum resistance to artemisinin has been reported in South-East Asia. Long half-life drugs are increasingly being used for malaria prevention. The potential spread of parasite resistance to these regimens is real and makes regular efficacy surveillance a priority. Methods From August to December 2004 and July to December 2005, a randomized open label trial of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) + artesunate (AS) versus SP + amodiaquine (AQ), and SP alone, was conducted in two villages of Mali. PCR was used to distinguish new infections from recrudescent P. falciparum infections. Patients were followed for 28 days to assess treatment efficacy. Results Overall 912 children aged between six to 59 months, with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria were recruited. Baseline characteristics were similar in the three treatment arms. Crude ACPRs were 94.9%; 98.6% and 93.5% for SP + AS; SP + AQ and SP alone arms respectively (SP + AS versus SP + AQ, p = 0.01; SP + AS versus SP, p = 0.5; SP + AQ versus SP, p = 0.001). After PCR adjustment, cACPRs were 99%; 100% and 97.2% for SP + AS; SP + AQ and SP alone arms, respectively (SP + AS versus SP + AQ, p = 0.25; SP + AS versus SP, p = 0.12; SP + AQ versus SP, p = 0.007). Conclusion Sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine + amodiaquine therapy was as efficacious as sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine + artesunate, but more efficacious than sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine alone in the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in Mali.

A study was carried out using a clinical audit aimed at identifying the dysfunctions in the care of female patients with serious morbidity. The study was done at the University Hospital of Cocody (CHU de Codody) and in the health training unit in the southern part of Abobo (Abidjan) from January to May 2000.The study allowed us to track and record the frequency of women who nearly died (40.4%) in both of the sites during the period of the study. Malfunctions were found at all stages of the female patients’ care. The provision of medical care during the patients’ hospitalisation and care provided in the emergency room were the cases and situations wherein the most frequency was noted, with 42.8% and 39.6% of dysfunctions found respectively. The delay for patients to wait to receive care was long, varying from 80 minutes to 5 days coupled with a lack of follow-up and surveillance of patients. This data demonstrates the inadequacy of the quality of obstetrical care

The end of the last century and the present decade is characterized by an evolution of the concept of health and illness in the public domain. The World Health Organization defines traditional medicine as "comprising various practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating medicinal herbal, animal and/or mineral, spiritual therapies, applied alone or in combination to maintain well-being and to treat, diagnose or prevent disease. In dentistry, the plants used are numerous. The objective of this work is to describe the herbal medicine used against oral diseases. To conduct this study, 10 articles and theses, a brief, 2 books, 4 reports and 2 clippings on traditional medicine/herbal medicine were consulted. Several African plants, in the form of use, can help relieve or treat dental pain and have positive effects against dental caries and periodontal diseases. The geographic and financial accessibility associated with the lack of qualified personnel are the plants could be an alternative in the management of certain oral diseases.

This paper presents a full EMC model of a 70 kW drive for Aircraft E-ECS (Electrical Environmental Conditioning System). The model includes the inverters, the ICTs (InterCell Transformers), the harness and the electric machine. The parameters of the model are extracted from either experimental identification or numerical simulation. After validation, the model is used in an optimization process to design the EMI filter, with respect to the aeronautic standard DO160F. It is also useful to study the impact of the control strategy and operating point, or others technological choices (cable, machine, …) on the EMI spectrum.

International audience; Cet article fait le point sur certaines connaissances acquises dans le cadre du programme AMMA (phase 1) au sujet des impacts de la variabilité climatique sur la santé en Afrique de l'Ouest. Les auteurs ont travaillé d'une part sur les maladies sévissant majoritairement en saison des pluies, à vecteur tel que le paludisme à Plasmodium falciparum, ou non comme le choléra, et d'autre part sur les maladies respiratoires et non vectorielles, telles que les méningites bactériennes à méningocoques à Neisseira Meningitidis, qui sévissent en plein coeur de la saison sèche. Le paludisme est connu pour sa relation à l'eau et à la température, indispensable pour le développement de son vecteur et son parasite. Le choléra, bien que lié à l'eau, peut aussi être observé en saison sèche : le lien entre choléra et environnement mérite donc un état des lieux éclairé par les nouveaux paramètres et outils disponibles aujourd'hui du côté du climat. L'intensité de la saison de la méningite est très liée aux conditions de vent et d'humidité prédominants en octobre-novembre de l'année précédente. Son démarrage est en phase avec le maximum de l'hiver et l'arrivée des grands événements de poussières dans les basses couches atmosphériques. Enfin, son arrêt est très lié à l'arrivée de la mousson. Ces résultats marquent une étape importante dans la mise en place de systèmes d'alerte précoce.

ED EPS - Supplementary Materials and Associated Data on PMCentral.; International audience; This article assesses the role of malaria and certain social determinants on primary education, especially on educational achievement in Donéguébougou, a small village in a malaria-endemic area near Bamako, Mali. Field data was collected by the authors between November 2007 and June 2008 on 227 schoolchildren living in Donéguébougou. Various malaria indicators and econometric models were used to explain the variation in cognitive abilities, teachers' evaluation scores, school progression and absences. Malaria is the primary cause of school absences. Fixed-effects estimates showed that asymptomatic malaria and the presence of falciparum malaria parasites had a direct correlation with educational achievement and cognitive performance. The evidence suggests that the correlation is causal.

Authors bring back their experience in surgery thyroïdienne patient sur192s admitted and operated in five years in tea service of General Surgery of him FALLEN Ignace Deen Conakry of. Thesis patients represented 3.13% of tea 6139 surgical interventions exercised during tea period of survey. It was about has retrospective survey of descriptive type going from January 1st, 1997 at 31 December 2001, structural one aspects epidemiological, clinic, therapeutic and histologique. Tea done operative gesture was 86 lefts loboisthmectomieseses (44.17%), 41 rights loboisthmectomieseses (21.35%), 58 thyroidectomies subtotales (30.21%), 7 thyroidectomieses total (3.65%). Tea gotten results were good in 99.48%. To slot of death has been recorded, representing 0.52%. Tea goalkeeper of tea survey was to appreciate results of surgery thyroidienne and to take out again elements of bad prognostication of this surgery in their service.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effectiveness of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite on endocanal bacteria related to the time contact Within root canal.110 teeth were prepared and inoculated with Enterococcus feacalis. All teeth were irrigated with a same volume and exposed a period ranging 1 to 10 min. Canals were sampled before and after time contact.All time reduced the number of bacterial cells within the root canal (p0.05). There was no significant difference after the time contact of 3 min (p0.05). Lack of effectiveness might be caused by irrigant to reach microorganism in dentinal tubules.

In May 2001, we conducted a descriptive transversal survey with a single data collection phase in 13 schools in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the awareness, attitudes, and practices of teenagers with regard to HIV/AIDS. Most respondents (66.5%) were female. Mean age was 16.32 years (range, 13 to 19 years). Most respondents stated that they had heard about AIDS and demonstrated good factual knowledge. The most frequently mentioned method of prevention was condom use (89.2%). A total of 338 (56.1%) had already experienced sexual intercourse. However most sexually active respondents stated that they did no always use condoms.

The non carious cervical lesion (NCCL) is a loss of tooth tissue at the neck of affected teeth that is unrelated to tooth decay. They are commonly encountered in clinical practice and present in a variety of forms. The purpose of this paper is to determine the prevalence of the NCCL in a Senegalese population. From 655 patients, 112 with cervical lesions were identified i.e. a global prevalence of 17.10%. The prevalence rate for abrasion was reported to be 77.70%, 12.50% for abfraction and 9.80% for erosion. Etiological factors were studied for abrasion and erosion. 54% of the patients with abrasion used their toothbrush horizontally. For erosion, only external factors were identified: consumption of acidic drinks (9 patients) or alcohol (1 patient) and professional environment (1 patient). Dentists should consider these lesions in their daily practice.

Dental amalgam is a combination of mercury, silver, tin and copper used in the treatment of the dental decays. Amalgam is used in dentistry since many years. Actually a large discussion held according to environmental pollution and risk of intoxication for the patient and the dentist himself. The aim of our survey concerning 103 dentists was to determine the quantity of mercury used in a year, to see the risks linked with the equipment and the manipulation of amalgam and to study the incoming of the trashes of amalgam. Our results showed that among the dentists: 44.66% used 250 to 500 g of mercury by year, 14.56% used their hands for insertion of amalgam in the cavities, 10.68% used their hands for condensation of amalgam in the cavities, 87.38% throw their amalgam on the trash.

Anophelism without malaria has long been recognized. In large irrigation projects, such as that around Niono, Mali, villages in irrigated areas sometimes have more anopheline vectors of malaria than adjacent nonirrigated villages, but overall malaria prevalence is substantially less. One hypothesized explanation for this is high anopheline densities lead to smaller adults, who do not live so long and hence are less efficient at transmitting the disease. We analyzed serial collections from 18 villages in an irrigated area of Mali, measuring correlations between mosquito densities and survival rates, zoophilic rates, and vectorial capacity over the villages and times. Adult density was inversely related to anthropophily and adult survival and its relationship with vectorial capacity was positive at low mosquito densities, flat at intermediate densities, and negative at high densities. This may partly explain why malaria prevalence is low in irrigated villages with high Anopheles density.

The maxillary first molar is submitted to frequent endodontic treatment and more over, it presents the highest failure rates, often in relation with his mesio-buccal root. Several studies about failures factors showed implication of root canal anatomy often in relation with the frequency of second canal. However, other failures factors, as the foramen situation, which is very important in endodontic practice, could increase the failure rate. The aim of this study was to determine the foramen situation in Senegalese people. The results showed 63.85% of excentric foramina (83 out of 130). 86% of excentric foramina were located at 1.5mm radiology apex.

This retrospective study of 118 teeth receiving root canal treatment was conducted to determine the frequence and complications of delayed root canal treatment. Teeth were categorised into prompt treatment group and delayed treatment group according to the length time of treatment; prompt treatment group was defined as a group where root canal treatment was achieved within a period of 4 months or less, and delayed treatments group, a group where period of treatment was greater than 4 months or where canals were never obturated. Two types of complications were studied: postobturation pain and fracture involving tooth extration. The results of this study have shown that 34.5% of treatments were delayed. In this group we found also a higher rate of fractures involving tooth extraction, but the difference was not significant. The results have also shown that disappearance of pain was the essential factors in the frequence of delayed treatment, but the dental chair breakdown had some responsability. As well as in the two groups, the first reason of extractions was fracture and not pain. These results emphasize the necessity of focusing the patient's motivation on the risk of losing the tooth.

This study shows and evaluates the quality of the new root canal filling and periapical healing about 24 cases of endodontic retreatment, equivalent of 7.76% of endodontic treatments done at the clinic. The main consultation purposes were pain (54.17%) and pre-prosthetic control (40.90%) on these patients. 75% of teeth were treated in a single session attempt to 45 minutes. The root canal filling is performed in 91.65% of cases, with the safe apical limit reached in 88.13% and 94.11% per apical healing toward a short term results.

After the introduction of the lateral compactage of gutta percha in endodontic clinic of OdontoStomatology Institute of Dakar in 1995; the immediate evaluation of the quality and the limit of the canal obturation due to a prospective study on 157 monoradicular teeth so be 168 canals (11 supplementary canals) has shown that 75% of canals are of type I of Vertucci and that the apical limit of security is reached within 80.25% of cases. The manual step back canal preparation (79.17%) and the technique of canal obturation by lateral compactage of gutta percha [(64.88%); Apical limit of security: 59.52%] permit to obtain a densities (95.83%) and homogeneous (79.57%) canal obturation. The indication of gutta percha compactage on monoradicular teeth (hermetic and tridimensional root canal filling) must avail to apical curved roots of lateral incisive, the use of adapted instruments in case of canines (31 mm) and apical stop cone on necrotic pulp teeth.

Coming to consult a dentist implies a toothache. Bucco-dental diseases have an insidious evolution, starting from low sound that rapidly leads to complications that are primarily manifested as pain and gingivorhage in patients. Yet there are ways of detecting these in the early stages before the stage of pain. Treating enamel decay can also be considered late if we cannot pay the price. But leaving the teeth of children decay can affect their general health throughout life. What keeps patients far from bucco-dental consultation services? Among the raisons given by 14 patients chosen at random in the Stomatology unit at CHU-Yaounde, only poverty and lack of information have drawn our attention. And to conquer this education to prevention is the solution indicated.

The objective of this study is to describe the oral hygiene habits and the status of the teeth decay of 150 senegalese students living in a university campus. The results showed that the toothbrush as mean of oral hygiene supplanted the traditional means such as "cure dents" or water rinse with finger. Results showed also a high rate decay (60%) but the CAO index remained low (2.04%). We founded an improvement of dental decay status with an increasing daily number of tooth brushing: we noted a decreasing dental plaque deposition rate, a decreasing decay rate and a CAO index remaining low until adult age.

The objective of this study is to describe the food intake and the oral hygiene habits of 150 Senegalese students living in a university campus. According to Miller, we realised a four days survey. We noted an increase of sugar drinks; tea is the most consumed drink. The results showed also that the toothbrush as means of oral hygiene supplanted the traditional means such as "cure dents" or water rinse with finger.

In this two years retrospective study the authors determined the rate of survival composite restorations and evaluated clinically the remaining restorations by the Public Health Service (P.H.S.) criteria of Ryge. These restorations were performed by students using Heliomolar composite with scotchbond 2 adhesive dentin system. Results have shown that after two years, 98 (81.67%) out of 120 restorations were present and 51.2% were still working. Clinical evaluation of the remaining restorations needed replacement mainly because of severe color mismatch. Anatomic form and marginal adaptation were well scored after two years (score Alpha or Bravo). This study has shown that composite material is a valuable and effective technology for conservative treatment of anterior teeth in Senegal to avoid tooth extractions and prosthetic. However the knowledge about the type of composite material used must be improved and the operative procedures should be more controlled.

This study was conducted to determine the incidence of pain during and after root canal treatment. Complete debridement and root canal preparation was performed in first visit. The frequency of pain was recorded and evaluated in 150 patients receiving root canal treatment. Results has shown that incidence of pain was 6.66% root canal preparation in vital teeth and 21% in non-vital teeth (necrosis). Post-obturation pain occurred in 18.75% for vital teeth and 13.15% non-vital teeth (necrosis).

This study was done to establish the prevalence of taurodontism and pyramidal molars in Senegalese people using the criteria of SCHIFFFMAN and CHANANNEL for taurodontism and the criteria of BRABANT for pyramidal molar, the first and second molars on the panoramic radiograph of 150 consecutive 15-19 year-old Senegalese people were assessed. Results have shown that taurodontism and pyramidal molars were present in 48.6% of patients (20% of teeth). Taurodontism was present in 48% (18.8% of teeth) of patients whereas prevalence of pyramidal molar was 4.6% (1.6% of teeth). Taurodontism was alone in 91.6% of case while pyramidal molar was alone in 8.6% of case.

The long-term of endodontic treatment performed by under graduated students in Dakar were assessed. The overall success rate was 83.84% Vital teeth showed better results than the non vital teeth (necrosis).

This study was done to establish the prevalence of taurodontism using the criteria of SCHIFMAN and CHANANNEL, the first and second molars on the panoramic radiograph of 150 consecutive 15-19 year-old Senegalese people were assessed. Results have shown that taurodontism was present in 48% of patients (18.8% of teeth). Taurodontism was greater in females (% compared % in male) but the difference was not significantly, it was found that was significantly greater in the maxillary and in the second molar.

We conducted a retrospective study of all hysterectomies performed in our setting over a two year period (1995-1996). The objective was double: define the indications and precise the outcome. A total of 141 cases were recorded. The main characteristics of the patients were the following: a mean age of 38 years, mean gravidity and parity of 5 and an average number of living children of 3. Hysterectomy was performed by the abdominal route in 86.52% of the cases. The main indications were: uterine rupture (39.71%), uterine myoma (25.53%), genital prolapse (19.89%) and cervix cancer (7.09%). Adnexectomy was associated in 51 cases and it was bilateral in 22 cases. The following complications occurred: 5 deaths, 8 wound abcess, 2 bladder injury, 1 ureter injury and 1 case of post-operative hemorragea.

This prospective study was conducted during a period of 30 days in 96 patients to determine the incidence of postobturation pain after single-visit root canal treatment in black Senegalese people. The canals of all teeth were hand-prepared and filled with zinc-oxide-eugenol paste by a Lentulo spiral paste filler. Patients were asked to categorize their pain according to the following criteria: No pain, Slight pain, Moderate pain and Severe pain. The data were analysed statically with chi-square test to determine the relationship, if any, between the pain experienced and sex, age, tooth type, apical level of root filling and number of treatment performed in the single-visit. Results show that eighteen patients experienced pain (18.75%); our results are ranging between 10% and 25% described in the literature. No significant correlation was found between postobturation pain and any other factor with the exception of the apical length of canal filling. Characteristics of postobturation pain after root canal treatment performed in single-visit in Senegalese people presents the same features as described in international papers, that is, pain appears early and analgesic therapy is effective.

Root canal therapy is usually performed in single or multiple-visit treatment. The choice of single or multiple visit depend on dentist and patient available time. In general dentistry, multiple-visit is widely chosen by dentist whereas endodontic speciality recommend single-visit. In this study we analyzed 120 root canal therapy performed by students, to determine the number of visits needed to achieve treatment from endodontic-cavity-access to root canal filling and its possible, influence in the successful rate. Results showed that globally, 60% of treatments were performed in multiple-visit. Results showed also hat 89.3% of anteriors teeth were performed in single-visit but there is a higher rate of fail: 31.78%. Nevertheless, these results do not condemn endodontic single visit therapy.

It is a prospective study based on the pre introduction evaluation of Norplant implants conducted from September 92 to September 93 in the city of Ouagadougou. 197 women were selected for the study. Based on unemployed women with an average age of 31 years old. The average parity was of 5.47% of patients were multiparas. A gain of weight of an average of 2.43 kg was observed. The main side effects observed was cycle disorders and headache. The continuing rate after 12 months was 96.5%. Conclusion from this study is that Norplant Implants are well tolerated and accepted by women.According to the 1989 census, Burkina Faso has a fertility rate of 7.1%. In 1992, the rate of contraceptive use was 8.2%. In an effort to expand the selection of contraceptive methods available in the country, the government of Burkina Faso worked with the Population Council to introduce the Norplant subcutaneous implant method of contraception. Norplant is a long-term, reversible, hormonal contraceptive method employing levonorgestrel. A prospective study based upon the preintroduction evaluation of Norplant was conducted from September 1992 to September 1993 in Ouagadougou. 197 women aged 18-47 years were chosen for the study. They were of mean age 31.9 years with 67% aged 30-39 years. Their mean parity was 5 children with the extremes of 1-11 children. 47% were multiparous, and 69% had already ever used a contraceptive method. The women weighed 42-91 kg, of mean weight 60 kg upon Norplant insertion and 62.43 kg 12 months later. Main secondary effects were cycle disorders and cephaly. The continuation rate of Norplant use after 12 months was 96.5%. These data indicate that Norplant is well accepted and tolerated by women in this setting.

On 12,175 childbirth registered in 4 years, 200 cases of delivery haemorrhage have been observed giving a rate of 1.6% of these accumulated childbirth. 60 patients (30.5%) have been evacuated from region of the country. The main etiology were: placental retention (54.5%), uterine inertia (24.5%) and coagulation disorders (21%). Blood was not available for emergency transfusion of 72 patients (54.1%) 26 deplorable cases of death raised the rate of lethality by 13%. Instant research of risk factors on all parturients, recycling of all personal on elementary first aid and life saving, also an improvement of sanitary references will enable to lower incidences related to haemorrhage by delivery.