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In this paper, a mathematical model is proposed to study the influence of elasticity on peristaltic flow of nanofluid in a vertical tube with temperature dependent viscosity. The expressions for axial velocity, temperature, flux and pressure gradient are derived. The different nanofluids suspensions are consider to analyze the influence of elasticity on flux variation. Application of blood flow through veins is studied by expressing relationship between pressure gradient and volume flow rate in an elastic tube. The effect of different pertinent parameters on the flow characteristics of nano fluid in an elastic tube with peristalsis is analyzed through graphs. The variation in flux for different nanofluids like pure water H2O, Copper-water nanofluid CuO + H2O, Silver-water Ag + H2O and Titanium oxide-water nanofluid TiO2 + H2O are illustrated through graphs. The variation in flux for various physical parameters such as amplitude ratio, heat source parameter, Grashof number, viscosity parameter and elastic parameters are discussed. The flux takes higher values for nano particles case when compared to pure water. The flux enhances with amplitude ratio, Grashof number, heat source/sink factor and viscosity factor. The flux is more for the Titanium oxide-water nanofluid TiO2 + H2O when compared to remaining cases. The important observation is that pressure rise along mean flow rate is increase due to raise in temperature of source or sink in puming region and decreases in co pumping region. In the absence of elastic parameter (α″ = 0), the results observed in the present study are similar to that of results observed by O. A. Beg et al., Results in Physics 7, 413 (2017).

Background Hypotension following spinal anaesthesia is one of the most common complication leading to poor maternal and fetal outcomes. This study is designed to assess the association between anthropometric parameters and incidence of hypotension in parturient's undergoing cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Aim and objectives The aim of this study is to evaluate if maternal anthropometric parameters like abdominal circumference, vertebral column length and symphysiofundal height has any effect on incidence of hypotension during cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Methods 100 term pregnant women aged between 18-45 years, ASA-PS grade 1-2 undergoing cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia were included in the study.The preoperative anthropometric parameters - Abdominal circumference(AC), symphysiofundal height(SFH) and vertebral column length (VC)were recorded. Spinal Anaesthesia was induced with 2ml of 0.5% Heavy Bupivacaine at the level of L2-L3. The haemodynamic parameters were recorded every 2 minutes up to 10 minutes and thereafter every 5 minutes up to 20 minutes after spinal anesthesia. Correlation analysis (Spearman's rank test) was performed to nd the correlations of AC , VC length and SFH with the incidence of hypotension. Statistical analysis was done using Chi square test, t test and one way ANOVA . P < 0.05 was considered statistically signicant . ResultsThe incidence of hypotension was directly proportional with increasing SFH and AC. The incidence of hypotension was 83% with SFH of 36–40 cm, 57% with AC 95–99cm, 78% with VC length of 50-55 cms and 22% with VC length of 56-60 cms which was statistically signicant ( P < 0.001). Conclusions The anthropometric measurements like AC, VC length and SFH can be a reliable predictor of hypotension and level of sensory blockade and can help in optimising the dose of spinal anesthetic drug .

Introduction: Regional nerve blocks provide excellent analgesia in children without adverse effects. However the duration of analgesia may be limited therefore addition of adjuvants can effectively prolong the duration of analgesia. Since alpha 2 agonist effectively prolong the duration of analgesia, we conducted a randomised double blind study to evaluate the effectiveness of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant in infraorbital nerve block. Materials and Methods: Eighty children of ASA grade 1 and 2, of either sex scheduled for cleft lip repair under general anaesthesia were allocated randomly into one of two equal groups (Group B and Group D, n=40). In both group sinfraorbital nerve block was performed with 1ml of solution on each side. The B group received bupivacaine 0.25% and the D group received b upivacaine 0.25% with 0.5mg/kg dexmedetomidine. The mean duration of analgesia and number of patients receiving rescue analgesia was recorded in both groups. The intraoperative hemodynamic parameters and postoperative sedation scores were recorded. For pain and sedation scores, Mann–Whitney U-test was used. Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data. P 0.05 was considered as the level of statistical significance. Results: Both groups were comparable in demographic profile. The mean duration of analgesia in Group D (73349.15 minutes) was significantly longer compared to Group B (49628.26) (p=0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in the number of patients receiving rescue analgesics in Group B (36) and Group D(8). The number of times of rescue analgesics in Group B and Group D was 3and 1 respectively, which was statistically significant. The intraoperative and postoperative hemodynamic HR was comparable in both groups (Figure 2). The sedation score in the postoperative period did not differ between the two groups. Keywords: Analgesia, Bupivacaine, Dexmedetomidine, Infraorbital nerve block.

Highly sensitive spectrophotometric and gas chromatographic methods were developed for the determination of chloropyrifos. Alkaline hydrolysis of chloropyrifos to 1,2,4-trichloropyridine was the basis followed by coupling with congored in presence of nitric acid. The absorption maxima of blue color formed at 800-900C was formed at 605nm.Beer’s law was obeyed in the range of 0.5-5.7 ppm. The standard deviation was found to be ± 0.005.The method was free from other pesticide interferences. The method was applied to various fruits and vegetables procured at various agricultural fields at sabbavaram area, Visakhapatnam, India and found satisfactory. Keeping in view of extensive use of pesticides on fruits and vegetables damaging the ecological balance. Determination of pesticide residue in The various vegetables collected are cauliflower, potato, spinach, and fruits suchas pinkapple, grapes etc were analysed by using Gas –chromatography with electron capture detector (GC-ECD). GC-ECD has great potential for determining organochlorine pesticides in food extracts at low levels. Residues were extracted with hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate (1:1% V/V).Clean up procedure was carried by applying solid phase extraction column. The recoveries of chloropyrifos pesticide in fruits and vegetables selected were in the range of 80 to 98% fortified at 0.5 mg/Kg. Some grape samples showed above the limit of quantification.

Challenges while designing algorithms in fixed WDM are easier than the flexible optical networks. The major challenges in flexible optical networks are in related with physical layer, routing, spectrum allocation (RSA) and dynamic traffic fluctuations. Spectrum allocation policies are used to minimize the cost of transponder and also to utilize spectrum efficiently. Spectrum allocation policies such as constant spectrum allocation (CSA), dynamic high expansion–low contraction (DHL) and dynamic alternate direction (DAD) used to avoid wastage of bandwidth. For these policies, blocking probability, cost of transponders and regenerators required are calculated using MATLAB software.

The current study presents chromium (VI) biosorption performance of Spongomorpha indica from synthetic medium. Spongomorpha indica, naturally available green marine alga was selected as an adsorbent. The influence of three process parameters i.e., initial pH, initial chromium (VI) ions concentration and Spongomorpha indica biomass dosage, on the performance of biosorbent was studied. CCD of RSM was adopted to optimize process parameters and the results were analyzed using ANOVA to determine significance of influential parameters and their interaction effect on process efficiency. The predicted optimum values i.e., the biosorption 95.29%, pH 5.62, initial Cr(VI) concentration 31.82 mg/L and Spongomorpha indica biomass dosage 0.04 g/L through statistical optimization were found to be approximately equal to the confirmation experiment measured values. The results of kinetic studies revealed that the mechanism involved in metal capturing by biosorbent is ionic interaction between metal cations and various surface ionic groups of biomass with heterogeneous mass transfer. Equilibrium isotherm studies disclosed that Langmuir model was well correlated to equilibrium data. FTIR and SEM analysis were recorded for surface characterization of Spongomorpha indica.

Objectives To study the additional benefits of ultrasonography in patients with inferior heel pain treated with diclofenac for foot pressure profile and pain. Materials and methods This was a randomized experimental trial. Comparison of the efficacy of two treatment modalities (diclofenac alone vs diclofenac with ultrasound therapy) with respect to pressure profiles using pedography and a visual analog scale (VAS) was carried out. Twenty-three patients with unilateral inferior heel pain were considered subjects. The main outcome measures were foot pressure profile using pedography and pain severity using VAS. Results In the diclofenac alone group, it was observed that there was significant decrease in pain score posttreatment. The rest of the parameters did not show any significant change. In the diclofenac and ultrasound group, a statistically significant increase in the rear foot pressure area and decrease in the VAS score posttreatment was observed. Changes in the rest of the parameters were not significant. Comparison of the difference between the two treatment modalities with respect to pressure areas and VAS scale for pain showed no significant change statistically. Conclusion Ultrasound therapy shows some increase in the ability to take more rear foot pressure while walking, but it does not have any other added benefit over diclofenac in treating inferior heel pain with respect to pressure profile and pain. How to cite this article Sumalatha KB, Sardana R, Singh UP, Handa G, Yadav SL, Sreenivas V. Comparative Study of Effect of Diclofenac Alone vs. Diclofenac with Ultrasound Therapy in Patients with Inferior Heel Pain using Pedography. Indian J Phy Med Rehab 2017;28(2):53-58.

Background: Globally, child marriage (CM) is defined as marriage before the age of 18 years which applies to both boys and girls (1).However in India, as per ‘Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006’, a marriage is legally considered as CM when girl is less than 18 years old or boy is less than21 years old.(2) In 2007, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) reported that a girl under the age of15 is five times more likely to die during pregnancy and childbirth than a woman in her 20s(3) Most importantly, early marriage bereaves young girls of their childhood by overburdening them with domestic responsibility, motherhood, and sexual relations rather than allowing them to play with friends, go to school, and dream about a career (4) Aims and objectives: Our aim is to assess women’s knowledge and attitude towards child marriage practice who married before 18 years. To know the association between the child marriages and their consequences Methods:A community based cross sectional study was conducted among women residing in urban slums of Nandyal. Anin-depth interview wasconducted with 30 pre-identified married women of reproductive age (15–49 years). The criteria for selection of participants was those woman who married before the age of 18 years (child marriage) and married for at least 5 years and had at least one child birth. Reasons for setting the said selection criteria were to make sure that the interviewee had a prenatal and postnatal experience that they have spent a considerable time in marital union. Results: Among 30 participants the mean age of child marriage is 14 years. Mean age at first child birth is 15years. Majority (86.7%) were stopped education after marriage. According to Modified Kuppuswamy class 63.3% were belong to upper lower class &13.3%lower class. Almost (56.7%) unaware of appropriate age for marriage. Majority (73.3%) are unaware of negative consequences of child marriage. Most of the marriages are consanguineous (40%). Majority (60%) are home deliveries and pre term deliveries (46%). Majority (73.3%) are opposing child marriage and 26.7% are supporting child marriage and having future intention. Satisfied with their married life 60% and 40% participants are having conflicts Conclusions: Raising the level of awareness about negative outcomes of child marriage by intensifying the Health education (IEC) activities. In this modern society the child marriages are following because of the customs and traditions followed in the community. Home deliveries are more which utmost leads to danger to

The flow of a Jeffrey fluid in an inclined elastic tube is investigated. The expressions for velocity and flux flow rate are determined. The flux is determined as a function of inlet, outlet, external pressures, non-Newtonian Jeffrey parameter and the elastic parameters of the tube. The effects of different parameters on the velocity and the flux are discussed. It is observed that the effects of Jeffrey parameter and elastic parameters have strong effects on the pumping phenomena. When the Jeffrey parameter and inclination parameter tends to zero, our results agree with those of Rubinow and Keller [J. Theor. Biol. 35, 299 (1972)]. Further the increasing elastic parameters and inclination parameter increase the flux of the non-Newtonian fluid in the elastic tube

Glasses with composition 10SrO:(30−x)ZnO:60B2O3:xMnO, 0≤x≤0.9 (all compositions in wt%) have been prepared and investigated by X-ray diffraction, EPR, Optical absorption and FT-IR spectroscopic techniques. The XRD pattern of all the glasses confirmed the formation of an amorphous structure. The EPR spectra of all glass samples exhibit resonance signals at g≈2.0 with a sextet of hyperfine lines. The spin concentration (N) and temperature dependence of EPR signals were studied for Mn2+ ions in strontium zinc borate glass samples. The zero-field splitting parameter D has been evaluated from the intensities of the allowed hyperfine lines. The paramagnetic susceptibility (χ) was calculated from EPR data at different temperatures and the Curie temperature (θp) was calculated from the 1/χ verses T graph. The optical absorption spectra exhibit a single broad band near 470 nm and this has been attributed to the spin-allowed 5Eg→5T2g transition of Mn3+ ions in octahedral symmetry. The theoretical optical basicity (Λth) of these glasses have also been evaluated. The FTIR studies show BO3 and BO4 structural units in strontium zinc borate glasses.

The life expectancy in spinal cord injury has increased but no cure has been found yet. Stem cell therapy in the spinal cord injury stands high hopes of neural repair and regeneration and getting back to normal life. But for its fruitful result it is essential to know the pathophysiology of the spinal cord injury and also the treatment should be appropriately timed according to the stages of injury. Regular follow-up of these patients is very important as stem cell therapy alone without appropriate rehabilitation may not only result in failure of therapy but also patients may end up in complications such as UTI, bed sores etc. Role of rehab in spinal cord injury with respect to physiological and task oriented neuroplasticity has shown benefits in animal studies. Rehabilitation programme integrated with the stem cell therapy may help to improve the functional outcome.

Highly sensitive spectrophotometric and gas chromatographic methods were developed for the determination of chloropyrifos.Alkaline hydrolysis of chloropyrifos to 1,2,4-trichloropyridine was the basis followed by coupling with congored in presence of nitric acid.The absorption maxima of blue color formed at 80 0 -90 0 C was formed at 605nm.Beer’s law was obeyed in the range of 0.5-5.7ppm.The standard deviation was found to be ± 0.005.The method was free from other pesticide interferences.The method was applied to various fruits and vegetables procured at various agricultural fields at sabbavaram area,Visakhapatnam,India and found satisfactory.Keeping in view of extensive use of pesticides on fruits and vegetables damaging the ecological balance. Determination of pesticide residue in The various vegetables collected are cauliflower, potato, spinach, and fruits suchas pinkapple,grapes etc were analysed by using Gas –chromatography with electron capture detector ( GC-ECD). Residues were extracted with hexane,dichloromethane and ethyl acetate (1:1% V/V).Clean up procedure was carried by applying solid phase extraction column. The recoveries of chloropyrifos pesticide in fruits and vegetables selected were in the range of 80 to 98% fortified at 0.5mg/Kg.Some grape samples showed above the limit of quantification.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), optical absorption, and infrared spectral studies have been carried out on Mn2+ ions doped in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) complexed with polyethylene glycol (PEG) films prepared by solution cast technique. The EPR spectra of 0.25 mol% Mn2+ ions doped polymer complex (PVA+PEG) at room temperature exhibit sextet hyperfine structure (hfs), centered at g ≈ 1.99. The spin–Hamiltonian parameter values indicate that the ground state of Mn2+ ion is d5 and the site symmetry around Mn2+ ions in tetragonally distorted octahedral site. The spin concentration participating in the resonance is measured as a function of temperature and it is observed that it obeys Boltzmann’s law. The paramagnetic susceptibility (χ) is calculated from the EPR data at various temperatures (93–333 K) and it obeys the Curie–Weiss law. The optical absorption spectra exhibits two bands which are assigned to 6A1g (S)→4A1g (G) or 4Eg (G) and 6A1g (S)→4T2g (G) transitions. The infrared spectrum exhibits few bands due to the presence of O–H, C–H, and C=C groups.

A simple, rapid, sensitive, and precise spectrophotometric method for the determination of Malathion is described. The method is based on the decomposition of Malathion in the presence of alcoholic KOH. Dimethyldithiophosphate produced is made to react with Ammonium meta vanadate in Nitric acid with the formation of blue color. Acid degradation of too slow to be important under environmental reaction conditions. However, alkaline degradation is too fast to be a pathway in environmental condition. The products of alkaline degradation are temperature dependant. The absorbance maximum was observed at 760 nm. The Beers law is obeyed up to 11 ppm. Interference study was carried for other pesticides.

10 wt% SrO:30 wt% ZnO:60 wt% B 2 O 3 incorporated with different vanadyl concentrations were studied by means of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and optical absorption techniques. The spin-Hamiltonian parameters ( g and A ), bonding parameters ( α 2 and β 2 ∗ 2 ) and Fermi contact interaction parameter K have been calculated. The values of spin-Hamiltonian parameters indicate that the VO 2+ ions in strontium zinc borate glasses were present in octahedral sites with tetragonal compression. The spin concentration ( N ) participating in resonance was calculated as a function of temperature (93–273 K) for strontium zinc borate glass sample containing 0.9 wt% of VO 2+ ions and the activation energy ( E a ) was calculated. From the EPR data, the paramagnetic susceptibility ( χ ) was calculated at various temperatures and the Curie constant ( C ) was evaluated from the 1/ χ – T graph. The optical absorption spectra of VO 2+ ions in these glasses show two bands corresponding to the transitions 2 B 2g → 2 B 1g and 2 B 2g → 2 E g in the order of decreasing energy respectively. The optical band gap energies ( E opt ) and Urbach energy (Δ E ) have been determined from their ultraviolet edges. The theoretical values of optical basicity ( Λ th ) of these glasses have also been evaluated.

In order to model the blood flow through an artery in presence of catheter, we considered a steady, laminar, incompressible, Poiseuille flow of a Herschel-Bulkley fluid between two horizontal parallel elastic walls. The power law index ( ) and yield stress ( ) are the two parameters of the Herschel - Bulkley fluid. By giving different values for the above mentioned parameters, we get the Newtonian, Bingham and Power-law fluids as special cases. The exact solutions for the flow quantities such as velocity, plug flow velocity and flux are derived. The flux is determined as a function of inlet, outlet, external pressures and the elastic property of the channel. The effect of elastic parameters on flux variation is analyzed. Further when and our results qualitatively agree with those of Rubinow and Keller [2]. In addition, velocity of the Herschel- Bulkley fluid flow is expressed in terms of elastic parameters.

The citrus limonium peel has been known as the potential aid for the adsorption of various metals. The biosorbent prepared from the citrus limonium peel is practically recognized for the rapid evacuation and fast biosorption of chromium ions from the waste water effluents. Batch studies were performed to evaluate the biosorption characteristics of Citrus limonium peel for of Cr+6 from aqueous solutions at various process parameters like pH (1-9), metal ion concentration (20-100 mg/L), the mass of the biosorbent (0.1-0.5 g), average particle size (75-212 Mesh) and solution temperature (303-333 K) at a maximum equilibrium agitation time of 75 minutes in an orbital shaker at 180 RPM. The obtained exploratory results were taken into consideration, the maximum evacuation of chromium onto Citrus limonium peel as biosorbent by 91.81 %. Optimized the biosorption efficiency using Central Composite Design (CCD) at pH = 5.08, Initial concentration 23.3 mg/L, the mass of the biosorbent is 0.35 grams and temperature of the metal solution is 307.09. Experimentation led above optimum conditions, the value of 2.93 % deviation is obtained with proposed value. Adsorption isothermal data were easily interpreted by Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R), a Freundlich model with maximum biosorption capacity of 19.6 mg/g of chromium ions on Citrus limonium peel. The kinetic data were appropriately equipped with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), optical absorption and FT-IR studies have been carried out on chromium ions incorporated in alkaline earth zinc borate glasses. The EPR spectra exhibit two resonance signals with effective g values at g ≈ 1.99 and ≈1.97. The resonance signal at g ≈ 1.99 is attributed to the contribution from both the exchange coupled Cr3+–Cr3+ ion pairs and the isolated Cr3+ ions and the resonance signal at g ≈ 1.97 is due to Cr5+ ions. The paramagnetic susceptibility (χ) was calculated from the EPR data at various (123–303 K) temperatures and the Curie temperature (θp) was calculated from the 1/χ–T graph. The optical absorption spectra exhibit three bands at ~360 nm, ~440 nm and a broad band at ~615 nm characteristic of Cr3+ ions in an octahedral symmetry. From the observed band positions, the crystal-field splitting parameter Dq and the Racah parameters (B and C) have been evaluated. From the ultraviolet edges, the optical band gap energies (Eopt) and Urbach energy (ΔE) are calculated. The theoretical optical basicity (Λth) of these glasses has also been evaluated. Chromium ions doped alkaline earth zinc borate glasses show BO3 and BO4 structural units in the FT-IR studies.

This paper deals with peristaltic motion of electrically conducting nanofluid in a tapered asymmetric channel through a porous medium in presence of heat and mass transfer under the effect of slip conditions. The problem is reduced mathematically by a set of nonlinear partial differential equations which describe the conservation of mass, momentum, energy and concentration of nanoparticles. The non-dimensional form of these equations is simplified under the assumption of long wavelength and low Reynolds number. The coupled governing equations are solved analytically. The expressions for velocity, stream function, temperature and concentration are derived. The results have been presented graphically for the various interested emerging parameters and the obtained results are discussed in detail. It is observed that the magnitude of the velocity decreases in the middle of the channel while it increases near the channel walls with an increase in the non-uniform parameter It is also noticed that the nanoparticle temperature increases with increasing thermal slip parameter . The present result coincides with the findings of Kothandapani and Prakash [19].