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Copyright of @limentech: Ciencia y Tecnología Alimentaria is the property of Journal @limentech, University of Pamplona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales is the property of Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Latinoamericana de la Papa is the property of Asociacion Latinoamericana de la Papa (ALAP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas is the property of Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Horticolas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto del bioproducto IHPLUS® y sus tiempos de inmersión, sobre el proceso de germinación de Sorghum bicolor L. Moench cv. UDG-110. Se estudiaron 10 tratamientos: control (agua destilada); y otros nueve con aplicación del bioproducto en tres concentraciones (2, 4 y 6 %) y tres tiempos de inmersión (2, 4 y 6 h). Las semillas se sembraron en placas Petri de 5 cm de diámetro, sobre soporte de papel de filtro humedecido con agua destilada. Se evaluaron los indicadores siguientes: porcentaje y valor de germinación, longitud de la raíz y de la parte aérea, actividad α-amilasa, y contenido de proteínas y de azúcares reductores. Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con cuatro réplicas por tratamiento. Los resultados fueron procesados con el paquete estadístico SPSS® versión 15.0. Se realizó un ANOVA y la prueba de rangos múltiples de Tukey para la comparación de medias. Los tratamientos con IHPLUS® mostraron un efecto positivo sobre el proceso de germinación. Se observó un incremento en el valor de germinación en las primeras 48 h del ensayo con la aplicación del producto, así como valores superiores en la longitud de la raíz y de la parte aérea. Hubo un incremento de la actividad α-amilasa que se correspondió con un aumento en las concentraciones de azúcares reductores y proteínas solubles totales. Se concluye que el IHPLUS® es un bioproducto efectivo para estimular el proceso de germinación del S. bicolor L. Moench cv. UDG-110, con potencialidades para el desarrollo de una agricultura agroecológica.

The nicotine, reducing sugar and ion contents from the threshing of tobacco can re-used from the industry. The crude oil and fatty oil compositions of tobacco seeds can be considered as an alternative source of raw material for biodiesel. In this study, the nicotine, reducing sugar content, crude oil, fatty acid composition and ion content were determined in 29 genotypes and 1 cultivar of tobacco. The genetic diversity was determined among the tobacco cultivar and genotypes base on examined properties. The nicotine content varied between 0.10-0.87%, reducing sugar ranged from 9.70-21.30%, crude oil varied between 24.33-47.00% and fatty acid compositions was found in the range of 77.94-100%. Linoleic (13.92-75.04%) and butyric (0.33-64.98%) acids were the major components. Overall, the BSR-5 (52.56 mg/g) and ESR-5 (44.58 mg/g) genotypes exhibited the highest potassium contents and ESR-7 (6.54 mg/g) and ESR-8 (1.28 mg/g) genotypes had the lowest chlorine contents. As a result of this study, the highest nicotine content, reducing sugar and crude oil of tobacco were found in ESR-4, ESR-11 and BSR-5 genotypes, respectively. The dendrogram analysis divided the tobacco into two main groups and most of the same origin genotypes fell into the same group. The results indicated that the different tobacco leaves and seeds can be evaluated as an alternative source in the industry as cigarettes, biodiesel and different industrial applications such as cosmetic, oil paints and varnishes based on their chemical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to optimize the enzymatic hydrolysis process to degrade cellulose from corn stubble (Zea mays), using enzymes from Aspergillus niger. During the first phase of the experimentation, the content of dry matter, organic matter, ash, crude protein, ethereal extract, lignin and cellulose content of the stubble was determined, using the reference methods of the U. Florida 1970 for its quantification. Subsequently the pre-drying and grinding of the same was carried out, prior to the alkali and acid-alkali pre-treatment processes applied, being dried at 4 different temperatures (45, 50, 55 and 60 ®C). The pretreated residues were subjected to hydrolysis with Aspergillus Niger cellulases (39,125 EU) at different pHs (4.0, 4.8 and 5.6), for 24, 48 and 72 h. at 45, 50, 55 and 60 ®C temperature; quantifying the concentrations of reducing sugars released during digestion. Finally, it was determined that the hydrolysis of the stubble without pretreatment and drying at 60 ®C, at a pH of 4.8 for 72 h., had high concentrations of reducing sugars, becoming an alternative for its use as food or biofuel, after the application of biotechnological processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: mango is cultivated in most tropical and subtropical regions of the world, it is estimated that there are more than a thousand cultivars, so its regional characterization represents a priority in countries such as Mexico, which holds the first place for export. Objective: the objective of the present study was to identify biochemical characteristics (photosynthetic pigments, type and proportion of carbohydrates) of eight recently introduced cultivars and two new selections in Mexico. Methodology: by spectrophotometric analysis, the concentrations of total sugars, reducing sugars and starches were evaluated, as well as the content of chlorophylls a, b and carotenoids of the cultivars 'Nam Doc Mai', 'Rosygold', 'Mallika', 'Ivory', 'Alphonse', 'Neelum', 'Fairchild', 'Kesar', 'Ataúlfo Diamante' and 'Ataúlfo Zafiro'. Results: in the case of total and reducing sugars, the cultivars ‘Kesar’, ‘Nam Doc Mai’, ‘Ivory’, ‘Mallika’ and ‘A. Zafiro' (0.42, 0.34, 0.34, 0.33, and 0.32 mg*g-1 pf-1) presented the highest values (respectively), the starch content was very heterogeneous and 'Rosygold' (0.36 mg*g-1 pf-1) was identified as cultivar with higher levels. The results showed ‘Ivory’ (0.64, 0.59, 0.27 mg*g-1 pf-1) as the cultivar with the highest concentration of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid photosynthetic pigments respectively. Based on the correlation analysis (r), a certain dependence could be observed between total and reducing sugars (r= 0.70), total sugars and starches (r= 0.76), reducing sugars and starches (r = 0.79). In the case of photosynthetic pigments, a close relationship between chlorophylls a, b and carotenoids was identified (r= 0.99); In the photosynthetic carbohydrate / pigment interaction, a significant correlation was observed between total sugars and chlorophylls a (r= -0.80), b (r= -0.80) and carotenoids (r= 0.82). The close relationship found between reducing sugars and chlorophyll a (r= 0.60), chlorophyll b (r= 0.99) and carotenoids (r= 0.99) stood out. Implications: it is necessary to continue the study in floral and fruiting stages to have a complete profile of the cultivars. Conclusion: these results will contribute in future agronomic studies of these varieties in the region in order to analyze their relationship with parameters such as yield and nutritional content of fruits.

El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar indicadores morfológicos y bioquímicos en Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. UDG-110 durante el proceso de germinación en condiciones de estrés hídrico inducido por polietilenglicol-6000. Las semillas se sembraron en placas Petri con diferentes concentraciones de polietilenglicol-6000 (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 y 21 %) y se colocaron en un cuarto de crecimiento durante ocho días. Se evaluaron los indicadores siguientes: porcentaje de germinación, valor de germinación, longitud de la raíz y de la parte aérea, actividad á-amilasa y los contenidos de proteínas, azúcares reductores y fenoles solubles. Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con cuatro réplicas por tratamiento. El polietilenglicol-6000 afectó el porcentaje de germinación y los caracteres morfo-fisiológicos, como la longitud de las raíces y las partes aéreas. La actividad á-amilasa aumentó en las variantes con presencia del agente osmótico, con valores superiores al 9 %. En las concentraciones bajas e intermedias de polietilenglicol-6000 se observaron los mayores contenidos de azúcares reductores y proteínas solubles totales en la raíz y la parte aérea, respectivamente. La concentración de fenoles solubles en la parte aérea alcanzó valores elevados entre el 15 y el 18 %, lo que puede estar relacionado con un mecanismo de defensa antioxidante para enfrentar las consecuencias del estrés oxidativo que se genera en diversas condiciones de estreses abióticos. El polietilenglicol-6000 afectó el proceso de germinación de S. bicolor cv. UDG-110, aunque hubo germinación con el 21 %, lo que evidenció la presencia de mecanismos de tolerancia a la sequía, como la producción de compuestos osmáticamente activos y la síntesis de sustancias antioxidantes.

Copyright of Revista CIENCIA UNEMI is the property of Universidad Estatal de Milagro (UNEMI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A study aimed at promoting the saccharification of brewer's spent grain through the application of commercial enzymatic complexes is presented. Brewer's spent grain corresponds to a potential lignocellulosic residue for its introduction in biorefinery processes given its chemical composition and high volume of residual material. In this context, Viscozyme L, Celluclast 1.5L, Hemicellulase and Xylanase were evaluated according to the dosage in order to maximize the response in reducing sugars. Enzymatic hydrolysis presented a significant effect, obtaining the best results for the Viscozyme L complex with a maximum glucose release of 16.9 g/L. The results indicate that the implementation of the Viscozyme L complex is possible, allowing cleaner and energy efficient processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

San Martín Region is located in the high jungle area of northeastern Peru, with great potential for honey production due to its climate, orography and vegetation. The objective of the study was to determine the physicochemical and sensorial characteristics of honeys from the Mayo river basin. Twenty samples of honey were taken from five zones of the Bajo Mayo ecosystem of the San Martín Region, belonging to the towns of Zapatero, Lamas, Juan Guerra, Las Palmas and Banda de Shilcayo. The samples were collected directly from the bee farms. Different physicochemical parameters were determined such as humidity (21.5 to 23.2 g/100g), reducing sugars (0.16 to <0.0025 g/100g of sucrose), ash (0.14 to 0.53 g/100g), density (1.40 to 1.43 g/cc), pH (3.04 to 3.73), electrical conductivity (100 to 170 mS/cm), water activity (0.63 to 0.69) and soluble solids (77.3 to 78.5 g/100g). Likewise, sensory evaluations (visual aspect, aroma, mouth-retronasal aroma-, mouth-taste-, and properties of barrier to UV light (transmittance). The honey (Apis mellifera L.) coming from the district of Banda de Shilcayo expressed the best overall score in terms of sensory evaluation, compared to the other studied honeys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura is the property of Universidad Autonoma Chapingo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the bioproduct IHPLUS® and its immersion times, on the germination process of Sorghum bicolor L. Moench cv. UDG-110. Ten treatments were studied: control (distilled water); and other nine with application of the product in three concentrations (2, 4 and 6 %) and three immersion times (2, 4 and 6 h). The seeds were planted on 5-cm diameter Petri dishes, on support of filter paper moisturized with distilled water. The following indicators were evaluated: germination percentage and value, root length and aerial part length, α-amylase activity and content of proteins and reducing sugars. A completely randomized design was used with four replicas per treatment. The results were processed with the statistical package SPSS® version 15.0. An ANOVA was used and Tukey's multiple range test was used for mean comparison. The treatments with IHPUS® showed a positive effect on the germination process. An increase in the germination value was observed in the first 48 h of the essay with the application of the product, as well as higher values in root and aerial part length. There was an increase of the α-amylase activity which was in correspondence with an increase in the concentrations of reducing sugars and total soluble proteins. It is concluded that IHPLUS® is an effective bioproduct to stimulate the germination process of S. bicolor L. Moench cv. UDG-110, with potentialities for the development of agroecological agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas is the property of Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En este trabajo se determinó el efecto que ejerce la temperatura de fermentación y la concentración de azúcares reductores en la producción de un biopolímero, utilizando la bacteria Bacillus subtilis. Para esto, se realizó un diseño experimental con dos variables independientes: concentración de azúcares reductores (10 g/L, 20 g/L y 30 g/L) y temperatura de fermentación (33 °C, 35 °C y 37 °C). En la hidrólisis del bagazo de caña de azúcar se usó el método de la hidrólisis ácida diluida. La biomasa se determinó mediante el peso seco celular y el contenido de biopolímero, por espectrofotometría molecular UV-VIS y espectrofotometría IR de transformada de Fourier. Los resultados muestran que a una concentración inicial de 30 g/L (gramos de azúcares reductores por litro de hidrolizado) y con la temperatura de fermentación de 37°C, la productividad máxima obtenida de biomasa respecto a sustrato (Yx/s) fue de 0,014 g/g (gramos de biomasa producida por gramos de sustrato consumido); es decir 1,4% de rendimiento. Sin embargo, a las condiciones evaluadas, a una temperatura de fermentación de 35°C y con una concentración inicial de 20 g/L (gramos de azúcares reductores por litro de hidrolizado), se logró una productividad máxima de biopolímero respecto a biomasa (Yp/x) igual a 0,34 g/g (gramos de biopolímero producido por gramos de biomasa producida); es decir 34,0% de rendimiento.

Este trabajo se realizó en el distrito de Paca, en el anexo de Chuclu y laguna (Jauja), en el distrito de Zapallanga (Huancayo) y en el distrito de Mito (Concepción) durante la campaña agrícola 2013 - 2014 en suelos con diferentes pH y altitudes, con el objetivo de determinar si el pH del suelo influye en el contenido de azúcares reductores, sólidos totales y calidad en la fritura de los tubérculos de papa variedad Capiro (color, sabor y crujencia). Para la calidad de fritura se utilizaron tubérculos de papa Capiro con un peso 50 ± 10 g de cada tubérculo y una longitud de 15 ± 1 cm y grosor de 6,0 ± 0,5 cm de diámetro, la determinación de azucares reductores se realizó por el método DNS (3,5 ácido dinitrosalicílico) y para la determinación de la calidad de fritura de las hojuelas de papa se utilizó un panel de jueces semientrenados y para la evaluación sensorial una prueba de aceptación con escala hedónica de 4 puntos. El análisis de suelos para las localidades dio un rango de pH de 4,89 a 7,79; materia orgánica de 3,5 a 5,3%; contenido de nitrógeno de 14,4 a 17,0%; contenido en fósforo de 12,8 a 14,6 ppm y la concentración de potasio de 160,4 a 175,1 ppm. El porcentaje de azúcares reductores en los tubérculos de papa fue de 0,199 a 0,466%; sólidos totales de 22,20 a 25,96 %. Al realizar el análisis estadístico solo se mostró diferencia significativa (p < 0,05) para la variable azúcares reductores y sólidos totales, en relación a la calidad de fritura solo mostró diferencia significativa la variable sensorial color. Se concluye que existe influencia del pH sobre el contenido de azúcares reductores, sólidos totales y calidad de fritura de la papa Capiro, siendo necesario para cumplir con los requisitos de la calidad de fritura un pH próximo a 7.

Panicum maximum es un pasto perenne con gran potencial para emplearse como materia prima en la producción de etanol debido a su resistencia a sequias y radiación solar, junto con una gran productividad de biomasa. De las operaciones unitarias empleadas en la producción de etanol, el pretratamiento es una de las etapas más demandantes energéticamente, superado únicamente por la destilación. Por lo tanto, se debe ajustar los parámetros de proceso para lograr la intensificación de esa operación. En este estudio, se evaluó el efecto de dos parámetros fundamentales del pretratamiento con ácido sulfúrico diluido empleando P. maximum: concentración de ácido y sólidos. La biomasa fue pretratada a 130oC durante 60 minutos con diferentes concentraciones de ácido (0,5; 1; 1,5% p/v) y sólidos (5; 8,5; 12% p/p), caracterizando la fracción sólida del pretratamiento. Posteriormente, se evaluó la digestibilidad de la biomasa pretratada mediante una hidrólisis enzimática. La condición seleccionada para el pretratamiento con ácido sulfúrico diluido fue 1,5% p/v con una concentración de sólidos de 12% p/p recuperando el 58,26 ± 0,62% de los sólidos y obteniéndose una concentración de azúcares reductores de 16,76 g/L luego de una hidrólisis enzimática de 48 horas.

Los biosólidos tienen alto potencial de aprovechamiento en el sector agrícola, debido a su contenido de materia orgánica y de nutrientes. En esta investigación, se evaluó, durante un periodo de doce meses y en escala piloto, la influencia de la aplicación de biosólidos de una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales sobre la calidad del suelo, las caracte rísticas morfológicas de la planta, la calidad del producto reflejada en grados brix, sacarosa y azúcares reductores y la productividad en términos de toneladas por hectárea, de un cultivo de caña de azúcar. El estudio, se realizó en una modalidad de bloques completos al azar con 3 tratamientos: suelo sin aplicación de nutrientes y fertilización mineral y con aplicación de biosólidos, con 3 réplicas por tratamiento. Se encontró que la aplicación de los biosólidos no alteró la calidad microbiológica y parasitológica del suelo, en cuanto a variables de interés sanitario. Las concentraciones de materia orgánica, nitrógeno mineral, fósforo y potasio, estuvieron dentro de los rangos típicos de los suelos del Valle del Cauca; las características morfológicas de la planta también se encontraron en el rango típico de la variedad empleada y en el rendimiento del cultivo respecto a sacarosa, grado brix y azúcares reductores. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas entre la fertilización mineral y la aplicación de los biosólidos, ratificando la viabilidad de este último en actividades agrícolas.

The objective of this work was to evaluate morphological and biochemical indicators in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. UDG-110, during the germination process under conditions of hydric stress induced by polyethylene glycol-6000. The seeds were sown on Petri dishes with different concentrations of polyethylene glycol-6000 (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21%) and were placed in a growth chamber during eight days. The following indicators were evaluated: germination percentage, germination value, length of the root and the aerial part, α-amylase activity and contents of proteins, reducing sugars and soluble phenols. A completely randomized design was used with four replicas per treatment. The polyethylene glycol-6000 affected the germination percentage and the morphophysiological traits, such as length of the roots and aerial parts. The α-amylase activity increased in the variants with presence of the osmotic agent, with values higher than 9%. In the low and intermediate concentrations of polyethylene glycol-6000 the highest contents of reducing sugars and soluble proteins in the root and the aerial part were observed, respectively. The concentration of soluble phenols in the aerial part reached high values between 15 and 18%, which can be related with an antioxidant defense mechanism to face the consequences of the oxidative stress generated under diverse conditions of abiotic stresses. The polyethylene glycol-6000 affected the germination process of S. bicolor cv. UDG-110, although there was germination with 21%, showing the presence of drought tolerance mechanisms, such as the production of osmotically active compounds and the synthesis of antioxidant substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ingeniería Agrícola y Biosistemas is the property of Universidad Autonoma Chapingo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Panicum maximum is a perennial grass with a high potential to be used in ethanol production due to drought and solar radiation resistant combined with a high biomass productivity. Within the unit operations used for the ethanol production, the pretreatment is the most energy demand operation, surpassed only by distillation. Therefore, operation parameters should be determined to achieve the intensification of it. In this study, the effects of two dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment parameters were evaluated using P. maximum: acid and solid concentration. Biomass was pretreated at 130oC and 60 min with different sulfuric acid concentrations (0,5; 1 and 1,5% w/v) and solid loading (5; 8,5 and 12% w/w). Later, pretreated biomass digestibility was evaluated through enzymatic hydrolysis. The selected pretreatment condition was 1,5% w/v acid concentration and 12% w/w solid concentration recovering 58,26 ± 0,62%. After 48-h enzymatic hydrolysis a reducing sugars concentration of 16,76 g/L was obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura is the property of Universidad Autonoma Chapingo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El método oficial argentino para determinar el contenido de azúcares reductores en mostos y vinos es el método Fehling Causse Bonnans. Este método implica la defecación de la muestra para obtener una solución azucarada decolorada y límpida. Para ello se emplea carbón activado y acetato de plomo. Son conocidos los efectos de la intoxicación con plomo en seres humanos y animales, así como en el ambiente, de modo que es necesario minimizar su uso para lograr una producción sustentable. Se analizaron 149 vinos y 67 mostos. En cada una de las muestras se efectuaron dos determinaciones de azúcares reductores, diferenciadas por la forma de efectuar la defecación: a) empleando 5 mL de acetato de plomo al 25% y 0,5 g de carbón activado y b) empleando 5 mL de agua destilada y 0,5 g de carbón activado. Los datos se procesaron efectuando análisis de regresión simple lineal. Se concluye que puede eliminarse el uso de acetato de plomo en el tratamiento previo de las muestras de mostos y vinos para determinar azúcares reductores por el método de Fehling Causse Bonnans. La defecación de la muestra se realiza empleando solo carbón vegetal activado. Esta modificación de la técnica original permite eliminar el empleo de sales de plomo y la contaminación que ello implica, sinincurrir en errores apreciables en la medida de los azúcares reductores.

The Argentine official method to determine the content of reducing sugars in musts and wines is the Causse Bonnans Fehling method. This method requires a sample treatment to obtain a decolorized and clear solution. Activated charcoal and lead acetate are used for this procedure. The effects of lead poisoning in humans, animals and the environment are known, so it is necessary to minimize their use to achieve sustainable production. Reducing sugars were analyzed in 149 wines and 67 grape musts. For each sample, two different treatments were used: a) 5 mL of lead acetate at 25% and 0.5 g of activated charcoal and b) adding 5 mL of distilled water and 0.5 g of activated carbon. The data were processed by performing simple linear regression analysis. Lead acetate can be eliminated in the pretreatment of must and wine samples to determine reducing sugars by Fehling Bonnans Causse method. This modification of the original technique eliminates the use of lead salts and pollution involved, without faults in the measurement of the reducing sugars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to take advantage of the aquatic weed water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as lignocellulosic feedstock for the production of reducing sugars, a bromatological characterization of the leaves and stems of the plant was performed. Then, the effects of the sulfuric acid concentration (1 -3% v/v), the concentration of solids (10 to 12.5% w/v) and the reaction time (15 -25 min) at 121°C/15 psi in the production reducing sugars were studied by employing a central composite design. It was found that the acid concentration was the most significant variable. The optimal conditions were solids 11.25% p/v, H2SO4 2% v/v and 20 minute reaction time. These conditions yielded a concentration of reducing sugars of 33.3 g/L.

La acetogénesis es una alternativa para inhibir el metano del rumen. Se evalúo el efecto del sustrato, sobre la actividad acetogénica de Ruminococcus schinkii con hongos. Se cultivaron bajo anaerobiosis forrajes molidos en medios más hongos y acetogénicas. Se formaron siete grupos de 24 botellas con medio, sustrato y 2-ABS. Seis grupos tuvieron esporas de hongos y acetogénicas. Tres grupos con forraje, sin microorganismos, fueron blancos. El diseño fue factorial 3x2x6; A=3 forrajes; B= hongos y hongo más acetogénica y C=6 tiempos de incubación. Cada tratamiento se realizó con cuatro repeticiones en tres periodos. El sustrato afectó DMS, la producción de azúcares reductores y pH (p

Se comparó el contenido de sólidos totales, almidón, azúcares reductores y la gravedad específica de 3 variedades promisorias de papa de reciente introducción en Costa Rica (MNF-41, MNF-72 y MNF-80) y de la tradicional Floresta mediante análisis gravimétricos y espectrofotométricos. El color y la textura en bastones de papa prefrita congelada, como producto terminado, y papa tostada, fueron evaluados instrumentalmente. Para el contenido de grasa se utilizó el método de Soxhlet. La MNF-80 mostró el contenido mayor de sólidos totales y almidón, con 23,1 y 20,8%, respectivamente; y Floresta los contenidos más bajos con 15,9% y 13,4%, respectivamente. Existe una correlación (R2=0,97) del contenido de sólidos totales con la gravedad específica de los materiales. La MNF-80 presentó el porcentaje menor de azúcares reductores con 0,076%; mientras que MNF-41 y MNF-72 presentaron 1,142 y 1,384%, respectivamente. En los bastones de papa prefrita congelada, el porcentaje mayor de grasa se encontró en la MNF-80 y el menor en las MNF-72 y Floresta. No se observó diferencias en el scurecimiento y textura entre variedades. En las papas tostadas la MNF-80 presentó un contenido menor de grasa y de grado de oscurecimiento. Las hojuelas elaboradas a partir de la MNF-72 y la MNF-80 mostraron valores de firmeza mayores. En la absorción de grasa, hubo un comportamiento distinto según el producto elaborado; en los bastones de papa prefrita congelados de la MNF- 72 y Floresta, la absorción de grasa en el producto terminado fue menor, mientras que en las papas tostadas los contenidos de grasa menores se obtuvieron con la MNF-80.

Henequen (Agave fourcroydes Lem.) is a representative crop of the province of Matanzas, Cuba, which has been exploited extensively for the quality of its fibers. The present work aimed to characterize from the biochemical and histological point of view henequen plants cv. 'Sac Ki' in vitro acclimatized. The biochemical indicators analyzed were concentration of soluble phenols, total soluble carbohydrates, reducing sugars, soluble proteins and total chlorophylls, as well as the relative contents of flavonoids, terpins and anthocyanins. In addition, a histological analysis of the epidermis was performed and the results were compared with plants of one month in rooting culture medium. In vitro acclimatized plants were subsequently transferred to the ex vitro conditions. The contents of total soluble carbohydrates, reducing sugars and chlorophylls decreased, whereas the levels of soluble phenols, proteins and secondary metabolites were higher in relation to in vitro plants rooted for 30 days. The epidermis of the in vitro acclimatized plants showed a greater development of the stomatal apparatus that could positively affect the ex vitro acclimatization, where a survival rate of 87% and a reduction of the acclimatization time were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to assess the feasibility of the production of lactic acid L (+) through the use of 'Criolla' orange juice, Citrus sinensis, in a fermentation process with Lactobacillus delbrueckii. A physical-chemical analysis was done to orange juice, an analysis of reducing sugars was conducted by spectrophotometry, with a maximum result of 5,2 % p/v; as well as an analysis of total soluble solids by refractometry at a temperature of 22 °C and the maximum concentration was 10,9 °Bx; and an analysis of acidity by volumetry with 0,1 M NaOH, with a maximum result of 0,27 %; finally, pH was measured by potentiometry at 22 °C, a minimum value of 5.6 and a maximum of 5.98 was obtained. Subsequently, pure Citrus sinensis orange juice was used as a substrate in a discontinuous anaerobic lactic fermentation, and it was inoculated at 5 % with the reference strain Lactobacillus delbrueckii ATCC 7830; The analysis of lactic acid in the fermented juice was carried out by HPLC. Based on the results, it was concluded that Citrus sinensis orange juice is feasible for the production of lactic acid L (+) by biosynthesis with Lactobacillus delbrueckii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biggest loss of sugar that takes place during the industrial process is for final honey, and it is influenced by the formation and by the purity of the same ones. These losses can diminish if there is eliminated a series of operational flaws caused by technological indiscipline realized along the production process. For it, the objective of this investigation was evaluate the losses of sugar for final honey in the years 2013-2014 and2014-2015 across the productive and economic indicators used in the Sugar Mill “Manuel Fajardo“. To fulfill the objective was determinate the sugar reducers, the increase of reducers, the fulfillment of the pH, the formation and purity of the final honey, the quantity of sugar lost in final honey, the efficiency of the industrial process and the economic efficiency for final honey. As result obtained that the technological indiscipline during the sugar production provoked low reducers conservation in the process, instability of the pH and high formation of ashes that caused losses of sugar for high formation and purity of final honey. The losses of sugar in final honey ascend to 238, 52 t in the year 2013-2014 and of 129,55 t in the year 2014-2015 with an economic affectation of $323 146,90 and $175 514,34 respectively. The stability of the ground in the year 2014-2015 increased the economic efficiency in 4,42% with regard to equal period of the previous year, with a reduction of the losses of sugar in final honey of $147 632,556. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este estudio se determinó el contenido de azucares totales y azucares reductores de diferentes genotipos de nopales productores de xoconostle (Opuntia spp.) colectados en localidades de los estados de Hidalgo, Estado de México y Zacatecas, México. La variables evaluadas fueron; Sólidos solubles totales, azúcares reductores y azúcares totales. Los resultados mostraron diferencias estadísticas significativas (P< 0.05) en el contenido de azúcares totales en el mesocarpio (pulpa) de los frutos de Xoconostle frutos de ‘Manso’, ‘Cuerón’ y ‘Invierno’ con valores de 0.65, 0.61 y 0.60 mg·g-1 y entre los frutos de ‘Virgen’ y ‘’Cuaresmeño Zacatecano’’ con 0.30 y 0.26 mg·g-1. El mayor contenido de azúcares totales se observó en los frutos de Xoconostle ‘Ulapa’ y ‘Cambray’ con valores de 1.3 y 0.91 mg·g-1. En relación al contenido de azúcares reductores en el mesocarpio (pulpa) de xoconostles, no se observaron diferencias estadísticas significativas, con valores que van de 0.13 a 0.18 mg·g-1, excepto en el mesocarpio (pulpa) de frutos de Xoconostle Ulapa (O. Oligacantha C. F. Först) 1.3 mg·g-1. El valor más alto en el contenido de azúcares reductores se observó en el mesocarpio de frutos de Xoconostle ‘Ulapa’ con valor de 0.84 mg·g-1. El mayor contenido de sólidos solubles totales (°Brix) se observó en Xoconostle ‘’Manzano’’, El mayor contenido de azúcares totales y azúcares reductores se observó en los frutos de Xoconostle ‘’Ulapa’’.

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