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This study estimates international and provincial migrants' impact on provincial-level trade using panel data from 1981 to 2016 for Canadian provinces. The estimated results show that migration plays a significant role in determining Canadian provincial-level trade. Although the stock of provincial migrants is smaller than the stock of immigrants in Canadian provinces, the former plays a consistently positive and significant role in provincial-level trade, while the latter is not consistently significant across estimators. This study reaffirms that labour mobility between Canadian provinces helps reduce provincial trade barriers and promote economic development within Canada. Our results are robust to different estimation methods, model specifications, and alternative measures of migrants' stock in Canadian provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using annual data over 1966–2014 from the Citizenship and Immigration statistics archives of Canada and constructing a time series for the funds brought into Canada by immigrants, we investigate whether these funds affect the exchange rate of Canada. We employ the ARDL bound testing (Pesaran and Shin, Econometrics and economic theory in the 20th century: The Ragnar Frisch centennial symposium. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 1999), dynamic OLS (Stock and Watson, Econometrica, 1993, 61, 783) approaches to cointegration. 2SLS and GMM methods are also applied to estimate the portfolio balance models of the exchange rate. Estimated results indicate a long‐run relation between immigrants' funds and the exchange rate with immigrants' funds leading to a significant appreciation of the exchange rate in Canada. These results are robust to different estimation methods and an alternative proxy measure for the funds brought into Canada by immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses a gravity model to explore whether military spending has any moderating effect on the link between armed conflict and international tourist flows. The data set consists of a panel of 188 countries over the period 1995 to 2015. We show that the moderating effect of military spending depends on the levels of relative military spending as well as geographical location. Specifically, in the presence of armed conflict, 'moderate' level of relative military spending helps to promote the international tourism attractiveness of destination countries, whereas 'high' level of relative military spending cannot reverse the negative impact of armed conflict, it rather fuels the problem. In general, countries in regions such as Southeast Asia that allocate 'moderate' amount of resources for security attract more international tourists relative to countries in regions, such as the Middle East and North Africa, that spend a larger share of GDP on security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the relationship between military expenditure and FDI inflow conditioning on the exposure of a country to armed conflict in the long run. We apply the band spectrum regression estimator, and the maximal overlap discrete wavelet transform, to a panel of 60 developing countries, for the years 1990 to 2013. The estimated results indicate that military expenditure, in the absence of armed conflict, reduces FDI inflow. However, the negative effect is mitigated by increased military expenditure, in the presence of armed conflict. We also show that the effect of military expenditure on FDI is time sensitive, in that it takes time for military expenditure to affect FDI inflow. FDI inflow in response to higher military expenditure is higher for the country that faces higher armed conflict than the country that faces lower armed conflict. The findings are robust in the case of overall as well as internal conflict. These results are also robust to the alternative specification, subsample analysis with different armed conflict thresholds, and the estimation using the time variant long-run models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]