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Objectives Sleep is one of the issues that attracted the attention of researchers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Researchers focused their studies on the prevalence of sleep disorders, sleep quality, and sleep duration. Sleep hygiene is a set of guidelines that play an important role in the sleep quality, the present study sought to evaluate the amount of sleep hygiene and sleep quality in Iranian adolescents and their relationship during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods The present study was conducted using a cross-sectional design. The research population consisted of all adolescents living in Kermanshah (western Iran) in 2021. The participants were a sample of 610 adolescents. They completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory and Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale. Results The mean sleep quality score for the participants was 7.14 ± 2.47, indicating the high frequency of sleep problems affecting the participants. There were significant correlations between all components of sleep hygiene and sleep quality. There was also a significant correlation (r = − 0.46 between sleep hygiene and sleep quality (p p Conclusions The data in this study confirmed the poor observance of sleep hygiene in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic and reported frequent sleep problems among the participants. The results also indicated a moderate relationship between sleep hygiene and sleep quality in adolescents. Thus, sleep hygiene components can be related to sleep quality.

Background: From a psychological perspective, aggressive behavior, non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior could be considered dysfunctional coping strategies. Poor sleep patterns may further increase such dysfunctional coping. In contrast, regular physical activity may have the power to counteract such dysfunctional coping. Given this background, the aim of the present study was to combine categories of circadian rhythms as a proxy of normative sleep patterns and categories of physical activity patterns, and to associate these categories with aggressive behavior, non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior among a larger sample of adolescents and young adults, aged 15 to 34 years. Method: A total of 2991 (55.6% females) individuals aged 15 to 34 years of the so-called Ravansar non-communicable disease cohort study (RaNCD) took part in this study. Participants completed self-rating questionnaires covering circadian-related sleep patterns, regular physical activity, socio-demographic information and dimensions of aggression, non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior. Results: In a first step, both sleep patterns (circadian rhythm disorder: yes vs. no) and physical activity patterns (high vs. low) were dichotomized. Next, participants were assigned to one of four prototypical clusters: No circadian sleep disorders and high physical activity (“Hi-Sleep-Hi-PA”); no circadian sleep disorders and low physical activity (“Hi-Sleep-Lo-PA”); circadian sleep disorders and high physical activity (“Lo-Sleep-Hi-PA”); circadian sleep disorders and low physical activity (“Lo-Sleep-Lo-PA”). Projecting these four clusters on dimensions of aggressive behavior, non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior, the following findings were observed: Participants of the “Hi-Sleep-Hi-PA” reported the lowest scores for aggressive behavior, self-injury and suicidal behavior, compared to participants of the “Lo-Sleep-Lo-PA” cluster. No differences for aggressive behavior, self-injury and suicidal behavior were observed among participants of the “Hi-Sleep-Lo-PA” and the “Lo-Sleep-Hi-PA” clusters. Conclusions: It appeared that the combination of favorable circadian sleep patterns and high physical activity patterns was associated with lower aggressive behavior, lower self-injury and suicidal behavior as proxies of favorable psychological functioning. In contrast, persons reporting high circadian sleep disorders and low physical activity patterns appeared to demand particular attention and counseling for both their lifestyle issues (sleep and physical activity) and their dysfunctional coping strategies.

Objective: Sleep quality and risk of sleep apnea in smokers and nonsmokers living in Kermanshah province-Iran were compared. Methods: Based on the statistics available at Kermanshah Health Center, ...

Background. Assessing sleep disorders and understanding their causes are essential for the proper treatment and management of the disorders. The Holland Sleep Disorders Questionnaire (HSDQ) is a self-assessment questionnaire that measures sleep problems and symptoms based on the six categories of sleep disorders described in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders-2 (ICSD-2). The aim of this study was at validating and assessing the psychometric properties of the HSDQ in Iranian adults. Method. The study was carried out as a methodological and validation work. The guidelines for translation and cultural adaptation of patient-reported outcome measures were followed for the translation and the cultural validation of the tool. To examine construct validity, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with 216 participants and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with 355 participants were used. As to the reliability, the test-retest method and, as to internal consistency, Cronbach’s alpha were employed. Data analyses were done in SPSS-25 and LISREL-8. Results. The CFA and EFA results confirmed the tool with six factors and 31 items. The R 2 index of the model was 0.99, which indicated that 99% of changes in the dependent variable (adults’ sleep problem) were attributed to the independent variable (the 31 items). In other words, 0.99 of the changes in the dependent variable were due to the independent variables. The main indices of CFA ( χ 2 / DF = 2.65 , CFI = 0.91 NNFI / TLI = 0.92 GFI = 0.81 , REMSEA = 0.043 , R 2 = 0.99 ) were acceptable. In addition, a correlation coefficient below 0.05 was considered as significant. Reliability of the tool based on internal correlation (Cronbach’s alpha) was in the 0.701–0.924 range for the subscales and equal to 0.789 for the whole tool. Conclusion. In general, the results showed that the Farsi version of HSDQ (six factors and 31 items) had acceptable and applicable indices and it can be used as a valid tool in the Iranian society. The tool can be used as a reliable tool in different fields of medical sciences.

Background: Among adolescents, the self-pacing of sleep and experimentation with psychotropic substances increases. Poor sleep and susceptibility to addiction (SA) may therefore share common cognit...

Background: Subjective sleep quality plays a pivotal role in health, quality of life, and efficient performance. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of subjective sleep quality in the citizens of Kermanshah, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted on all the citizens of Kermanshah in 2017. In total, 450 subjects were selected via multistage random sampling. Based on the inclusion criteria, 416 were evaluated using a self-report questionnaire of demographic characteristics and Petersburg sleep quality index (PSQI; Baisi et al., 1989). Results: In 79% of the participants, the mean score of PSQI was above the cutoff point (m = 6.64). The analysis of the questionnaires indicated the highest frequency of sleep disorders to be in the components of subjective sleep quality from the perspective of the respondents, delayed sleep, sleep disorders, and daily functional disorders. In addition, 10.6% of the subjects used very high doses of sedatives, while 10.3% used relatively high doses of these pills. Minimal sleep disorders were reported as well. Poor sleep quality was less common in women, and significant correlations were observed between age and sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep medication use, and daytime dysfunction due to sleepiness. Conclusions: According to the results, subjective sleep quality was favorable in the citizens of Kermanshah. Considering the significant effects of sleep quality on performance and quality of life, attention must be paid to this aspect of health by healthcare planners and managers.

The aim of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of a sleep hygiene index for the elderly. A total of 598 elderly people (mean age 68.34 years) were selected through cluster sampling, and the validity and reliability of the sleep hygiene index were measured. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to determine the structure validity, internal consistency and reliability of the questionnaire. To this end, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used. In addition, concurrent validities with indicators such as sleep quality, Epworth sleepiness, insomnia severity, overall sleepiness measurement and the Berlin Questionnaire were studied. The confirmatory factor analysis indexes of the structural equation model showed that the model fitted well with the data. The χ2/df ratio for the three-factor structure of sleep hygiene was 4.65, and the goodness of fit indices for this structural model (RMSEA = 0.064, CFI =0.9, TLI = 0.9, NFI = 0.9, GFI = 0.9) were good. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the whole scale was 0.78, and the re-test coefficient was 0.87. The Persian version of the Sleep Hygiene Index can be used as a reliable and valid tool for assessing sleep hygiene in the population of non-clinical elderly.

Background: Sleep is one of the components of mental and physical health in old age and many factors can affect sleep hygiene in older adults. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of sleep hygiene in older adults and its related factors. Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was conducted in 2017 with 598 people aged 60 years and older living in Kermanshah, Iran, selected through random cluster sampling. Data collection tool was a questionnaire with two parts: demographic characteristics (personal and disease) and sleep hygiene index. SPSS software-16, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (nonparametric tests such as Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis) were used to analyze the data. The significance level in all of the tests was P < 0.05. Results: The findings showed that 64.5% of older adults had poor sleep hygiene. The mean score of sleep hygiene was 28.72 ± 6.99. Our findings showed that there was a significant relationship between sleep hygiene and pulmonary diseases (P < 0.001), diabetes (P < 0.002), sleep apnea (P < 0.001), snoring (P < 0.001), and fatigue and sleepiness during the day (P < 0.001). Conclusions: This study showed that more than half of the older adults had poor sleep hygiene. Therefore, older adults’ sleep hygiene can be improved through training.

Mental disorders contribute significantly to the burden of diseases in Iran. Therefore, the current study aims to assess the prevalence of psychiatric disorders and their associated factors among youth in Kermanshah province of Iran.The current study is a part of the first phase of Ravansar Cohort (a part of the PERSIAN Youth Cohort) including 2991 participants aged 15 to 34 from Ravansar district in western Iran. Enrollment and data collection for this phase were performed from end April 2015 to early April 2017. The data were gathered using structured interviews and national and international standard questionnaires. Data analysis was carried out using multinomial logistic regression and chi-square test.The prevalence of any psychiatric disorder among the selected population was 31.3%. Major depressive disorder (MDD) (21.6%), followed by generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) (6.4%) and dysthymia (1.9%) were the most prevalent disorders among the study individuals. The prevalence of alcohol and opioid/stimulant use disorders was 4.6% and 5.1%, respectively. Moreover, there was significant relationship between location of residence (city or village) and marital status with prevalence of the disorders.Based on the results of the current study, it can be concluded that the prevalence of mental and psychiatric disorders among the youth in Ravansar district, western Iran is relatively high and needs specific plans and interventions to control it.

Background and Aims: The objectives of the study were (i) cluster analysis of risky behaviors; (ii) determining correlates; and (iii) comparing clusters with regard to the attitude toward mental health help seeking. Methods: The current cross-sectional study is a part of the first phase of the Persian Youth Cohort. From October 2014 to January 2017, 2990 individuals from Ravansar City in western Iran completed structured interviews and national and international standard questionnaires. The obtained data were analyzed using two-stage cluster analysis, multinomial logistic regression analysis, and Chi-square test. Results: This model provided three distinct clusters: (i) low-risk group with mild distress, (ii) high-risk group with high distress, and (iii) violent group with medium distress. Some sociodemographic and lifetime psychiatric disorders were the correlates of unhealthy clusters (P < 0.05). Compared to the reference cluster, a higher number of members in unhealthy clusters were suffering from medium to severe disability. Nevertheless, the participants in these clusters were less inclined to mental health help seeking. Conclusions: More than half of the youth were suffering from suicidal and violent behaviors. Since high-risk participants are less inclined to mental health help seeking, the health policymakers can successfully utilize the results in planning general health programs.

Introduction: Inadequate sleep hygiene may result in difficulties in daily functioning; therefore, reliable scales are important to measure sleep hygiene. The purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI) in the male population. Methods: In this study, 787 men, who were selected by cluster random sampling, filled out the SHI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). A subset of the participants (20%) completed SHI after a 4–6 week interval to measure test–retest reliability. Then, the Pearson product–moment correlation coefficients of SHI against PSQI, ESS, and ISI were computed to demonstrate the construct validity of SHI. The factor structure of SHI was evaluated by explanatory factor analysis. Results: The interclass correlation coefficient was 0.85, and SHI was found to have a good test–retest reliability (r = 0.86, p < 0.01). The SHI was positively correlated with the total score of PSQI (r = 0.62, P < 0.01), ESS (r = 0.63, P < 0.01) and ISI (r = 0.61, P < 0.01). Exploratory factor analysis extracted three factors, namely “sleep–wake cycle behaviors” (four items), “bedroom factors” (three items), and “behaviors affecting sleep” (six items). Conclusion: The Persian version of SHI can be considered a reliable tool for evaluating sleep hygiene in the male population in Persian countries.

Background: Inappropriate sleep hygiene may result in disturbed daily functioning; therefore, the importance of using a sleep hygiene measurement scale is on the rise. The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the Persian version of Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI) among the women of Kermanshah city. Method: In this study, 455 women were randomly selected. Data were collected from the study samples by SHI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Insomnia Severity Index. Twenty percent of participants recompleted the Sleep Hygiene Index after 4-6 weeks interval to measure test-retest reliability. Then, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient between SHI and PSQI, ESS and ISI was computed. The factor structure of the SHI was evaluated by explanatory factor analysis.Results: The internal consistency of the questionnaire was 0.83 (P

(1) Cluster analysis of psychiatric disorders and partitioning the youth; (2) determining socio-demographic correlates and parental histories for each one of the clusters; and (3) comparing clusters based on the extent and type of using psychotherapeutic services. The current cross-sectional study is a part of the first phase of PERSIAN Youth Cohort. The sample of the study includes 2991 participants aged 15–34 (27 ± 5.1 years, 55.6% female) from Ravansar district in western Iran. Enrollment and data collection for this phase were performed from October, 2014 to January, 2017. The data were collected through structured interviews, including the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI; version 2.1), mental health-related Sheehan Disability Scale, and Service Use Questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed using two-step cluster analysis, multinomial logistic regression, and Chi-square test. Our model proposed three clusters: a clinical cluster with significant mental disability; a healthy cluster with significant disability; and a healthy cluster with mild disability. There is a direct relationship between widow/divorced marital status and psychiatric maternal history with the clinical cluster (P

Background: The parents of children with autism face severe stress and suffer from psychological problems due to specific conditions of their children. The present study investigated the impact of early family-centered intervention on stress syndrome in the mothers of children with autism. Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design and control group. The participants included 30 mothers of children with autism in Kermanshah who were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. The early family-centered intervention was presented to the experimental group. Stress Symptom Inventory was used to collect data and covariance analysis was applied to analyze the data. Results: After intervention, the scores of the two groups of mothers were significantly different (p

Background Restoring sleep is associated with a broad variety of favorable cognitive, emotional, social and behavioral benefits during the day. This holds particularly true for adolescents, as maturational, social, cognitive, emotional and behavioral changes might unfavorably impact on adolescents’ sleep. Among adolescents, poor sleep hygiene practices are a potentially modifiable risk factor that can be addressed via appropriate interventions. Accordingly, having reliable and valid self-report measures to assess sleep hygiene practices is essential to gauge individual responses to behavioral interventions and evaluate sleep hygiene recommendations. The aim of the present study therefore was to translate and to test the psychometric properties (internal consistency, test-retest reliability, factorial and concurrent validity) of the Farsi/Persian version of the revised version of the Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale (ASHSr). Method A total of 1013 adolescents (mean age: M = 15.4 years; SD = 1.2; range: 12–19 years; 42.9% females) completed the ASHSr and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) in their classroom during an official school lesson. Further, 20% completed the ASHSr 6 weeks later to evaluate the test-retest reliability. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were calculated to examine internal consistency, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test factorial validity, whereas concurrent validity and test-retest reliability were examined via correlation analyses. Results A first-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) corroborated the six-factor structure of the ASHSr, including a physiological, behavioral arousal, cognitive/emotional, daytime sleep, sleep environment, and sleep stability factor. A second-order CFA showed that a higher-order sleep hygiene construct explained sufficient variance in each factor. Cronbach’s alpha values ranged between .71 and .75, correlations for test-retest reliability between .82 and .87. Significant correlations were found between most ASHSr scales and the PSQI indices. However, the magnitude of these correlations was weak. Conclusions The Farsi/Persian version of the Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale can be used as a reliable and valid tool for evaluation of sleep hygiene practices among Farsi/Persian-speaking adolescents.

Background: Methadone Maintenance Therapy (MMT) is the most important treatment for opioid -dependency recurrence. The aim of this study was to compare the craving level in opioid-dependent individuals and people under methadone maintenance therapy. Methods: In this case – control study, 120 men with opioid dependency were selected through cluster sampling method. They were divided into two groups, 60 people in opioid-dependent group and 60 people in MMT group. Both groups were matched for age, sex, marital status, education, duration of opioid dependency and method of consumption. Then, they completed INCAS Substance Abuse Profile (ISAP), opiate withdrawal symptoms checklist, self–report of craving, Desire for Drug Questionnaire (DDQ), Obsessive Compulsive Drug Use Scale (OCDUS) and visual cue-induced craving questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS 15 using t-test and ANOVA. Results: Mean craving for drug significantly was lower in MMT group comparing opioid-dependent group (P

Background: Inadequate sleep hygiene may result in difficulties in daily functioning; therefore, reliable scales for measuring sleep hygiene are important. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI). Materials and Methods: From April 2014 to May 2015, 1280 subjects, who were selected by cluster random sampling in Kermanshah province, filled out the SHI, Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), and insomnia severity index (ISI). A subset of the participants (20%) repeated the SHI after a four to six-week interval to measure test–retest reliability. Then, we computed the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients of SHI against PSQI, ESS and ISI, to demonstrate the construct validity of the SHI. The factor structure of the SHI was evaluated by explanatory factor analysis. Results: The interclass correlation coefficient was 0.89, and SHI was found to have good test–retest reliability (r = 0.89, P < 0.01). The SHI was positively correlated with the total score of the PSQI (r = 0.60, P < 0.01), ESS (r = 0.62, P < 0.01) and ISI (r = 0.60, P < 0.01). Exploratory factor analysis extracted three factors, namely “sleep–wake cycle behaviors” (four items), “bedroom factors” (three items), and “behaviors that affect sleep” (six items). Conclusions: The Persian version of the SHI can be considered a reliable tool for evaluating sleep hygiene in the general population.

INTRODUCTION: Sleep hygiene was found as an important predictor for sleep quality. People’s sleep hygiene can have a major role in their daily function. The purpose of the study was to determine sleep hygiene patterns and sleep hygiene behaviors and factors affecting them in the general population of Kermanshah, Iran.MATERIAL & METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 1829 men and 1262 women were selected randomly from 50 clusters of different parts of the city. The inclusion criteria were age between 12 and 65 years and living in Kermanshah. The exclusion criteria were psychiatric disorder and known general medical conditions that affecting sleep. The data collection instruments were demographic questionnaire and Sleep Hygiene Questionnaire, consisted of 13 items about biological rhythm and bed room environment and behaviors that affecting sleep. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 16 software.RESULTS: The highest percentage was obtained for irregular woke and went up from day to day or at weekend and holidays (74.8%). Only 213 (6.9%) participants were classified as having good sleep hygiene (score 12-14). The mean age of very poor, poor, moderate, and good sleepers was 34.8 ± 14.4, 33.7 ± 17.4, 36.5 ± 13.8, and 35 ± 13.7years, respectively. There were significant differences between the age of poor and moderate sleepers and also sleep hygiene patterns with respect to sex, education level and job.CONCLUSION: Poor sleep hygiene were more frequent in Iranian peoples and the major problem in sleep hygiene in our study was inappropriate sleep schedule.