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Background: The placenta reflects the prenatal problems that are linked to high perinatal morbidity and mortality both macroscopically and microscopically. A pregnancy syndrome called pre-eclampsia has terrible consequences for both the mother and the unborn child. It may result in more frequent inductions of labor, fetal growth limitation, respiratory issues in newborns, increased admission rates to neonatal critical care units, and an elevated risk of perinatal or fetal death. To understand the relation of preeclampsia and fetal growth identification of its effects on various components of the placenta is mandatory hence the current study was designed to evaluate the Placental Terminal Villi, Capillaries, and Intervillous Space in Normal and Pre-eclamptic Pregnancies. Methodology: It was a cross sectional study, carried out on 50 samples of placentas, out of which 25 were preeclamptic and 25 were normal. The placentas were recruited after cesarean session, processed as per guidelines and were analyzed for histopathological examination. The set inclusion criteria were Registered cases of Pre-eclampsia, Blood Pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg, Parity 0 – 4, Age of mother (25 – 35) Years., Gestational Age (36 – 42) Weeks, Mode of delivery Cesarean Sections. The set exclusion criteria were known hypertensive patients, and patient diagnosed with other chronic illnesses. Results: Number of terminal villi, Transverse diameter of terminal villi (μm), Intervillous space (μm), and Transverse diameter of terminal villous capillaries decreased significantly (p=0.001) in preeclamptic group however, Number of terminal villous Capillaries were found to be increased in preeclamptic group (p=0.001). Conclusion: Preeclampsia leads to more significant alterations in placental structure compared to normal pregnancies, emphasizing the importance of early detection and management of this condition to improve maternal and fetal outcomes. Keywords: Pregnancy, preeclampsia, terminal villi, Intervillous space, terminal villous Capillaries

Objective: To compare the efficacy of non-surgical conservative management with surgical management in cases of uncomplicated acute appendicitis in children. Study design: Prospective comparative study. Settings: Pediatric surgery Department, Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Sukkur. Study duration: 1st February 2020 to 31st May 2021. Materials and Methods: Ninety patients of either gender with age range from 5-12 years, diagnosed as uncomplicated acute appendicitis, were divided in two groups. Group C patients were managed conservatively with antibiotics (ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/day, amikacin 10mg/kg/day and metronidazole 22.5 mg/kg/day) and maintenance fluids were started. Patients were observed for improvement or any signs of deterioration. Those who deteriorated within 24 hours were managed with surgical management immediately. Follow-ups were carried out after discharge on the 7th day, 1 month, and six months. Patients reporting a recurrence of symptoms were managed with appendicectomy. Group S patients were managed with appendicectomy with the open technique. Patients were observed for post-operative complications. Results: Demographic data of both groups was comparable. In group C, 34 (75.56%) patients were successfully treated with conservative management, whereas in group S, 39 (86.67%) were successfully treated with surgical management. The difference was insignificant with a p-value of 0.114. In group C, 5 (11.11%) patients did not respond to conservative management and they were managed with appendicectomy and recurrence of symptoms was seen in 6 (13.33%) patients in group C, they were also managed with appendicectomy. In group S, 6 (13.33%) patients suffered post-operative complications. Mean length of stay in hospital was 4.31±1.20 and 4.09±1.12 days in group C and S respectively. This difference was statistically insignificant with a p-value of 0.368. Conclusion: It is concluded in our study that uncomplicated acute appendicitis in children can be successfully managed with non-surgical conservative management.

Objective: To analyze the outcomes of early surgical management of appendicular lump in pediatric patients. Study Design: Prospective Observational study. Setting: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Sukkur. Period: January 2019 to December 2020. Material & Methods: Eighty seven patients of either gender with age up to 12 years, with diagnosis of appendicular lump were selected for this study. Variables that were analyzed include age, gender, presence of various symptoms, operative finding and difficulties, duration of surgery and duration of hospital stay. Results: Mean age of the patients was 8.22±2.35 years. Out of 87 patients, 66 (75.9%) were male and 21(24.10%) were female with male to female ratio of 3.14:1. Duration of surgery ranged from 47 to 142 minutes, with mean and standard deviation of 73.15±21.55 minutes. Intra-operatively, perforated appendix was the most common finding as was seen in 39 (44.83%) patients, followed by pus collection, which was found in 31 (35.62%) patients, appendicular abscess was seen in 26 (29.88%) patients whereas gangrenous appendix was found in 17 (19.54%) patients. Difficulty in localizing appendix was faced in 13 (14.94%) patients and difficulty in removal of adhesions was faced in 8 (9.2%) patients. Post-operative complications were seen in 22 (22.99%) patients. The duration of hospital stay ranged from 4 to 11 days with mean and standard deviation of 5.57±1.04 days. Conclusion: It is concluded in our study that early surgery in children with of appendicular lump can safely be carried out with good outcome and shorter hospital stay.

Objective: To determine the efficacy of ultrasound guided tube drainage of Perinephric abscess. Study Design: Observational study. Setting: Surgical Unit-II and Urology Ward Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Teaching Hospital Sukkur & Mustafia Hospital Sukkur. Period: February 2016 to January 2020. Material & Methods: 70 cases with Perinephric abscess underwent ultrasound guided tube drainage. Diagnosis was established by history, clinical examination, investigations like ultrasound & CT scan. Patients with emphysematous kidney & chronic sinus formation and with small abscess were excluded from the study. Patients were followed up for 4 weeks for complete regression of abscess cavity on ultrasound. Results: Out of 70 Patients 61.4% were male and 35% were female. 58.5% of the patients had right sided Perinephric abscess. Majority of the patients(42.8%) belonged to age group 41-50 years. 31.4% of the patients were diabetic. Clinically 95.7% of the patients reported with fever and 88.5% with flank pain. Ultrasound guided tube drainage was successful in 65(92.8%) while in 5(7.1%) patients it failed and open drainage was performed. Conclusion: Ultrasound guided tube drainage is an effective way to treat Perinephric abscess with very few minor complications as compared to open drainage.

For environment-friendly, safe and nonpersistent chemical control of a significant polyphagous insect pest

Aim: To evaluate the factors for prediction of difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy preoperatively. Methods: A Prospective Observational Study conducted at Surgical Unit II, Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Hospital Sukkur, from February 2020 to January 2021. Data was collected for 580 patients. All the patients fulfilling inclusion criteria were evaluated with following factors: age, gender, BMI, h/o previous GB disease, comorbids, h/o previous abdominal surgery, tender RHC, palpable gallbladder, ultrasonographic findings of gall bladder wall thickness, pericholecystic fluid collection & stone impaction at neck of gall bladder. Patients were assumed to be difficult on presence of one or more of above mentioned risk factors .laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed by an experienced laparocopic surgeon. Peroperative findings and operative time was noted. Cases were considered difficult if operative time was >60 minutes or if the case was converted to open. All the information was recorded on predesigned proforma. Results: Age ranged from 23 to 70 years (mean age = 46.37 years). 456 patients were female while 124 patients were male. Majority of patients in our study (n=390) had normal BMI(BMI=18.5-24.9)and next majority (n=132) belonged to overweight group(BMI=25-29.9) . On inquiry, 93 patients had history of previous gall bladder disease in form of cholecystitis. Out of 580 patients, 161 patients had one or more comorbids. 39 out of 580 patients had history of previous abdominal surgery. 78 patients had tender right hypochonrium. 62 patients had palpable gall bladder. On ultrasound 73 patients had gall bladder wall thickness >4mm. In 39 patients pericholecystic fluid collection was found. In 33 patients, stone was impacted at the neck of gall bladder. 161 patients were preoperatively labeled as difficult. All the patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Mean operative time was 42.56 minutes. 512 patients underwent uneventful laparoscopic cholecystectomy, in 68 patients difficulty was encountered 11 patients were converted to open procedure. Conclusion: We conclude that a careful insight in certain factors can predict the difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy preoperatively. It acts as an important eye opener for surgeons to get an idea of the potential difficulty to be faced in that particular patient. Keywords: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy, Preoperative, Gall stones, Difficulty

The focal target in current study is to examine the couple stress hybrid nanoparticles as a targeted drug carrier in a porous medium. The flow at stagnation point is exposed to effects of magnetic and induced magnetic fields that can be used in the field of biomedicines such as fluid motion through microcirculatory system and drug delivery system. The modelled equations are converted to dimensionless form through set of similar variables and are then solved with homotopy analysis method. In this work, it has noticed that the flow of fluid declines for augmentation in magnetic, inertial, and porosity parameters. Thermal flow increases with growth in thermophoretic, Brownian motion, radiation parameters, and with heat source, while it declines with Prandtl number and heat sink. Concentration profile increases with thermophoretic parameter and declines with growth in Brownian motion parameter and Schmidt number. Moreover, the impact of different emerging parameters upon engineering quantities of interest is determined numerically and presented in the tabular form.

Objective: To compare the frequency of port site wound infection following gall bladder removal through umbilical and epigastric port in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Study Design: Randomized Control Trial. Setting: Surgical Unit 2, Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College, hospital Sukkur. Period: 1st November 2019 to 30th October 2020. Material & Methods: All cases who underwent four port laparoscopic cholecystectomy were enrolled in two groups. All procedures were performed under general anesthesia. As the last event of surgery gall bladder was retrieved in a glove bag through umbilical port in group A and through epigastric port in group B, both under direct camera vision. Wound infection was considered if there was 3 to 5 grade of wound according to Southampton wound grading system (Figure-1) on 5th postoperative day. All demographics and outcome variables were recorded. Results: Age ranged from 20 to 60 years with mean age of 38.875±8.11 years, BMI 29.973±5.12 Kg/m2, duration of surgery 50.656±8.41 mins and Southampton score was 1.044±1.07 in Group A and mean age of 38.560±6.23 years, BMI 27.437±5.04 Kg/m2, duration of surgery 48.920±8.67 mins and Southampton score was 0.856±0.92 in Group B. In group A, 18 (5.7%)patients developed port site wound infection in contrast to 5 (1.6%) patients in group B (P= 0.006). Conclusion: We conclude that epigastric port retrieval of gall bladder following laparoscopic cholecystectomy results in less port site infection.

This paper proposes a framework for a smart transportation system of Pakistan and discusses modern approaches as solutions to emerging threats and vulnerabilities of STS. In addition, STS changes the life of people and decreases the number of accidents, deaths, and traffic incidents. STS is saving the time of users and makes the urban city even smarter. The aim of STS is to accomplish more efficiency of traffic by decreasing traffic issues. It also provides the information about route traffic toward destination, local expediency, passing, vehicle dynamic or requested information, availability of seats to users, which decreases journey time of commuters and improves their security and ease. This paper discusses STS, its application and working mechanism, and the main parameters of the proposed framework of STS of Pakistan such as road condition monitoring, traffic management, municipal involvement, link data for society, accidental measures, and security, which are necessary while designing or implementing such systems.

Hepatitis B infection is a serious health issue and a major cause of deaths worldwide. This infection can be overcome by adopting proper treatment and control strategies. In this paper, we develop and use a mathematical model to explore the effect of treatment on the dynamics of hepatitis B infection. First, we formulate and use a model without control variables to calculate the basic reproduction number and to investigate basic properties of the model such as the existence and stability of equilibria. In the absence of control measures, we prove that the disease free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable when the basic reproduction number is less than unity. Also, using persistent theorem, it is shown that the infection is uniformly persistent, whenever the basic reproduction number is greater than unity. Using optimal control theory, we incorporate into the model three time-dependent control variables and investigate the conditions required to curtail the spread of the disease. Finally, to illustrate the effectiveness of each of the control strategies on disease control and eradication, we perform numerical simulations. Based on the numerical results, we found that the first two strategies (treatment and isolation strategy) and (vaccination and isolation strategy) are not very effective as a long term control or eradication strategy for HBV. Hence, we recommend that in order to effectively control the disease, all the control measures (isolation, vaccination and treatment) must be implemented at the same time.

Objective: This study was aimed at determining the frequency of surgical site infection in children undergoing elective inguinal herniotomy with and without prophylactic antibiotic. Study design: Prospective comparative study. Settings: Pediatric surgery Department, Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Sukkur. Study duration: From 1st February 2020 to 31th March 2021. Methodology: One hundred and sixty patients selected for this study and were equally divided into two groups. Group A received antibiotic prophylaxis (Injection ceftriaxone 50mg/kg) before the induction of general anesthesia, whereas Group P received placebo before the induction of general anesthesia. Demographic data and duration of surgery was noted on a proforma. Surgical procedure was carried out following standard surgical protocols. Post-operatively all patients were observed by an independent observer. Patients were observed for post-operative fever, inflammation of the surgical site and discharge from the site of incision. Wound was examined on 1st, 3rd, 7th and 30th post-operative day. For labeling Surgical Site Infection, Center of Disease criteria was followed. Results: Demographic data of both groups was comparable. Mean duration of surgery in group A was 29.61±7.47 minutes, while it was 32.97±8.73 minutes in group P with p-value of 0.08. Out of 160 patients, thirteen patients developed surgical site infection; 5 (6.25%) patients belonged to group A, while 8 (10%) belonged to group P with a p-value of 0.385. Conclusion: It is concluded in our study that use of prophylactic antibiotics in elective herniotomy cases performed in pediatric patients do not significantly decrease the incidence of Surgical Site Infection.

A population study has been performed for Pakistani ballpoint pen inks of blue, black, red, and green colors (a total of four colors) commercially used in Pakistan. Ballpoint pen inks have been investigated and discriminated by using UV/Vis spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. We have calculated and compared the results in terms of discriminating power (DP). The statistical techniques of principal component analysis and cluster analysis have been applied on obtained data. By visual comparison, the best DP is obtained for green ballpoint pen inks, i.e., 0.866 by using UV/Vis spectroscopy and FTIR techniques. Black and red ballpoint pen inks showed the highest DPs by using UV/Vis spectroscopy; however, blue ballpoint pen inks got the highest DP by using FTIR spectroscopy. DP has been improved by using chemometric techniques and higher DPs are obtained as compared to visual examination.

In developing countries, the chances of fraud in written documents are comparatively high. Therefore, comparison of fountain pen inks is especially imperative in examination of forensic questioned documents. We have investigated the use of the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique in profiling and discrimination of fountain pen ink used in Pakistan for forensic purpose. The main purpose of this study was to discriminate different Pakistani fountain pen inks. The datum for Pakistani inks of fountain pen is not obtainable. In this research study, blue, black, and green colors fountain pen inks commercially used in Pakistan have been extracted from paper using micropunch and then investigated using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to differentiate various brands of different colors of fountain pen inks based on their chemical composition. Molecular ion peaks for different components were obtained, and components were identified on the basis of detected ions. Results have been calculated and compared in terms of discriminating power (D.P.). The D.P. for blue, black, and green inks of fountain pen was 1.0 by using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique.

Background: This study focuses on Optimization field of computer science which works well when human beings are unable to solve the problem of finding an efficient path. Methods: The in-depth analysis of the problem has followed by the calculation of the school distances. The detailed route formation has been done so that the distances can be actualized in simulation-based optimization. The optimization is based on Genetic Algorithm and for this purpose a graphical user interface has been developed. Findings: The school monitoring teams were given an optimized path for their route to visit where they can easily save the time and the fuel. Results show that the genetic algorithm has produced an efficient and accurate path for the monitoring team so that the fuel and time can be saved. Improvements/Applications: The current study can be extended by comparing genetic algorithm output to any other optimization algorithms, so that the efficiency and time can be measured. Keywords: Genetic Algorithm, Optimization, School Monitoring

It is undeniable that HIV infection has been a censorious public health concern over the past four decades. It is reported that HIV is the main reason for AIDs which has decimated the global population of humans and imposed a significant economic burden on affected areas. Hence, it is significant to study the transmission of HIV viruses in the body of a human host. In this study, we use a fractional framework to organise the intricate interactions of CD4+ T-cells and HIV viruses in order to investigate HIV infection with control interventions. We apply the operators of Caputo and Atangana–Baleanu to interrogate the transmission phenomena of HIV viruses. For the analysis of our system, we present the basic concepts of the fractional operators. Numerical schemes are provided to show the solution pathways of the system with the variation of input parameters. Furthermore, the findings emphasise the chaotic and dynamical behaviour of HIV. We run several simulations to visualise the influence of input factors and quantitatively illustrated the dynamics of HIV. Chaos and oscillatory behaviour are intimately linked, and this is owing to the system’s nonlinearity. Furthermore, our findings indicate the most important factors for infection control and prevention.

Aim: To evaluate the feasibility and safety of direct trocar insertion for gaining access to peritoneal cavity in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: An Observational study was conducted at Surgical unit II Ghulam Mohammad Mahar Medical College Hospital Sukkur from January 2016 to December 2020. Two thousand one hundred twenty (n=2120) patients were included in the study. All the patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy were included in the study. Informed and written consent was obtained from every patient to participate as study subject. Data was analyzed on SPSS version 16. Mean +/- standard deviation was calculated for age, first port access time and time to establish pneumoperitoneum. Results: Under general anesthesia with patient in supine posture, abdominal access gained by first making small incision of 10mm in skin and subcutaneous fat at sub umbilical region with No. 11 scalpel and then by direct trocar insertion followed by creation of pneumoperitoneum. Cholecystectomy performed. Study variables included first port access time, no. of attempts for DTI, extraperitoneal CO2 insufflation, port site bleeding, visceral injury, port site infection and port site hernia and were recorded on predesigned proforma. Variables like extraperitoneal CO2 insufflation, port site bleeding and visceral injury were expressed as percentage. Conclusion: We conclude that direct trocar insertion is the safe, quick and effective method for creation of pneumoperitoneum and should be employed routinely in all laparoscopic procedures. Keywords: Laparoscpy, Cholecystectomy, Trocars

Vector-host infectious diseases remain a challenging issue and cause millions of deaths each year globally. In such outbreaks, many countries especially developing or underdevelopment faces a situation where the number of infected individuals is getting larger and the medical facilities are limited. In this paper, we construct an epidemic model to explore the transmission dynamics of vector-borne diseases with nonlinear saturated incidence rate and saturated treatment function. This type of incidence rate, as well as the saturated treatment function, is also known as the Holling type II form and describes the effect of delayed treatment. Initially, we formulate a mathematical model and then present the basic analysis of the model including the positivity and boundedness of the solution. The threshold quantity \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathcal {R}}_{0}$$\end{document}R0 is presented and the stability analysis of the system is carried out for the model equilibria. The global stability results are shown using the Lyapunov function of Goh–Voltera type. The existence of backward bifurcation is discussed using the central manifold theory. Further, the global sensitivity analysis of the model is carried out using the Latin Hypercube sampling and the partial rank correlation coefficient techniques. Moreover, an optimal control problem is formulated and the necessary optimality conditions are investigated in order to eradicate the disease in a community. Four strategies are presented by choosing different set of controls combination for the disease minimization. Finally, the numerical simulations of each strategy are depicted to demonstrate the importance of suggesting control interventions on the disease dynamics and eradication.

Cloud resembles with Virtualization to achieve the shared environment and shared resources. In virtualized shared environment, the availability of the shared resources for the shared multiple clusters/Virtual Machines is always matters. To provide the better performance to the end users of the cloud VMs and for the always availability of shared resources, virtual machine migration is always a challenging task in virtualized environment. The aim of this research is to investigate various parameters of live data migration between the shared clusters/virtual machines in state-full context and overall load balance level. The proposed migration strategy ensures the avoidance of attacks/anomalies which causes the load increase on the VMs which effects the entire system. This could be done by the resource allocation from one cluster to another via checkpointing method of VM to maintain the state of the VM, load of the VM including resource availability. Using Xen hypervisor memory technique which dynamically allows the migration of the configured memory while the allocated memory could be discarded for a while. By this the bad memory remains un-migrated only the good memory consisting the used data would be migrated by means of Real-time.

Involvement of urease in various pathological conditions specifically in gastric and peptic ulcers make it an important therapeutic target. In the present study urease inhibition was investigated by newly designed Schiff bases of levofloxacin. Structure elucidation of these compounds were done by spectral studies such as IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR and elemental analysis. In vitro urease enzyme inhibition assay revealed the compounds LS01, LS06 and LS07 were found to be the most potent and showed comparable IC50 values 0.58±0.11, 0.45±0.21 µM and 0.52±0.28 µM respectively. The compound LS06 was competitive inhibitor with Ki value 1.13 µM while the compounds LS01 and LS07 were mixed type of inhibitors with Ki values 3.40 and 6.03 µM respectively. Plausible binding mode of competitive inhibitor was predicted using molecular docking studies. Ancillary to synthetic studies, density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6–31G(d,p) basis sets in ground state is utilized in order to gain optimized geometries of LS01-LS09 molecules. Different geometric parameters like molecular electrostatic potential analysis, alignment of HOMO and LUMO levels, natural bonding orbital (NBO) analysis and global descriptor of reactivity were performed in support of experimental findings. All DFT based computed results showed best agreement with experimental finding and suggest that all synthesized compounds are chemically stable.

Bioinformatics has been a hot topic in Pakistan to be a separate and vital field of study. There has been a sudden increase in the Bioinformatics courses for both undergraduate and graduate degrees. The courses selected in this study four years bachelor degree and two year master degree of full-time study, each of these courses dissecting into six categories as: Bioinformatics, Biological Science, Mathematics, Statistics, Computer Science and Elective subjects, to determine where the differences lie. This study reviews state-of-the-art Bioinformatics education in Pakistan, compares it with global standards and initiatives and proposes a set of recommendations to be integrated in the national educational framework of curriculum and policy making.

Introduction Colonoscopy is a diagnostic procedure used not only for screening and assessment but also for therapeutic management of various diseases such as removal of polyps, flat lesions, etc. In this study, we determine various outcomes of colonoscopy done in the gastroenterology unit of Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College and Teaching Hospital in Pakistan. Methods and Materials This retrospective cross-sectional review was carried out at the colonoscopy unit of Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College and Teaching Hospital in Sukkur, Pakistan. Data was gathered from medical records of patients and by calling their physicians if necessary from July 1 to December 31, 2018. Results In our study, the most common site for colonoscopy was a rectosigmoid colon (37.85%, n=134), almost parallel to the anal canal (37.57%, n=133). Normal colonoscopy was reported in 25.42% (n=90). The most common pathology was hemorrhoids (32.48%, n=115), followed by ulcers (17.79%, n=63). Conclusion Colonoscopic detection of hemorrhoids was the most common finding in colonoscopy. Normal colonoscopy was less compared to other literature, suggesting physicians are carefully screening patients in advising colonoscopies.

In this paper, we present a method of crime analysis from open source information. We employed un-supervised methods of data mining to explore the facts regarding the crimes of an area of interest. The analysis is based on well known clustering and association techniques. The results show that the proposed method of crime analysis is efficient and gives a broad picture of the crimes of an area to analyst without much effort. The analysis is evaluated using manual approach, which reveals that the results produced by the proposed approach are comparable to the manual analysis, while a great amount of time is saved.

Examination and comparison of fountain pen inks are very important in forensic questioned documents examination in developing countries where the chances of fraud are greater in cases of cheques, marriage papers, entry of birth and death, etc. In this study, fountain pen inks of blue, black, green, and red colours that are commercially used in Pakistan have been discriminated by UV-Vis spectroscopy, TLC, and FTIR spectroscopy. We have calculated and compared the results in terms of discriminating power. UV/Visible Spectroscopy of fountain pen inks of different brands showed different composition despite their similar colours. TLC was effectively used to differentiate between the colored components of inks. FTIR results showed that each brand could be distinguished by studying the pattern of their absorption spectra that appeared due to the presence of different functional groups. On the basis of combined results of UV-VIS, TLC, and FTIR, the DP was found from 0.73-0.8 for blue, 0.80-1.0 for black, 0.5-1.0 for green, and 1.0 for red colored fountain pen inks. Overall, this study demonstrated the elevated worth of analysis of fountain pen inks commercially used in Pakistan as the study for fountain pen inks, while not very common, remains an interesting target study.

Hepatitis B infection is one of the global health problems and potentially life-threatening liver infection. This infection is preventable and can be controlled using vaccination and proper treatment. The mathematical modeling approach could be used effectively to study the dynamics and to present the appropriate control inventions of infectious diseases including hepatitis B infection. This paper presents the analysis of the Hepatitis B virus through a new mathematical model in the presence of treatment and vaccinations. We show that the model is stable asymptotically (locally and globally) at the disease-free case. Using the persistence analysis, we prove that the model is uniformly persistent if the threshold quantity is greater than unity. The global sensitivity of the threshold quantity is carried out in order to set appropriate control measures for infection minimization. In view of the sensitivity results, we formulate the control model using optimal control theory by considering three control variables. Considering of different controls combination, we introduce four different control strategies to minimize the spread of the hepatitis B infection in the population. Finally, to illustrate the effectiveness of each strategy for the eradication of infection, we perform and discuss the numerical simulations in detail.

Hepatitis B infection is a serious public health issue worldwide and can be controlled through proper treatment. Mathematical models can be effectively used to explore the effect of different treatment strategies on hepatitis B patients. In this paper, we illustrate a new epidemic fractional order model of the hepatitis B virus with treatment case via Atangana–Baleanu derivative in Caputo sense. In the beginning, we investigate the non-negativity and uniqueness of the model solution. Then, we evaluate the basic reproduction number and equilibria of the model. Further, an iterative scheme is applied to calculate solution of the proposed model. Finally, to show the influence of fractional order and model parameters, we present a detail numerical simulations for different values of fractional order “ γ ”. The results show the importance and convincing behavior of the fractional order “ γ ” and ensure that by including the memory effects in the model seems very appropriate for such an investigation.

Endometriosis is the condition where endometrium gets implanted and flourishes outside the uterine cavity, most commonly in ovary and on the peritoneum which lines the abdominal cavity and viscera. Endometrial cells in areas outside the uterus are influenced by hormonal changes and respond in a way similar to the endometrium inside the uterus. Symptoms often worsen with the menstrual cycle. We present a case of 50 years old female who presented with gross abdominal distension and abdominal pain over years. CT scan showed a huge intraabdominal cyst of unknown origin which was compressing adjacent structures. Patient underwent a high risk operation and whole cyst weighing 214 kg (471 lbs) was removed along with both ovaries and uterus. Histopathologically, it was reported as endometrial cyst.

Context-aware adaptation is a central aspect of pervasive computing applications, enabling them to adapt and perform tasks based on contextual information. One of the aspects of context-aware adaptation is reconfiguration in which bindings are created between application component and remote services in order to realize new behaviour in response to contextual information. Various research efforts provide reconfiguration support and allow the development of adaptive context-aware applications from high-level specifications, but don’t consider failure conditions that might arise during execution of such applications, making bindings between application and remote services invalid. To this end, we propose and implement our design approach to reconfiguration to manage invalid bindings. The development and modification of adaptive context-aware applications is a complex task, and an issue of an invalidity of bindings further complicates development efforts. To reduce the development efforts, our approach provides an applicationtransparent solution where the issue of the invalidity of bindings is handled by our system, Policy-Based Contextual Reconfiguration and Adaptation (PCRA) 1 , not by an application developer. In this paper, we present and describe our approach to managing invalid bindings and compare it with other approaches to this problem. We also provide performance evaluation of our approach.

Protein-structure comparison (PSC) is an essential component of biomedical research as it impacts on, e.g., drug design, molecular docking, protein folding and structure prediction algorithms as well as being essential to the assessment of these predictions. Each of these applications, as well as many others where molecular comparison plays an important role, requires a different notion of similarity that naturally lead to the multicriteria PSC (MC-PSC) problem. Protein (Structure) Comparison, Knowledge, Similarity, and Information (ProCKSI) (www.procksi.org) provides algorithmic solutions for the MC-PSC problem by means of an enhanced structural comparison that relies on the principled application of information fusion to similarity assessments derived from multiple comparison methods. Current MC-PSC works well for moderately sized datasets and it is time consuming as it provides public service to multiple users. Many of the structural bioinformatics applications mentioned above would benefit from the ability to perform, for a dedicated user, thousands or tens of thousands of comparisons through multiple methods in real time, a capacity beyond our current technology. In this paper, we take a key step into that direction by means of a high-throughput distributed reimplementation of ProCKSI for very large datasets. The core of the proposed framework lies in the design of an innovative distributed algorithm that runs on each compute node in a cluster/grid environment to perform structure comparison of a given subset of input structures using some of the most popular PSC methods [e.g., universal similarity metric (USM), maximum contact map overlap (MaxCMO), fast alignment and search tool (FAST), distance alignment (DaliLite), combinatorial extension (CE), template modeling alignment (TMAlign)]. We follow this with a procedure of distributed consensus building. Thus, the new algorithms proposed here achieve ProCKSI's similarity assessment quality but with a fraction of the time required by it. Our results show that the proposed distributed method can be used efficiently to compare: 1) a particular protein against a very large protein structures dataset (target-against-all comparison), and 2) a particular very large-scale dataset against itself or against another very large-scale dataset (all-against-all comparison). We conclude the paper by enumerating some of the outstanding challenges for real-time MC-PSC.

Protein-structure comparison (PSC) is an essential component of biomedical research as it impacts on, e.g., drug design, molecular docking, protein folding and structure prediction algorithms as well as being essential to the assessment of these predictions. Each of these applications, as well as many others where molecular comparison plays an important role, requires a different notion of similarity that naturally lead to the multicriteria PSC (MC-PSC) problem. Protein (Structure) Comparison, Knowledge, Similarity, and Information (ProCKSI) (www.procksi.org) provides algorithmic solutions for the MC-PSC problem by means of an enhanced structural comparison that relies on the principled application of information fusion to similarity assessments derived from multiple comparison methods. Current MC-PSC works well formoderately sized datasets and it is time consuming as it provides public service to multiple users. Many of the structural bioinformatics applications mentioned abovewould benefit fromthe ability to perform, for a dedicated user, thousands or tens of thousands of comparisons through multiple methods in real time, a capacity beyond our current technology. In this paper, we take a key step into that direction bymeans of a high-throughput distributed reimplementation of ProCKSI for very large datasets. The core of the proposed framework lies in the design of an innovative distributed algorithm that runs on each compute node in a cluster/grid environment to perform structure comparison of a given subset of input structures using some of the most popular PSC methods [e.g., universal similarity metric (USM), maximum contact map overlap (MaxCMO), fast alignment and search tool (FAST), distance alignment (DaliLite), combinatorial extension (CE), template modeling alignment (TMAlign)]. We follow this with a procedure of distributed consensus building. Thus, the new algorithms proposed here achieve ProCKSI's similarity assessment quality but with a fraction of the time required by it. Our results show that the proposed distributed method can be used efficiently to compare: 1) a particular protein against a very large protein structures dataset (target-against-all comparison), and 2) a particular very large-scale dataset against itself or against another very largescale dataset (all-against-all comparison). We conclude the paper by enumerating some of the outstanding challenges for real-time MC-PSC.