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Fruits and vegetables consumed fresh or as minimally-processed produce, have multiple benefits for our diet. Unfortunately, they bring a risk of food-borne diseases, for example salmonellosis. Interactions between Salmonella and crop plants are indeed a raising concern for the global health. Salmonella uses multiple strategies to manipulate the host defense system, including plant's defense responses. The main focus of this review are strategies used by this bacterium during the interaction with crop plants. Emphasis was put on how Salmonella avoids the plant defense responses and successfully colonizes plants. In addition, several factors were reviewed assessing their impact on Salmonella persistence and physiological adaptation to plants and plant-related environment. The understanding of those mechanisms, their regulation and use by the pathogen, while in contact with plants, has significant implication on the growth, harvest and processing steps in plant production system. Consequently, it requires both the authorities and science to advance and definite methods aiming at prevention of crop plants contamination. Thus, minimizing and/or eliminating the potential of human diseases.

Extraction of plant secondary metabolites were prepared and subjected as non-toxic, biodegradable and eco-friendly natural dyes. Two groups of cotton textiles were dyed with crude extracts of Curcuma longa and Hibiscus sabdariffa separately to examine and compare the staining ability of these extracts. Fabrics where treated with three different mordanting techniques using three different mordants which were copper, ferrous sulfates and potassium dichromate. Dyed fabrics were exposed to different conditions including washing with water and detergent as well as exposing to sun light in order to test the stability of the color. As a result Curcuma longa extract had higher potentially dying ability than Hibiscus sabdariffa extract, otherwise using of Potassium dichromate as a mordant gave best color stability compared with other used mordants, while dying of fabrics by pre-mordanting method as exposing fabric samples to the mordants before dying with plant extracts showed the darker shade http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.23.2018.010

Extraction of plant secondary metabolites were prepared and subjected as non-toxic, biodegradable and eco-friendly natural dyes. Two groups of cotton textiles were dyed with crude extracts of Curcuma longa and Hibiscus sabdariffa separately to examine and compare the staining ability of these extracts. Fabrics where treated with three different mordanting techniques using three different mordants which were copper, ferrous sulfates and potassium dichromate. Dyed fabrics were exposed to different conditions including washing with water and detergent as well as exposing to sun light in order to test the stability of the color. As a result Curcuma longa extract had higher potentially dying ability than Hibiscus sabdariffa extract, otherwise using of Potassium dichromate as a mordant gave best color stability compared with other used mordants, while dying of fabrics by pre-mordanting method as exposing fabric samples to the mordants before dying with plant extracts showed the darker shade.

Minimally processed or fresh fruits and vegetables are unfortunately linked to an increasing number of food-borne diseases, such as salmonellosis. One of the relevant virulence factors during the initial phases of the infection process is the bacterial flagellum. Although its function is well studied in animal systems, contradictory results have been published regarding its role during plant colonization. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that Salmonella’s flagellin plays a versatile function during the colonization of tomato plants. We have assessed the persistence in plant tissues of a Salmonella enterica wild type strain, and of a strain lacking the two flagellins, FljB and FliC., The work carried out in the C.R.B. and J.R. laboratory has been granted by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MCIU, Spain, RTI2018-095069-B-100) awarded to C.R.B. and J.R., and Proyectos de Excelencia (Junta de Andalucía; PY18-2398) awarded to C.B. This work was co-funded by Fondos Europeos de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER). N.L. received funding for a short training mission (STSM) in the A.S. laboratory from CA 16110 HUPLANT from the EU Cost Action Program. We would like to thank DAAD for scholarship funding of A.A.Z.

Humans and animals are considered typical hosts for Salmonella, however, also plants can be colonized. Tomatoes were linked to salmonellosis outbreaks already on several occasions. The aim of this study was, therefore, to establish a comprehensive view on the interaction between Salmonella enterica and tomatoes, and to test the hypothesis that colonization of plants is an interactive process. We assessed the persistence of Salmonella in agricultural soil, the colonization pattern in and on tomatoes, as well as the reciprocal responses of tomatoes to different Salmonella strains and Salmonella to root exudates and tomato-related media. This study revealed that Salmonella can persist in the soil and inside the tomato plant. Additionally, we show that Salmonella strains have particular colonization pattern, although the persistence inside the plant differs between the tested strains. Furthermore, the transcriptome response of tomato showed an up-regulation of several defense-related genes. Salmonella transcriptome analysis in response to the plant-based media showed differentially regulated genes related to amino acid and fatty acid synthesis and stress response, while the response to root exudates revealed regulation of the glyoxylate cycle. Our results indicate that both organisms actively engage in the interaction and that Salmonella adapts to the plant environment.