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Mannheimia haemolytica causes pneumonic pasteurellosis (mannheimiosis) in ruminants which is the most economically significant infectious disease. Mannheimia belongs to the family Pasteurellaceae, are nonmotile, nonspore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, oxidase-positive and fermentative gram-negative rods or coccobacilli which are frequent respiratory and digestive tract commensals in both domestic and wild animals. They can produce infection in animals with compromised immune states. The capsular polysaccharide, lipopolysaccharide and iron-regulated outer membrane proteins are the major virulent factors of organism stimulating the host immunity. There is a significant gap on the effects of the M. haemolytica and its’ immunogens on the physiology and performance of the reproductive system in small ruminants. Therefore, the goal of this review is to highlight the potential involvement of the female reproductive system with infection with M. haemolytica and its immunogens in small ruminants. Moreover, the review has directed the future research path to determine the role of this bacterium in the pathophysiology and performance of the female reproductive system.

Mannheimiosis or pneumonic pasteurellosis commonly occurs in small ruminants. Mannheimiosis is caused by Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) a Gram-negative coccobacillus producing acute febrile and infectious condition resulting in death of animal if not diagnosed and treated promptly. M. haemolytica serotype A2 is a commensal of the nasopharynx, gaining access to the lungs when host defenses are compromised by stress or infection in small ruminants. Till date, there is a vast literature and research that has been conducted on the pathogenesis of M. haemolytica invariably on respiratory system and its related immune system and mechanisms. From the clinical point of view, infection or diseases involving vital organs will systemically affect the production and performance of the infected animal. Therefore, there is a huge gap of knowledge and research to answer the question whether there is any association between M. haemolytica infection with reproductive physiology and performance in small ruminants and how it affects the productivity level. This review will explore the possibilities of involvement and new potential research to be carried out to determine the involvement of male and female reproductive system with M. haemolytica infection among small ruminants.

This case report describes a veterinary clinical case of brucellosis concurrent with Johne’s disease in a buffalo bull that highlight the clinical and diagnostic management of the case. A 3-year-old Murrah buffalo bull weighing 250 kg with a body condition score of 2 out of 5 was presented with the primary complaint of decreasing body weight for the past one month. The most obvious signs observed during physical examinations were emaciation with prominent bony structures and enlargement of the scrotum. Upon palpation, the testicles were firm in consistency and warm. The differential diagnoses at that point of time were brucellosis, Johne’s disease, and Fascioliasis. The biochemical finding revealed hyperglobulinaemia (55.5 g/L) and the Rose Bengal Plate Test showed result of agglutination with the serum sample. Bacteriology finding demonstrated a positive result for acid-fast bacillus using the Ziehl-Neelsen’s stain method. Based on the history, physical examinations, and diagnosis work-ups, the buffalo bull was diagnosed infected with brucellosis concurrent with Johne’s disease infection. The prognosis of the case was grave and the animal was not treated due to the test-and-slaughter policy in Malaysia to control brucellosis. The farmer was advised to screen all animals on his farm as prevention and control for both diseases.

The postpartum period is a time that is characterised by an increased risk of developing parturition related diseases and disorders by the dam. These may affect production in affected animals. Thee objective of this study was to determine the incidences and methods of clinical management of postpartum diseases among farm animals within the Klang Valley in Selangor, Malaysia. Primary data were obtained from a four-year (January 2013 to December 2017) farm record from sixteen (16) cattle and goats mixed farms. Postpartum diseases and disorders made up 3.4% (53/1550) of total diseases and disorders recorded for cows and does. Out of the 53 cases of postpartum diseases and disorders recorded, the followings were observed; metritis (24.5%), vaginal prolapse (22.6%), pyometra (20.8%), retained placenta (15.1%), uterine prolapse (9.4%), endometritis (5.7%) and uterine tears (1.9%). Most of the recorded postpartum cases were seen in cattle (83.0%) than in goat (17.0%) populations. More postpartum diseases and disorders were seen in younger cows (56.8%) as compared to older cows (43.2%). Similarly, more cases were seen in older does (66.6%) as compared to younger does (33.4%). Furthermore, a higher frequency of postpartum diseases was observed in animals during their rst parturition (77.4%) than in animals during their second (17.0%) or third parturition (5.6%). Flunixin meglumine and oxytetracyclines administered via the uterus were frequently used in clinical management of postpartum diseases. However, a detailed and strict follow up of the cases were lacking (52.8%). This study shows that postpartum diseases are quite common in primipara ruminants in the Klang Valley. Although conventional methods of managing postpartum cases in the Klang valley yielded satisfactory outcomes, there is need for compliance on detailed follow up therapy to avoid cases of treatment failures in affected animals.