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The analysis of the water distribution network [WDN] is essential for a sufficient water supply. In the present study, the water distribution network [WDN] of the Narangi village in Virar was analysed using WaterGEMS software. The obtained results from the analysis were used to evaluate the impact of the growing population on the water distribution system in the coming decades, i.e., from 2020 to 2050. For population forecasting, the arithmetical increase and geometrical increase methods were adopted which were later used as “Low Population Growth Scenario" [LGS] and "High Population Growth Scenario" [HGS] respectively. The results obtained show that the maximum flow is observed in pipe 1, and the maximum demand is seen at junction 67. In 2020, the flow rate in Pipe 1 was 1036 litres per minute, but by 2050, it had risen to 1655 litres per minute. Demand at junction 67 was 54 litres per minute in 2020, and it had escalated to 86 litres per minute by 2050. This shows an increasing trend in pipe flow and demand at junctions due to the growing population over the decades. The future water demand is estimated under two population growth scenarios i.e., LGS and HGS. The comparison shows that unmet water demand estimated using the HGS, i.e., 0.223 and 0.601 million m3, is more than the LGS, i.e., 0.035 and 0.174 million m3 for the years 2040 and 2050, respectively. This signifies that unmet water demand in HGS and LGS will result in water scarcity in the study area. As a result, new water sources and the construction of new storage tanks should be planned and implemented as measures to reduce future unmet water demand.

Surat is a district that has seen numerous floods and high rainfall over the last two decades. The solution to the problem, and the primary aim of this study, is to construct a storage facility, such as a dam, as part of flood prevention measures. The concept of multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) is now widely employed for everyday real-life challenges. Recent advancements and diverse approaches in geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing, along with the MCDM technique, will enable us to make an informed decision about where to build a dam site location model (DSLM). The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is the most frequently utilised MCDM technique for resolving water-related issues. To produce DSLM, ten thematic layers were considered: precipitation, stream order, geomorphology, geology, LULC, soil, distance to road, elevation, slope, and major fault fracture. Precipitation and stream order were the two most important elements affecting the DSLM. The weights of the thematic map layers were determined using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) technique. These thematic maps and weights are used to perform overlay analysis, resulting in a suitability map with five classes ranging from high to low suitability. Three main sites have been selected as the best candidates for the construction of a new dam. By implementing this low-cost strategy, we may be able to reduce the amount of effort required in the traditional method of dam site selection while increasing decision-makers' accuracy. Approximately 14% of the Surat district is classified as a very high adaptability area, while 27.2 percent is classified as a high suitability area. This method can be applied all over the world to locate possible dam sites, which can be helpful for flood mitigation measures. In addition to that, the presented approach unveiled the scientific method for flood mitigation measures, which are in immediate demand all over the globe, especially in data-scarce regions.

Groundwater is a significant source of freshwater for people all around the world. About 97.2 % of the water on Earth is saline, with only 2.8 % available for usage as fresh water, of which approximately 20 % is groundwater. In India, a large portion of the populace relies on groundwater for drinking. The determination of water quality in residential, commercial, and industrialised areas is of great importance, and for this, the water quality index (WQI) is an effective tool which determines the suitability for drinking water of groundwater. The WQI is described as an index that reflects the combined impact of several water quality parameters that are analysed and accounted for while calculating the water quality index. In the present study, 54 groundwater samples were collected from the 54 wards of Ujjain city, Madhya Pradesh, India, during the summer period of 2019. The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS, 2012) was used to assess the appropriateness of groundwater for drinking and calculate WQI. The water quality index was calculated using eight water quality parameters, including pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, chlorides (Cl–), hardness, and fluorides (F–). The objective of the study is to determine the class of all 54 samples using the Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment Water Quality Index (CCMEWQI) into five classes: excellent, good, fair, marginal, and poor. Also, the Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping technique was used to outline the spatial distribution trend of physiochemical properties and predominant ion concentration in groundwater. The obtained results suggest that wards 34 and 39 had the lowest CCMEWQI values of 32.873 and 32.120, respectively, which is unsatisfactory when compared to other wards. As a result, the general water quality of both wards (34 and 39) is poor and completely unfit for direct drinking. The CCMEWQI was found to be marginal in Wards 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 19, 24, 25, 26, 35, 38, 40, 41, 42, 45, 46, 48, 49, and 53. Wards 5, 8, 11, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 28, 29, 30, 31,32, 33, 36, 50, 51, and 54 had fair water quality. CCMEWQI > 79 indicates that the water quality is good, as in Wards 20, 44, and 47. It is concluded from CCMEWQI that 6% of samples were found in the good category. 33% of the ground water samples were found to be in the range of fair quality. Similarly, 41% of samples were marginal, while 20% of samples were found to be poor. In the study area, groundwater is the main source of drinking water, so it must be managed effectively before its quality degrades.

Groundwater is one of the most important natural resources, with quality and quantity fluctuating across space. One of the key sources that contributes to the overall yearly supply is groundwater. Groundwater resources are under significant threat as a result of various factors, including rising population, urbanization, and industrialization. In rural regions, groundwater supplies 80–90% of household water. The fall in groundwater levels is caused by unreliable monsoons and poor-quality surface water supplies. As a result, identifying and delineating the GWPZ that can be used to supplement the groundwater supply is important. The goal of this research is to combine geospatial techniques such as geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) to analyse the groundwater potential in the Ujjain district of Madhya Pradesh, India. To create the GWPZ map, the thematic layers of the primary elements that govern the occurrence and movement of groundwater in hard rock regions were prioritized, weighted, and aggregated in a linear combination equation in the ArcGIS Raster Calculator. In this study area for evaluating groundwater potential zones, a total of nine thematic maps were prepared, such as geology, drainage density, geomorphology, lithology, soil, land use/land cover, elevation, and slope. The weights for the different thematic layers were calculated using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique, i.e., the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), that permits pairwise evaluation of criteria influencing the prospective zone. The groundwater potential (GWP) map has also been reclassified into five distinct classes, i.e., excellent, very good, good, moderate, and poor. According to the findings, the excellent potential zone accounts for 1.15% of the total area, with the remaining areas classified as very good (23.21%), good (45.76%), moderate (21.54%), and low (8.35%). A total of 53 well sites are available for the validation of the GWPZ map in the research region. According to our findings, 38 existing wells are in the good and very good potential zones. This suggests that the study's groundwater potential zone map is quite consistent and dependable when it comes to estimating groundwater potential. On the basis of the groundwater potential zone map, a spatial rearrangement of cropping patterns might be recommended. This study is even more essential in an era of drinking water shortages, as the GWPZ map would have been beneficial in water resource planning and management. Future management plans, including natural and artificial recharge practices, may be established successfully in these locations since the approach used yielded reliable analysis.

Today, inhabitants residing in floodplains face a serious and perpetual threat of flooding. Flooding causes fatalities and considerable property damage in metropolitan areas. Therefore, robust structural measures need to be adopted to eliminate flood catastrophe. Structural measures in the floodplain are the most promising solutions. However, there are cost-associated factors for proposing a flood retention plan. Navsari city (98.36 km2, area extent) of Gujarat was used as a case study to investigate the impact of mesh grid structures (100 m, 90 m, and 50 m) along with structural measures for the preparation of a flood retention plan. The HEC-RAS 2D hydrodynamic model was performed for the Purna River. The output of the model was characterized by four different scenarios: (i) Without weir and levees (WOWL), (ii) With weir (WW), (iii) With levees (WL), and (iv) With weir and levees (WWL). The statistical parameters (R2, RMSE, NSE, inundation time, and inundation area) were determined to evaluate model accuracy. The outcome of the model revealed that a 50 m size mesh grid exhibited more accurate results, yielding high NSE and R2 values (0.982 and 0.9855), a low RMSE value (0.450 m), and a smaller inundation area (114.61 km2). The results further revealed that the WW scenario was the most effective flood retention measure as it delayed the flood water for up to 16 h, and managed the flood with the WOWL case. Moreover, the mean error (WW scenario) estimated from profiles 1 and 2 ranged from (−0.7 to 0.62) and from (−0.1 to 0.02 m), respectively, which were evaluated as very low when compared with other scenarios. The novel scenario-based flood retention plan emphasizing the stability of mesh grid structures using the hydrodynamic model can be applied to any other region around the globe to recommend efficacious structural flood measures for flood decision making systems.