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Background: Cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis ) are the most common ectoparasites of domestic cats and dogs worldwide. They can parasitize humans in many regions of the globe. Hospital infestation with fleas has not been reported in Iran, and the number of reported cases in the world is very low. Case presentation: Here we report and describe a hospital infestation with cat fleas in a number of health-care service personnel and nurses, which led to the development of skin lesions and severe itching. Conclusion: Diagnosing the parasite, removing it, and good health and medical management lead to satisfactory outcomes. Einleitung: Katzenflöhe (Ctenocephalides felis ) sind weltweit die häufigsten Ektoparasiten von Hauskatzen und Hunden und können in vielen Regionen der Welt den Menschen parasitieren. Über einen nosokomialen Ausbruch mit Flöhen wurde im Iran noch nicht berichtet, und die Zahl der weltweit gemeldeten Fälle ist sehr gering. Präsentation der Fälle: Es wird über einen Befall mit Katzenflöhen beim Service- und Pflegepersonal berichtet, der zur Entwicklung von Hautläsionen und starkem Juckreiz führte. Schlussfolgerung: Die Diagnose des Parasiten, seine Bekämpfung und ein gutes medizinisches Management führten zu zufriedenstellenden Ergebnissen.

Background and aims: Septicemia is one of the most common diseases of infancy associated with high morbidity and mortality. In various papers, the incidence of Septicemia varies in neonates reported with suspected sepsis. The aim of this study was to estimate the overall prevalence of Neonatal Septicemia in Iran and investigate its general trend in the country by systematic review. Methods: The studies were carried out using the valid keywords in domestic and foreign databases including Sid, Magiran, Irandoc, Medlib, Iranmedex, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, Pubmed, Springer, Science direct, search-engines and Googlescholar. The results were combined using random effects of meta-analysis model. The variance of each study was calculated using the binomial distribution of the heterogeneity of studies, and I2 Index. Stata software was used for data analysis. Results: The sample size was 13889 in 26 studies. The overall incidence of Neonatal Sepsis was estimated 14.3% in Iran (CI 95: 12%-16.7%). The incidence rate of sepsis in boys and girls was estimated in seven studies with a sample of 2268 people 26.7% (CI 95%: 13.3%-40.2%), and 23.3% (CI 95: 12.4%-34.2%). Graph of meta-regression showed that the incidence of Septicemia has declined over the years 1996-2010, but this reduction was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Neonatal septicemia is highly prevalent in our country. Since nosocomial infection factors play a significant role in the neonatal infection with sepsis, with training the personnel present at the Neonatal Units and NICUs, it can be prevented from Neonatal Sepsis. Some of the trainings include practice of health recommendations such as hands washing. Using disposable tools, strong and standard disinfectants and proper cares of the umbilical cord can be pointed out in this regard

Background and aims: Hypogonadism is one of the most common endocrine complications in patients with thalassemia major. A simple review of studies show different hypogonadism prevalence and has been reported between 31.3-88% in Iranian patients with thalassemia major. So, this meta-analysis study was conducted to determine the hypogonadism prevalence in Iranian patients with thalassemia major. Methods: This study was conducted based on PRISMA checklist for systematic review and meta-analysis studies. A comprehensive search by two researchers was conducted according to MESH keywords in databases such as Magiran, Iranmedex, SID, Medlib, IranDoc, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane, Embase, Springer, Online Library Wiley and also search engine Google Scholar. Then, all articles were examined without any time limited until October 2015. Data were analyzed using random effects model and Stata ver. 11.1 software. Results: Sixteen studies involving 2938 patients with average age of 17.34 were identified to analyze in the meta-analysis. Hypogonadism prevalence in patients with thalassemia major in Iran has been estimated 42.3% (CI 95%: 30.7-53.8). Minimum and maximum prevalence in Iran were related to the center (41%) and east (45%), respectively. Hypogonadism prevalence in male and female patients was 49% and 45.2%, respectively. There was no significant relationship between hypogonadism prevalence and year of the study and sample size. Conclusion: The prevalence of hypogonadism in Iranian patients with thalassemia major is high and it is needed to perform a continuous and regular plan and follow up for these patients.

Recent years saw a growing interest in predicting antibiotic resistance from whole-genome sequencing data, with promising results obtained for Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this work, we gathered 6,574 sequencing read datasets of M. tuberculosis public genomes with associated antibiotic resistance profiles for both first and second-line antibiotics. We performed a systematic evaluation of TBProfiler and Mykrobe, two widely recognized softwares allowing to predict resistance in M. tuberculosis. The size of the dataset allowed us to obtain confident estimations of their overall predictive performance, to assess precisely the individual predictive power of the markers they rely on, and to study in addition how these softwares behave across the major M. tuberculosis lineages. While this study confirmed the overall good performance of these tools, it revealed that an important fraction of the catalog of mutations they embed is of limited predictive power. It also revealed that these tools offer different sensitivity/specificity trade-offs, which is mainly due to the different sets of mutation they embed but also to their underlying genotyping pipelines. More importantly, it showed that their level of predictive performance varies greatly across lineages for some antibiotics, therefore suggesting that the predictions made by these softwares should be deemed more or less confident depending on the lineage inferred and the predictive performance of the marker(s) actually detected. Finally, we evaluated the relevance of machine learning approaches operating from the set of markers detected by these softwares and show that they present an attractive alternative strategy, allowing to reach better performance for several drugs while significantly reducing the number of candidate mutations to consider.