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Background and purpose: Tooth loss poses a significant and prevalent issue, and various treatment options have been proposed to address this matter, including the utilization of both fixed and removable prostheses. The correlation between the number of teeth remaining and the chosen prosthesis in individuals' oral cavities, as well as its impact on their overall quality of life, is noteworthy. Hence, in this current investigation, we sought to evaluate the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) experienced by patients who have been fitted with either removable or fixed prostheses. Materials and methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, there were three different cohorts (n= 90) of patients with partial edentulism that were examined. These groups were as follows: group 1, which consisted of patients without any dentures; group 2, which consisted of patients with fixed prosthetics; group 3, which consisted of patients with removable prosthetics (both or only one jaw). The method used for data collection was the OHIP-14 questionnaire, which encompassed various aspects such as biographical information, disease type, age, gender, type of prosthesis, and 14 additional inquiries. Ultimately, the data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The OHRQoL score in patients with fixed prosthesis exhibited the lowest value (4.93±5.17), whereas in patients without prosthesis, it demonstrated the highest value. Furthermore, a statistically significant difference was observed between the types of prosthesis (P-value

Background and purpose: Diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder associated with chronic hyperglycemia and a disfunction in carbohydrate metabolism, fat, and protein. Oral complications of diabetes include gingival hyperplasia, periodontitis, dental caries, and xerostomia. Although diabetes can be effective on oral and dental health, limited studies have investigated the increase of oral and dental caries in children with type 1 diabetes compared to healthy children. This study compares oral health and quality of life in two to five-year-old children with type 1 diabetes with healthy children in Sari City in 2022. Materials and methods: In this case-control study, 33 children aged 2-5 with type 1 diabetes (case group) and 33 healthy children matched in terms of age and gender (control group) referred to BuAli Hospital in Sari were included using the census method. After obtaining informed consent from the parents, the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) was provided to them. This questionnaire was classified into two areas: the child impact section (CIS) and the family impact section (FIS). Generally, the sum of the raw scores of this index varies from 0-52, which includes 0-26 scores for the CIS section and 0-16 for the FIS section. The higher score in the ECOHIS index suggests worse oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL). Children were examined for dmft index under sufficient light. Data was analyzed using SPSS 22 statistical software. Results: In this investigation, 36 boys (54.5 %) participated, of which 19 (57.6%) were in the case group and 17 (51.5%) were in the control group. The girls also made up 45.5 % (30 cases) of the sample size, of which 42.4 % (14 cases) were in the case group and 45.5 % (16 cases) were in the control group. The findings revealed that the mean FIS, ECOHIS, and dmft scores in the case group were significantly higher than the control group (P0.05). Conclusion: According to the current results, the oral health-related quality of life according to the ECOHIS index in type 1 diabetic children is more inappropriate than healthy patients at the same age. Moreover, as the child with type 1 diabetes grows older, the oral health-related quality of life decreases. The results of the present study also show that children with type 1 diabetes are at risk of dental caries (more dmft), which increases with age but does not have any significant association with sex.

Background and purpose: Congenital heart defects (CHD) are conditions that arise from birth and affect the structure and function of the baby's heart. Children with CHD have a higher number of decayed, missing, or filled teeth due to caries (DMFT) and have poorer oral health than healthy children. Most researchers believe that knowledge and attitude about oral hygiene are effective factors in oral health-related behaviors. In addition, psychological factors increase a person's willingness to act to observe hygiene. Therefore, the current study aims to compare the deft index as well as the oral health-related quality of life in children aged 3-6 years with congenital heart disease (CHD) and healthy children. Materials and methods: In this case-control study, 28 children aged 3 to 6 years with CHD and 28 healthy children referred to Toubi Clinic were selected by census sampling method. After obtaining informed consent from the parents, the Childhood Oral Health Impact Index (ECOHIS) was provided to them. This questionnaire contained 13 questions and was classified into two areas: child impact scale (CIS) and family impact scale (FIS). The CIS section had 4 components: disease symptoms (1 question), child performance (4 questions), psychological (2 questions), child's self-confidence and social interactions (2 questions). The FIS section also included areas of parents' concerns (2 questions) and family function (2 questions). In general, the total raw scores of this index ranged from 0-52, which was 0-36 in the CIS section and 0-16 in the FIS section. The higher the final number of the ECOHIS index the more oral health problems and the more inappropriate OHRQOL. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS V.25 software and the Mann-Whitney test. Results: A total of 56 people participated in this study, of which 24 (42.9%) were girls. The average age of the participants was 4.64 years. Based on the findings of this study, the average dmft index in CHD group children was 6.42 ± 3.27, and in healthy children, this number was 5.92±2.9. The observed differences between the two groups were not statistically significant (P=0.492). The mean score of the CIS section of the questionnaire was 2.57±3.96 in CHD children and 4.64±5.15 in healthy children (P=0.082). In addition, the mean score of the FIS section was 2.5±3.06 in CHD children and 4.4±4.4 in healthy children, which was statistically significant in this study (P=0.026). Conclusion: In this study, the difference in the dmft index between CHD and healthy children was not statistically significant, but this index was higher in the CHD group. CHD children showed better quality of life related to oral health than healthy children. The quality of life in CHD children can be better than that of healthy children and the higher dmft index in CHD children may be due to the higher number of f and m compared to healthy children, and for this reason, a child with congenital heart disease may experience less dental pain than a healthy child.

Background and purpose: Metals are widely influenced in environmental pollution and disease development in humans. Since children are exposed to chemicals in the environment more than adults, risk assessment should be taken into consideration. Therefore, the investigation of the difference in children's contact levels in environments with different pollution and monitoring the concentration of metals through tissue sampling are essential for identifying and preventing such effects. Materials and methods: Teeth were collected according to the inclusion criteria from dental clinics in Sari and Tehran. The samples were completely turned into powder by a grinder and prepared using an acid dissolution process to determine the concentration of metals by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Moreover, the maximum, minimum, mean, median and standard deviation values of the data were calculated. The normality of the data was determined by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS statistical software (v. 16). Results: The average concentration of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Al, Mn, Ba and Sr in two cities had a significant difference (P0.05). Additionally, in terms of tooth type a significant difference was observed among all these elements except Ba (P

Background and purpose: The antibacterial properties of pomegranate have been investigated in numerous studies. The aim of this study was to compare the antimicrobial effect of pomegranate seed extract (PSE) with Minnimally Invasive (MI) fluoride varnish and also to investigate their synergistic effect on the caries-causing bacteria Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria. Materials and methods: In this in-vitro study, the antibacterial properties and the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC, respectively) of the the compounds were investigated using the disk agar diffusion test (growth inhibition halo) and the micro broth dilution test. The antibacterial activity of the methanolic extracts was studied in 5 groups: PSE, PSE and varnish, MI varnish, positive control (ampicillin and erythromycin) and negative control (sterile physiological serum). The data were analyzed using SPSS ver22 software. Results: The largest diameter of growth inhibition in S. mutans and L. acidophilus was observed in the combination of two extracts (12±0.22mm) and varnish (12±1.22mm), respectively, while the smallest diameters were recorded in PSE (8.0±1.0mm and 4.0±1.5mm, respectively). Varnish showed the lowest MICs and MBCs for both types of bacteria tested. PSE and varnish showed similar results in inhibiting the growth of S. mutans (P=0.588); however, the simultaneous use of two extracts showed significant synergistic effects (P

Background and purpose: Utilizing engaging techniques, such as animation, to educate adolescents about oral health can significantly impact their knowledge and behavior, resulting in the prevention of periodontal diseases. The current study aimed to compare the effectiveness of health education utilizing animation vs traditional education methods in improving adolescents' attitudes, behavior, and periodontal markers. Materials and methods: In this interventional study, 371 students aged 13 to 15 were randomly selected by cluster sampling and divided into two groups: control (187 students) and intervention (184 students). Questionnaires and clinical examinations of the Gingival Index (GI), Plaque Index (PI), and Sulcus Bleeding Index (SBI) were completed before and four weeks following the intervention, and the data were entered into the SPSS software (v. 23). The independent t-test and covariance analysis were used to analyze the data, and P

Background and purpose: Fluoride varnish application is a successful approach in preventative dentistry. Considering the antimicrobial capabilities of Grape Seed Extract (GSE) and its impact on tooth re-mineralization, the current study was conducted to comparre the effect of this extract, with and without fluoride varnish, as well as their synergistic effects on the caries-causing bacteria Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Materials and methods: In the current laboratory-analytical study, the disk agar diffusion (growth inhibition halo) and microbroth dilution tests were used to investigate the antibacterial properties and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the compounds. Ampicillin and Erythromycin discs were utilized for positive control, and sterile physiological serum was used for negative control. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS software (version 16) and analysis of variance (ANOVA), Kruskal-Wallis, U-Man-Whitney, and independent t-tests. Results: The largest diameter of the growth inhibition halos in S. mutans and L. acidophilus were found in 2.5 mg/ml varnish (12.0±0.7 mm) and 5 mg/ml GSE (13.6±1.1 mm), respectively. Moreover, the smallest halo diameter was recorded in 2.5 mg/ml GSE (7.0±0.9 mm) and the combination of the two extracts at 2.5 mg/ml concentration (5.6±0.9 mm), respectively. Varnish had the lowest MIC in both bacterial species tested (1.8±0.7 mg/ml), and there was no evidence of a synergistic interaction between the two compounds; however, GSE performed comparatively similar to varnish at a dosage of 5 mg/ml. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, GSE can be considered an acceptable alternative to fluoride varnish in the early phases of dental caries treatment and prevention.

Statement of the Problem: Tooth-colored composites are used to repair caries lesions and other dental defects, particularly in anterior regions in children. Although a wide range of composites is using, little attention has been paid to the important indicators such as biological profiles or products released from these materials.Purpose: The current study aimed to compare the histocompatibility and cytotoxicity of light-curing resin used to repair children's teeth with different brands (3M, DenFil, and Opallis) in curing times of 20 and 40 seconds in human oral fibroblast cells (HGF1).Materials and Method: In this in vitro study, Three types of flow composites (3M, Opallis, and DenFil), all at A2 shade, were used. The composites were at 4×2mm with separate exposure times of 20 and 40 seconds. MTT test was used to determine the cytotoxicity of composites on oral fibroblast cells. This test is based on the conversion of tetrazolium bromide to a purple compound known as formazan that its color intensity can be evaluated using the ELISA. The higher intensity of the color reveals the higher survival rate of the mitochondria, which indicates less toxicity. One-way variance analysis and unpaired t-test were used to compare the cytotoxicity of each brand in two conditions of 20 and 40 seconds of curing. Statistical significance was considered when p< 0.05.Results: 3M and Opallis composites were significantly reduced vitality of cells compared to control group in both 20s and 40s curing status. While DenFil brand did not show marked cytotoxicity. In each brand, there are no significant deference between 20s and 40s curing times.Conclusion: Histocompatibility depends on the type of composite resin. In the current study, DenFil brand showed the highest histocompatibility, followed by 3M and Opallis.

Background and purpose: Garlic and cinnamon extracts, like fluoride varnish, play a role in caries control due to their antimicrobial effect and controlling demineralization. This analytical laboratory study was conducted in 2021 to investigate the antimicrobial effect of garlic and cinnamon extracts compared with fluoride varnish in controlling the infection of oral Lactobacillus acidophilus and Streptococcus mutans. Materials and methods: The disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration tests were used to check the antimicrobial effect. Ampicillin and Erythromycin discs were used for positive control and sterile physiological serum was used for negative control. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc test. Results: In disk diffusion test, cinnamon along with fluoride varnish (10.0±1.0mm) caused a significant increase in the diameter of the growth inhibition halo of L. acidophilus (P

Background: Early childhood caries (ECC) is one of the multifactorial, acute, and progressive types of tooth decay. Some salivary biomarkers are associated with this disease. Objectives: The data we used in our review were searched from articles published between 1950 to 2021 and using early childhood caries (ECC), children, saliva, salivary biomarkers, salivary characteristics, salivary minerals, cytokines, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and nitric oxide (NO) as keywords, collected from official web pages (Scopus, PubMed, Embase and Google scholar) and documents published from different international institutions. Methods: The search was limited to articles published in the English language. After the abstract screening, the full text of 194 relevant studies was reviewed. Finally, 101 relevant studies were selected. Results: Cytokines with the potential to affect ECC include interleukin (IL)-1 (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), a soluble cluster of differentiation (sCD)14-cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14), CD63 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The minerals associated with the ECC are calcium (Ca), phosphate (PO43-), fluoride (F), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and lead (Pb). Conclusions: Some characteristics of saliva that seem to concern ECC include salivary pH, salivary total protein, salivary total lipid, salivary buffering capacity, and saliva flow rate. Other vital factors observed to have significant effects on the ECC process involve total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and nitric oxide (NO).

Background: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) has many etiologies such as families’ socioeconomic status, parents’ education and awareness, prolonged and improper bottle or breastfeeding, consuming sweet foods and high-sugar diets, brushing techniques, immaturity of children’s immune system, family size, and Streptococcus mutans. Evidence Acquisition: The data used in our review were searched from articles published between 1950 to 2021 and using ECC, children, saliva, salivary biomarkers, salivary enzymes, salivary peptides, salivary proteins, and immunity as keywords, collected from official web pages (Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Google scholar) and documents published from different international institutions. The search was limited to articles published in the English language. After screening the abstract, the full text of 194 related studies was reviewed. Finally, 78 most related studies were selected. Results and Conclusions: ECC-related salivary proteins and peptides are Proline-rich proteins, salivary mucins, Lactoferrin, immunoglobulins, Toll-like receptors, Lysozyme, Histatins, Statherin, Defensins, Calprotectin, and Cytokines. ECC-related enzymes are Amylase, Lysozyme, Lactoperoxidase, Alkaline phosphatase, Carbonic anhydrase VI, Lactate dehydrogenase, and Glucosyltransferase B. Immunity factors affecting ECC include IgA (sIgA), IgG, IgM, salivary mucins, Lactoferrin, TLRs, Histatins, Statins, Defensins, Calprotectin, Lysozyme, Lactoperoxidase, Cytokines and interleukins, Cathelicidin (LL-37), Agglutinin, Cysteine, and Neutrophils.

Introduction: Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose symptoms appear during infancy or early childhood. Autism spectrum disorder is characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication, restricted behavioral patterns, and unusual sensory sensitivities. Few studies have been conducted to investigate the dental problems of autistic children, rendering conflicting results. Regarding this, the present study aimed to compare 3-12-year-old autistic with normal children in terms of the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index in Sari city. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on autistic and healthy children (n=70 each) in the age range of 3-12 years old in 2020. The age and gender of the participants, the educational level of parents, and the number of children were recorded in both groups. The DMFT index was compared in children with autism and healthy children. The data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U and Chi-square tests. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: According to the results of the study, the educational level of parents (maternal education P=0.279, paternal education P=0.295), age (P=0.832), gender (P=1.00), and the number of children (P=0.397) were not significantly different between the two groups; however, d and DMFT indices (P

Background and purpose: Dental caries is one of the most common bacterial diseases in childhood. Using proper dentifrice is suggested to reduce the incidence of this disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effects of different brands of children's dentifrice available in Iran’s market on Streptococcus mutans (PTCC1683) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (PTCC4356) strains. Materials and methods: After culturing standard bacterial strains, different kids dentifrice brands, including Irox, Bath, Misswake, Colgate, Oral-B, Bencer, and Frice were prepared by distilled water in 2 mg/ml and 4 mg/ml and added to pits in cultures medium. Then, the samples were incubated at 37°C for 24-48 hours and diameter of the antibacterial inhibitory haloarchaea was reported in millimeters. T-test was used for statistical analysis. Results: All dentifrices recorded an inhibitory haloarchaea diameter of 3-25 mm (except Bath and Irox at 2 mg/ml against S. mutans, 0 mm). The antibacterial strength of dentifrices was as follows: Oral-B> Colgate> Frice> Bencer> Misswake> Bath> Irox. At 4 mg/ml, the diameter of haloarchaea against L. acidophilus was approximately twice than that of S. mutans. The mean haloarchaea diameter was not significantly different between the control group and dentifrices at 4 mg/ml against S. mutans (P= 0.080). In other conditions, the mean diameter of haloarchaea in dentifrices was lower than that of the control group (P≤0.001). Conclusion: In this in-vitro study, Oral-B and Colgate (sodium fluoride 500 ppm) had the highest antibacterial effect and Bath and Irox (sodium monofluorophosphate 500 ppm) had the lowest antibacterial strength against the studied microorganisms. In addition, except for Bath and Irox, other dentifrices in various concentrations had desirable antibacterial properties.

Context: Stainless Steel Crowns (SSC) are stable and durable restorations and a valuable technique in repairing deciduous teeth with extensive caries. Nickel and chromium are the main composing elements of SSCs, i.e. released in the oral environment; they can cause allergic reactions, especially in nickel-sensitive children. The symptoms of these reactions include gingival edema and the loss of alveolar bone. Evidence Acquisition: The required data used in our review were searched from articles published until 2020 and collected from online databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, using “Nickel, Allergy, and SSCs” keywords. Articles concerning SSCs and their application, nickel allergy released from crowns, and their symptoms were included in this study. After the abstract screening, we recalled relevant studies for full-text review. Results: We are exposed to nickel every day in various forms; some individuals present hypersensitivity reactions when exposed to the slightest amounts of this metal. Nickel is a base metal and among the elements used in SSCs. Nickel is released from SSCs during the corrosion process in the oral environment. Excessively released nickel ions cause chronic fatigue syndrome, sensitive lymph nodes, muscle aches, and headaches. Conclusions: The amount of nickel released from SSCs is less than the number of other sources; thus, the immunological reactions of a large percentage of the population to this excess amount of nickel ions in the bloodstream are normal and cause no severe problems.

Context: Fluoride is a necessary element for bone growth and the prevention of dental caries. Diet and dentifrices are the most significant sources of fluoride exposure in children. The concentration of fluoride differs in various types of foods. Although at optimal levels, fluoride has beneficial effects on dental health, in high concentrations, it has some adverse effects, such as structural and functional defects in organs like the kidney and interference with thyroid function. High doses of fluoride can lead to fluoride toxicity, affecting different parts of the body like teeth. Our study aimed to review the previous studies on fluoride toxicity and provide relevant information to dentists and specialists about fluoride safety in children. Evidence Acquisition: The data we used in our review were found from articles published until 2019 and collected from official web pages and documents published from different international institutions. Topics discussed in this review were dietary intake of fluoride, fluoride metabolism, history of fluoride use, mechanism of fluoride action, overuse, and toxicity of fluoride. After the abstract screening, we reviewed relevant studies for full-text review. Results: Fluoride is generally found in the human daily diet. There are different sources of fluoride, such as fluoride supplements or fluoride dentifrices. Fluoride also has a topical protective effect against teeth decay. Ingestion of high doses of fluoride in a short time can lead to fluoride poisoning. Emergency treatment is needed when the toxic dose of 15 mg/kg has been exceeded. This problem usually happens in children while using products such as fluoridated toothpaste for oral hygiene; this illness can threaten their overall health. Conclusions: Fluoride can damage organs such as the liver and kidney as the principal organs susceptible to toxicity induced by fluoride. Although the intake of high doses of fluoride has some adverse health effects, its topical use is considered safe. Fluoride can improve children’s dental health in different ways and prevent caries.

Background and purpose: There are considerable differences in prevalence of oral lesions in different parts of the world. Few studies are done on this problem in Iran, so this study aimed at investigating the prevalence of oral lesions and awareness of these lesions in patients attending Oral and Maxillofacial Clinic in Sari Dental School, Iran. Materials and methods: A Descriptive study was performed in all patients aged ≥12 years in 2015-2016. Demographic and clinical features were recorded in a checklist. Results: The subjects were 391 males and 680 females (aged 12-19 years old). Among the patients 388 had no oral lesions but 683 were found with oral lesions. Awareness of the lesions was observed only in 8.49% of the patients. The most frequent lesion was coated tongue including 246 people, and lowest frequencies lesions were vascular malformations, hemorrhagic macule and fibrosarcoma with conflict in one person. Conclusion: High frequency of oral lesions and lack of awareness about them calls for periodic oral mucosal examinations such as dental examinations.

This in-vitro study sought to assess the push-out bond strength of a total etch and 2 self-etch bonding systems to intracanal dentin of primary anterior teeth (PAT).Thirty-six primary anterior teeth were randomly divided into 3 groups of 5(th) generation (Single Bond 2), 6(th) generation (Clearfil SE) and 7(th) generation (Single Bond Universal) bonding agents. The canal orifice was restored with composite resin and the push-out test was carried out to assess the bond strength. After applying the push-out load, specimens were evaluated under a light microscope at 40X magnification. One-way ANOVA and log-rank test on Kaplan-Meier curves were applied for the comparison of bond strength among the 3 groups.The mean± standard deviation (SD) bond strength was 13.6±5.33 MPa for Single Bond 2, 13.85±5.86 MPa for Clearfil SE and 12.28±5.24 MPa for Single Bond Universal. The differences in bond strength among the 3 groups were not statistically significant (P>0.05).All three bonding agents are recommended for use with composite posts in PAT. However, due to high technical sensitivity of the Total Etch system, single or two-step self etch systems may be preferred for uncooperative children.