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Abstract Background Measles, an ongoing public health concern, demands continuous molecular surveillance and virus characterization for elimination. Despite Iran achieving measles elimination status in 2019 through robust molecular testing and vaccination, the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted global vaccination efforts, leading to increased measles-related morbidity and mortality. This study aims to overview measles virus serological and molecular traits in Iran from 1st January 2021 to 30th April 2023. Methods Following World Health Organization and Center for Diseases and Control protocols, serological tests were performed on suspected cases and the nucleoprotein (N) gene of confirmed cases were subsequently amplified using molecular methods and were sequenced afterwards for measles genotyping. Phylogenetic analysis was performed with the obtained sequences. Results Analyzing 17,343 suspected cases from 1st January 2021 to 30th April 2023, 936, 177, and 164 samples were positive using ELISA, quantitative Reverse transcription PCR, and Reverse transcription PCR, respectively. The B3 genotype predominated, notably in Iran’s South East (41%), Central (28%), and South (13%) regions. Provinces bordering countries with measles outbreaks exhibited higher risk of virus importation. Genetic comparisons with measles sequences submitted to NCBI and MeaNS databases revealed direct importation and contact transmission. Conclusion Regular surveillance and genetic analysis are critical for understanding measles transmission and reacting to outbreaks. The COVID-19 pandemic yielded mixed effects on measles cases, enhancing hygiene measures while causing underreporting and vaccination gaps. Vigilance against measles resurgence is crucial, requiring cross-border transmission studies, improving cross-border surveillance and adaptable vaccination strategies.

Abstract Background The impact of childhood cancer extends beyond the affected child, significantly influencing the mental health of their families. Since research in psycho-oncology has been carried out almost exclusively in high-income countries, little is known about the impact of childhood cancer on the family level in low- and middle income countries (LMICs). This is a notable gap in the evidence-base, as many LMICs are collectivist cultures, where social and family networks are crucial elements of health care. Methods This prospective, cross-sectional study examined the mental health of 307 Kurdish parents of children undergoing cancer treatment in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). Data were collected through structured interviews at two major oncology hospitals in the KRI, utilizing standardized instruments to assess mental health symptoms, socioeconomic status, and social constraints. The study focused on understanding the effects of socioeconomic challenges, disease severity, and social support limitations on parental mental health. Results Significant mental health challenges were observed among parents, with mothers experiencing higher symptom levels than fathers. Lower socioeconomic status was linked to poorer parental mental health. Additionally, parents of children with more severe cancer and those reporting their child’s reduced engagement in daily activities experienced heightened mental health symptoms. Social constraints on expressing feelings about the child’s illness further intensified parental stress, underscoring the cumulative impact of economic strain, disease severity, and limited social support on parental mental health. Conclusions The study highlights the intricate relationship between socioeconomic factors, the disease severity of the child, and social dynamics in shaping parental mental health in the context of pediatric cancer. Psychosocial interventions that target these specific stressors may aid in better supporting families, particularly those in low-resource settings.

يهدف البحث الى إعداد برنامج تدريب وظيفي يعتمد على نظام الطاقة اللاهوائية ، قام الباحثان بأستعمال المنهج التجريبي لمجموعتين تجريبيتين مع قياسين القبلي والبعدي , أما عينة البحث فقط تكونت من (24) ، وقد تم إستعمال الحقيبة الاحصائية ال (SPSS 19) ، قد توصل الباحثان إلى أهم النتائج )أحدث المنهج التدريبي بإستخدام التدريبي الوظيفي وفقا لنظامي الطاقة اللاهوائين بالصيام المتقطع تحسناً واضحاً على جميع المتغيرات الوظيفية (تحمل الدوري التنفسي والنبض عند الراحة) وعلى مكونات الجسم (العضلات والدهون ونسبة الدهون والوزن) ، وكذلك أوصى الباحثان الأعتماد على التمرينات الوظيفية المعدة وفقاً لنظامي الطاقة اللاهوائيين كمعطيات أساسية عند تدريب المشتركين في القاعات الرياضية

This study was carried out to study the effect of Urtica Dioica, Prosopis Farcta and humic acid and their interactions on the growth and productivity of fig trees. The trees were treated with three levels of foliar spray with each of Urtica Dioica at 0, 150 and 300 mg L-1 and the Prosopis Farcta at 0, 150 and 300 mg L-1, and humic acid 0, 200 and 300 mg L-1. Treatments were applied twice. The first foliar spray was applied on May 1st, 2022, and the second one on June 1st, 2022. One tree was used for each experimental unit in a factorial experiment with three replications. The research came to the following results: foliar spray with Urtica Dioica, especially at 300 mg L-1 led to a significant increase in all studied characters (leaf area, leaves carbohydrate, TSS, fruit weight and total yield) except total chlorophyll content and total acidity. Foliar spraying of Prosopis Farcta at 300 mg L-1 led to a significant increase in all studied characters (total chlorophyll content, leaf area, leaves carbohydrate, TSS, fruit weight and total yield) except total acidity.Foliar spraying of humic acid at 300 mg L-1 led to a significant increase in some studied characters (leaf area, leaves carbohydrate, TSS, fruit weight). There was a significant rise in the binary and triple interactions of the study treatments on all the traits examined, particularly at high study factor levels (300 mg L-1 Urtica Dioica, 300 mg L-1 Prosopis Farcta and 300 mg L-1 Humic acid).

Transporting cattle in tropical climates substantially impacts oxidative stability and meat quality due to increased stress levels. The objective of this research is to assess the impacts of road transport with two different distances and three stocking densities on meat quality indices and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the infraspinatus (IF) and semitendinosus muscles of Brahman crossbred heifers in a tropical climate. Sixty Brahman crossbred heifers were exposed to two different road travel distances: 450 and 850 km. Each travel distance was divided into three different stocking densities: low density of 200 kg/m2, medium density of 400 kg/m2 and high density of 600 kg/m2. The number of animals in each stocking density was kept equal. Following transit, IF and semitendinosus muscle samples were collected and assessed for meat quality characteristics, including colour attributes, pH, muscle glycogen contents, Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), cooking loss and lipid oxidation. The findings showed notable impacts of livestock densities and road transport distances on meat quality parameters and MDA levels in Brahman crossbred heifers’ muscles. Similarly, increased livestock densities resulted in higher levels of MDA and alterations in meat quality measures than lower densities following both distances of road transportation. These findings highlight the significance of optimising livestock density and reducing road transport lengths to maintain the oxidative stability of meat quality in heifers.

Background: The aim of this in vitro study was to reveal in a time-dependent manner the effect of received irradiance produced by different light-emitting-diode (LED) lamps on the surface microhardness of composite material used in the restoration of posterior teeth. Methods and Results: A single nanofilled resin composite, Estelite Posterior (Toquyama Dental Corp, Japan) shade PA3, was used to perform this in vitro study. Ninety cylindrical filling samples were made with the help of plastic ring molds and plates to obtain flat surfaces. The mean diameter and height of prepared specimens were 5.5±0.05mm and 2.5±0.1mm, respectively. For the polymerization of the composite, two different types of light-curing units (LCU) were selected for this study: Valo X (Ultradent Products, Inc., USA) operated in a “standard” mode, and Bluephase 20i (Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein) ran in a “high” mode. Photoactivation was done with the light tips fixed parallel to the surface of the filling material and above it at a distance level of 1 mm, 4 mm, and 8 mm. The radiant power (mW) of each LCU was registered in a PL-MW2000 Optical power meter (Beijing Perfectlight Technology Co., Ltd., China). A total of 18 groups, with five filling samples in each, were formed and processed. Upon the completion of light treatment, by the ISO-4049 protocol, each specimen was immersed in water and stored at 37°C for 24 hours in a lightproof container. After this period, samples were washed and tested for the hardness of top surfaces using a “ПMT-3” Vickers hardness tester. The means of light intensities of two LCUs in the study were significantly different at 4 mm and 8 mm tip distances in 1.26 and 2 times, respectively. Analysis of hardness values did not reveal significant differences in the light-curing efficacy of two LED lamps. The differences in VHN values were obvious among the 10- and 40-second time exposure groups when the photoactivation was carried out at an 8mm tip distance. Conclusion: The effective polymerization of composite restorations with poor accessibility is still a matter of time, not the power of LCU.

Abstract Large household water storage containers are among the most productive habitats for Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762), the primary mosquito vector for dengue and other arboviral pathogens. Increasing concerns for insecticide resistance and larvicide safety are limiting the successful treatment of large household water storage containers, which are among the most productive habitats for Aedes juveniles. The recent development of species-specific RNAi-based yeast larvicides could help overcome these problems, particularly if shelf stable ready-to-use formulations with significant residual activity in water can be developed. Here we examine the hypothesis that development of a shelf-stable controlled-release RNAi yeast formulation can facilitate lasting control of A. aegypti juveniles in large water storage containers. In this study, a dried inactivated yeast was incorporated into a biodegradable matrix containing a mixture of polylactic acid, a preservative, and UV protectants. The formulation was prepared using food-grade level components to prevent toxicity to humans or other organisms. Both floating and sinking versions of the tablets were prepared for treatment of various sized water containers, including household water storage tank-sized containers. The tablets passed accelerated storage tests of shelf life stability and demonstrated up to six months residual activity in water. The yeast performed well in both small and large containers, including water barrels containing 20-1000 larvae each, and in outdoor barrel trials. Future studies will include the evaluation of the yeast larvicide in larger operational field trials that will further assess the potential for incorporating this new technology into integrated mosquito control programs worldwide.

This investigation focuses on industrially and technologically relevant quantities such as drag and heat transfer coefficients for flow of MHD pseudoplastic nanofluids across thin cylinders. The natural convection features of a pseudoplastic MHD nanofluidic flow model on a vertical slender type cylinder are studied. Pseudoplastic flow in MHD is studied under the impact of nanoparticle concentration, heat transfer coefficient and drag force. Firstly, a pseudo plastic MHD nano fluidic flow model was analyzed on an as yet unexamined vertical slender cylinder. Thermophoresis and Brownian motion mechanisms serve as the foundation for the created model. In cylindrical coordinates, the governing equations are formulated for pseudoplastic. The created system of nonlinear PDE's takes into account similarity transformations and boundary layer assertions. Furthermore, a solution for the developed system was discovered using a potentially great numerical method bvp4c through MATLAB. As an example, the table shows extensive inferences about skin friction and heat transfer under the impact of various new parameters like γc, Tp, λN, Nr, M, Bp, and λ. Similarly, the effects of dimensionless parameters on nanoparticle temperature, velocity and concentration fields are graphically depicted.

Abstract The rapid increase in the population, urbanization, increasing standard of living, indifference, and other factors can be used to explain the concerning rate of waste generation. Research suggests that most countries prefer to process and dispose of their waste via open dumping or landfilling due to its affordability and simple mechanism. However, leachate and landfill gas emissions present environmental risks associated with landfilling. To prevent landfilling’s detrimental impacts on the ecosystem, alternative methods of disposing of organic waste need to be investigated. An environmental impact analysis was undertaken utilizing the openLCA software to evaluate the ecological footprints of three distinct waste management strategies i.e., Landfilling, Composting, and composting using EP-50 assessing four key environmental indicators. Composting using EP-50 (EcoProbe 50) is a recent advancement towards waste management where organic waste is turned to compost artificially under high temperature and pressure along with constant mixing and churning of the waste for better nutrient value. The EP-50 composter, according to our research hypothesis, offers a greener option to conventional landfilling and composting. We evaluated the potential for global warming, acidification, eutrophication, and human toxicity of landfilling, conventional composting, and EP-50 composting utilizing Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). According to our findings, the EP-50 system minimizes the potential for global warming to around 420 kgCO2 eq in comparison to 1243 kgCO2 eq from conventional composting and 4653 kgCO2 eq for landfilling. In addition, EP-50 increases the amount of nutrients in the compost generated while reducing the effects of eutrophication and acidification by more than 15%. These results demonstrate EP-50 as a scalable and effective method for managing organic waste.

Abstract Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) has been extensively studied for its connection to colorectal cancer (CRC) and its potential role in chemotherapy resistance. Studies indicate that Fn is commonly found in CRC tissues and is associated with unfavorable prognosis and treatment failure. It has been shown that Fn promotes chemoresistance by affecting autophagy, a cellular process that helps cells survive under stressful conditions. Additionally, Fn targets specific signaling pathways that activate particular microRNAs and modulate the response to chemotherapy. Understanding the current molecular mechanisms and investigating the importance of Fn-inducing chemoresistance could provide valuable insights for developing novel therapies. This review surveys the role of Fn in tumor proliferation, metastasis, and chemoresistance in CRC, focusing on its effects on the tumor microenvironment, gene expression, and resistance to conventional chemotherapy drugs. It also discusses the therapeutic implications of targeting Fn in CRC treatment and highlights the need for further research.

Abstract Background Sleep disorders can be harmful to our health and treating them can also be expensive. Due to the widespread occurrence and impact of sleep disorders, it is valuable to investigate and study them from an epidemiological perspective. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of sleep disorders among Iranian adults in 2022. Method This is a cross-sectional study that examines the prevalence of sleep disorders and problems in Iranian society. The participants were selected using a mixed sampling approach (utilizing virtual space and cluster sampling). A two-part package was used for evaluating participants sleep problems, which included a demographic profile form and the Holland Sleep Disorders Questionnaire. After collecting the data, appropriate statistical tests in SPSS version 25 were utilized for analysis. Results A total of 6013 questionnaires were fully filled out for this research, with participants answering the specific questions. The participants’ score on sleep disorders was 1.94, which means 44.1% of them suffer from sleep disorders. The results indicated that the prevalence of sleep disorders in this study was as follows: insomnia (35%), parasomnia (35.3%), circadian rhythm sleep disorder (38.4%), hypersomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness (39%), restless leg syndrome and leg movements during sleep (43%), and breathing disorders related to sleep (38.4%). The prevalence of sleep disorders among the study participants demonstrated a significant relationship with most of their demographic variables (P

Since artificial intelligence is widely used in various fields. There are questions that arise through dealing with this system and how the legislation absorbs the responsibility problems from it through the use of these delicate and complex techniques. The problem of liability appears in the civil law at the beginning, which is the subject of our research. We discuss the reason why the legislator did not intervene by approving legislation related to regulating liability from it. Note that solutions to many problems have been reached through the use of this technique, so that a person could not reach the knowledge of the reason and lacks any experience with it, and judge the validity of the results and solutions and confirm his decisions.However, a problem arises about the law's dealings with it, especially the civil law, especially about the damages from this technology and how to compensate it.

This study aimed to conduct a retrospective Middle East systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern for this microorganism isolated from cystic fibrosis patients. We searched MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, SCOPUS, and Web of Science (ISI) to identify studies that reported the prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, and antibiotic resistance patterns. To assess the quality of publications was used of a checklist provided by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Finally, the data was analyzed by comprehensive meta-analysis software. The studied populations comprised children and young, and adult CF patients. Patients were aged between 3 months-65 years. A higher percentage of CF patients were males. Pseudomonas aeruginosa frequency varied between 5.9 and 76.2% in the studies included. The combined prevalence of P. aeruginosa was reported 34.3%. The lowest level resistance of P. aeruginosa was toward colistin (0%-13.3%) and ticarcillin (3.9%-24%). Our study showed the prevalence of P. aeruginosa and antibiotic resistance are almost high, while colistin and ticarcillin are the best antibiotics to decrease postantibiotic efects (PAEs) in CF patients from the Middle East. Therefore, physicians should pay more attention to therapeutic protocols to prevent further resistance.

Abstract In this study, the performances of 40 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 are evaluated against observational data at synoptic stations in Iran using various evaluation criteria. The results reveal diverse model accuracy across different climate conditions and criteria, emphasizing particularly notable disparities in the nonstationarity R criterion compared to others. Although according to the ranking of the raw and bias-corrected outputs of CMIP6 GCMs for Iran, the NorESM2-MM, AWI-ESM-1-1-LR, and MPI-ESM1-2-LR models are consistently among the top six ranked models for precipitation in both raw and corrected outputs. For temperature, MPI-ESM1-2-LR, TaiESM1, INM-CM4-8, and IITM-ESM are consistently among the top six models for both the raw and bias-corrected outputs of CMIP6 GCMs. The Bias correction methods, including quantile mapping and linear scaling, integrated with Bayesian model averaging, were applied. While quantile mapping demonstrates superior performance and less disparity than linear scaling, it proves ineffective for correcting biases at stations with bias nonstationarity over time. The RMSE for monthly precipitation ranges from almost 0 to 200 mm, with a large RMSE value related to the high precipitation stations, and the monthly temperature exhibits a range of 0 to 4 °C. The use of a multi-model ensemble improves accuracy compared to individual models, resulting in a reduction in the differences between the minimum and maximum RMSE values from 178.6 to 91.0. Additionally, the range for mean absolute error decreases from 126.9 to 93.3, and the difference in the correlation coefficient narrows from 0.9 to 0.42. Averaging models after bias correction prevents significant fluctuations while maintaining higher accuracy, in contrast to the second method, which involves bias-correcting models after averaging.

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has created a great challenge for educational systems worldwide. During this time, educational centers have been encouraged to use e-learning programs to protect the population against infection. Online teaching has the greatest effect on the process of teaching-learning for certain topics, including professional behavior and commitment, which has prompted educational systems to use creative strategies for a greater effect on learners. The present study aims to determine the effects of e-learning using educational multimedia on the ethical decision-making and professionalism of nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This study was conducted using a quasi-experimental design with a control group. The statistical population comprised second-semester nursing students in a first-rank nursing school in north western Iran. The samples were selected using simple random sampling and were divided into experimental (n = 40) and control (n = 40) groups. In the first stage of teaching, the conventional training method of the COVID-19 pandemic was used in both groups. In the second stage of teaching, an in-person workshop was organized for the control group and an e-learning workshop using educational multimedia for the experimental group. Data were collected by a tool with three parts: Demographic information, the Nursing Dilemma Test (NDT) by Crisham based on the Nurse Principled Thinking, and the Nursing Students Professional Behaviors Scale (NSPBS) designed by Goz. Data were analyzed in SPSS 25 software. Results There was a statistically significant increase in the post-test mean score of professionalism (125.70 ± 6.20 vs. 120.95 ± 9.28) and ethical decision-making (46.17 ± 3.81 vs. 44.02 ± 3.21) in the experimental group compared to the control group (P

Abstract Background The Covid-19 pandemic has been characterized by the emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants, each with distinct properties influencing transmission dynamics, immune escape, and virulence, which, in turn, influence their impact on local populations. Swift analysis of the properties of newly emerged variants is essential in the initial days and weeks to enhance readiness and facilitate the scaling of clinical and public health system responses. Methods This paper introduces a two-variant metapopulation compartmental model of disease transmission to simulate the dynamics of disease transmission during a period of transition to a newly dominant strain. Leveraging novel S-gene dropout analysis data and genomic sequencing data, combined with confirmed Covid-19 case data, we estimate the epidemiological characteristics of the Omicron variant, which replaced the Delta variant in late 2021 in Philadelphia, PA. We utilized a grid-search method to identify plausible combinations of model parameters, followed by an ensemble adjustment Kalman filter for parameter inference. Results The model successfully estimated key epidemiological parameters; we estimated the ascertainment rate of 0.22 (95% credible interval 0.15–0.29) and transmission rate of 5.0 (95% CI 2.4–6.6) for the Omicron variant. Conclusions The study demonstrates the potential for this model-inference framework to provide real-time insights during the emergence of novel variants, aiding in timely public health responses.

Background: Awareness of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) procedures is important for the general public to receive emergency services in a timely manner. Understanding public expectations is essential for providing therapeutic interventions and managing expectations.Objectives: This study aimed to determine the relationship between public awareness and expectations regarding pre-hospital EMS in Tabriz, Iran, in 2020.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran, in 2020. In this study, 1100 EMS callers were randomly selected. Data were collected through telephone interviews using a questionnaire assessing public awareness and expectations of pre-hospital emergency care services and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS v.16 software.Results: The average interviewers’ awareness score was 65.72±14.98. The highest awareness was related to the area of medical emergencies (75.56±6.87) and the lowest awareness was related to contacting emergency service (58.59±21.65). The total expectation was high (79.99±8.90). Moreover, the expectations regarding emergency facilities and response time was 80.16±8.97 and the expectations from emergency staff was 79.82±9.95. Men's awareness and women's expectations of emergency services were high. In this study, there was a significant relationship between awareness and expectation (P=0.001 & r=0.15). Moreover, there was a significant relationship between the level of awareness and expectations regarding demographic variables, including gender, age, marital status, education and income levels (P

Introduction: Smokeless tobacco (SLT) use is an intermediate risk factor for various noncommunicable diseases. Identifying the risk factors associated with ever use of SLT is important when we focus on the prevention of its initiation. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence and identify the factors associated with ever use of SLT among participants attending life skills training and counseling services program across Karnataka from 2017 to 2022. Methodology: Pretraining data of 3104 participants from 108 training programs between 2017 and 2022 were utilized. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed with various hypothesized exposure variables based on a conceptual framework and ever use of SLT as the outcome. Results: The overall prevalence of ever use of SLT among participants was 4.2%. Being men (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 7.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.68–29.57), having a diagnosed health problem (AOR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.23–2.87), use of smoked tobacco products (AOR = 21.76, 95% CI: 13.79–34.33), use of SLT products among peers (AOR = 3.88, 95% CI: 2.43–6.21) significantly increased the odds of ever use of SLT while every unit increase in the environmental quality of life score (AOR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.96–0.99) was significantly associated with reduced odds of ever use of SLT. Conclusion: This study contributes to a growing understanding of factors associated with ever use of SLT products. Gender, use of smoked tobacco, peer influences, and environmental quality of life needs to be stressed on while targeting SLT initiation, especially among teachers. Our study provides important insights while planning cost-effective health promotion interventions, specifically in countries like India.

Objective Strokes are among the most destructive health problems. They can especially have detrimental effects on the occupational performance of sufferers. The experiences of patients suffering from stroke regarding the impact of the disease on their occupational performance, especially the barriers and facilitators of this performance, can help understand this phenomenon better and design client-centered interventions in this field. Nevertheless, a limited body of literature has investigated the encounters of these individuals and their familial caretakers within this domain. Therefore, the objective of this research is to synthesize the available research evidence regarding the experiences of stroke survivors and their family caregivers regarding barriers and facilitators of occupational performance after stroke. Materials & Methods All published articles were searched from 4 databases without a time limit according to the determined keywords. Among the 70 articles found, only 22 were included in the study and analyzed based on the quality indicators. Results The analysis of extractive studies led to the emergence of two categories of barriers to occupational performance with subcategories of individual obstacles, contextual barriers, and rehabilitation barriers and facilitators of occupational performance with subcategories of educational strategies, development of environmental support, and strengthening of individual strategy. Conclusion Clients with stroke have many barriers in their occupational performance, and the barriers that are related to the context of rehabilitation are significant. In addition to these important barriers, the existence of supportive and educational facilitators can help improve the client’s occupational performance. A better understanding of the factors related to the occupational performance of patients suffering from stroke requires more studies, especially in the relationship between the context and professional issues of occupational therapy and clients’ occupational performance.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic underscores the need to prepare for future emerging coronavriuses (CoVs) by understanding the principles behind effective CoV vaccine design such as protective immunity and antibody responses. To study which epitopes and subdomains contribute to in vivo protection, we utilized the prefusion-stabilized spike protein of MERS-CoV, MERS S-2P, as a vaccine immunogen. Vaccination with MERS S-2P elicited both receptor-binding domain (RBD)- and non-RBD-specific antibodies, including N-terminal domain (NTD)-specific G2-and CDC2-A2-like antibodies. Intriguingly, the immunogen MERS S-2P_ΔRBD, MERS S-2P with the RBDs removed, protects comparably to S1 and S-2P immunogens against MERS-CoV challenge. Moreover, passive transfer studies of polyclonal IgG from MERS S-2P immunized mice depleted of subdomain-specific antibodies demonstrated that non-RBD antibodies protected more than non-NTD antibodies. Altogether, these findings illustrate that in-vivo protection is not solely driven by RBD-specific antibodies and highlights the importance of targeting non-RBD sites in future CoV vaccine designs.

Background: Low-grade gliomas (LGGs) are slow-growing, World Health Organization Grade I and II tumors that can transform into more aggres-sive malignancies over time. This transformation pre- sents significant challenges in managing the burden of health care. Laser-induced thermal therapy (LITT) has emerged as a promising minimally invasive treat-ment option for LGGs, offering precise tumor ablation with minimal damage to surrounding tissues. Method: This narrative review synthesizes data from relevant studies on the evolution, clinical manifestations, mo-lecular characteristics, and emerging management strategies for LGGs, with a focus on the role of LITT. Results: LITT, a minimally invasive technique, offers targeted tumor ablation with the added benefit of disrupting the blood-brain barrier to enhance drug delivery. Studies have shown that LITT can effectively reduce tumor size and improve survival rates in patients with both primary and recurrent gliomas. However, challenges such as procedure-related complications, including motor deficits and cerebral edema, as well as the need for further research on long-term efficacy, remain. Conclusion: LITT represents a significant advancement in the treatment of LGGs, combining precision and minimal invasiveness. Future studies should focus on optimiz-ing protocols, integrating molecular and genetic in-sights, and assessing long-term outcomes to enhance therapeutic efficacy and patient quality of life.

Background: Aftershock delivery and direct current DC-cardioversion of atrial fibrillation may be immediate or delayed. Objective: To characterize the immediate or delayed reversion of atrial fibrillation. Methods: The study was conducted at Alhassani Heart Centre from October 2018 to February 2022. Patients diagnosed with persistent atrial fibrillation and who reverted to sinus rhythm after DC-Cardioversion were included in this case series study. Some patients showed immediate conversion to sinus rhythm while others showed delayed conversion after shock delivery. The duration of the atrial fibrillation, the ventricular rate range before the intervention, the preceding drug therapy, patient weight, and left atrial size were measured to illuminate the factors that affect the reversion format. Results: From a total of 86 patients with persistent atrial fibrillation treated with DC-cardioversion, 77 (89%) patients reverted into sinus rhythm and were included in the study. Fifty patients reverted immediately, and 27 patients reverted late. The mean ventricular rate was higher in the immediate group (138 ± 22) compared to 75 ± 18 in the delayed group. The post-conversion appearance of atrial premature beats was more in the delayed group. The left atrial size was slightly larger in the delayed group. The role of taking a preceding drug was not significant in both groups. Conclusion: The pattern of reversion in atrial fibrillation patients undergoing DC shock is governed by the ventricular rate before the reversion and the appearance of atrial premature complexes after DC shock.

Background: Stroke is the most common cause of aphasia which need to be managed because it postpones stroke recovery and causes psychological and social problems for the patients and their families. Researchers have observed that the issue of language disorder in post-stroke patients has been poorly addressed in Kurdistan Region. Objective: This neurolinguistic study aims at presenting a comprehensive scale study about the demography of stroke and aphasic patients at Rizgary hospital over a period of TWO months in2024. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study is carried out at Rizgary Public hospital in Erbil-Kurdistan Region. Demographic for all the patients who were registered at Erbil hospitals during the TWO months in 2024. Then the process of diagnosing aphasia and dysarthria as language impairments are carried out. Results: Among 234 subjects, the mean age of post stroke patients is 33.4 ± 22.038001years .15.3% of patients were not paralyzed, meanwhile 44.8% got right side body paralysis, followed by left side 38%, and both side 1.7%. The highest risk factor is Hypertension (68.8%), followed by Diabetes mellitus (41.4%), and Ischemic heart disease (21.7%). Conclusion: Language disorders is about (71.4%) which is a high range among post-stroke patients. Language disorders does not only affect stroke management but it also impair the individual’s quality of life. If language impairments are screened earlier in patients, it is possible to intervene in language skills and work through speech therapy. Keywords: Language impairment, stroke, dysarthria.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different feeding levels of Alfalfa pellet ration (APR) on the productive performance and economic feasibility of Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). A total of 270 one-day-old ducklings were used. The birds at seven-day-old were assigned to 9 indoor pens of (1×2.2m) with outdoor and swimming pool (1×9.8m) and Each box represented an indoor replicate with 30 ducklings. The feeding program for Pekin Duck group treatments with alfalfa pellet rations (47% alfalfa) was used as a replacement to the basal diet at different percentages (0%, 25%, and 50%) for control (T0), first (T1) and second (T2) groups. The results showed no significant differences among treatments except accumulative feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and mortality percentage, which showed significant differences among the treatments, the second treatment (50%) resulted in a higher accumulative feed intake, lower production index, and lower mortality% compared to the control and first treatment. The economic profit of the second treatment was the highest. The treatments showed a non-significant effect on carcass percentage except back and neck cuts. There were significant effects of sex on live body weight at marketing age and on the neck and breast cuts, male neck% were significantly higher than females, while females showed significantly higher breast%. In general, feeding ducks with a 25% of Alfalfa pellet ration improved production performance, while feeding ducks with a 50% Alfalfa pellet ration improved economic values.

Crop production system assessments can evaluate if controlled environment agriculture is feasible as compared with semi-controlled and/or uncontrolled conditions. This study assessed the growth of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) in three different environmental conditions (a fully controlled greenhouse mimicking controlled environment agriculture, a semi-controlled nethouse, and an uncontrolled open space) and three nutrient applications including nutrients supplied with i) 100 % inorganic fertilizer, ii) 100 % compost, and a mixture of 50 % of i and ii to be termed as mixed fertilizer from here onward. A life cycle assessment of tomato production in the greenhouse, nethouse, and open space cultivation phases was carried out using experimental data. A life cycle directory, a holistic cradle-to-gate concept, OpenLCA software, and commercial databases were used to evaluate the experimental activities’ potential for acidification, eutrophication, global warming, human toxicity, ozone depletion, and photochemical ozone creation. The environmental conditions and nutrient applications had individual and interactive effects on plant growth variables, fruit yield, and water use efficiency. For example, under the individual effects, the fruit yield means of greenhouse (9.52 ± 2.88 Mg/ha), nethouse (14.4 ± 3.64 Mg/ha), and open space (10.9 ± 1.88 Mg/ha) were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) different from one another. Fruit yield for the mixed fertilizer treatment (14.7 ± 3.06 Mg/ha) was 22.3 % and 41.9 % higher than those of inorganic fertilizer (11.5 ± 1.86 Mg/ha) and compost (8.55 ± 2.15 Mg/ha) treatments alone. The life cycle analysis showed that the phases of the nursery and product transportation (in all 3 cultivation phases) and irrigation systems in the nethouse and open space phases were the hotspots for their environmental impact. Replacement of irrigation pumps run on government electricity is suggested with solar-powered ones for nethouse and open space. Despite lower tomato yield, a fully controlled greenhouse was considered environmentally safe and the most efficient controlled environment agriculture system (with a proper supplemental lighting system) as it can operate year-round to produce an optimum annual yield of horticultural crops in arid and humid environments of the Arabian Peninsula. The significance of this study includes i) the production of Qatar-specific experimental data that is scarce in the literature, ii) the findings that insufficient supplemental lights could lower tomato yield from a greenhouse compared to a nethouse, iii) the life cycle-based environmental burdens of crop production systems, and iv) discoveries that, for arid regions, the nethouse cultivation could serve as economically viable, energy-efficient and environment-friendly tomato production systems.

The aim of this study is to describe the effects of a revolving Nano-liquid on an exponentially extending surface. A 3-D, steady, incompressible, rotating Nano-fluid flow over on an exponentially sprawling sheet. Two distinct kinds of tiny particles, titanium oxide and zinc oxide (ZnO andTiO2), are employed in this investigation, with water as base fluid. The analytical solution is evaluated using MATLAB's built-in solver, bvp4c.The graphs illustrate the evaluation of the velocity and temperature attributes for the rotation parameter, slip parameter, and variable viscosity for both types of nanoparticles. Data show the numerical value of various Nusselt numbers and skin friction index-related factors. For the values of slip parameter K = 0.1 heat transfer rate for ZnO Nano-fluid is 3.3% and heat transfer rate for TiO2 is 1.4%. In rotating machinery like wheels, gears, and turbines, Nano-fluids can be employed as lubrication. The load-lifting capability, abrasion, and system performance can all be improved by adding Nano-materials to the lubricant fluid. Rotating Nano-fluids can be used for hyperthermia treatment and drug delivery in the field of biomedical engineering.

The petroleum industry has recently demonstrated a growing interest in incorporating nanomaterials into drilling fluid applications. This incorporation has revealed a remarkable ability of nano-additives to improve drilling fluids’ efficiency and performance. The two-dimensional honeycomb lattice graphene oxide nanosheets (GONSs) have received significant attention for drilling fluid applications. Adding a small quantity of GONSs into water-based drilling fluids can enhance their efficiency and properties. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the recent synthesizing methods of GO nanosheets. In addition, the rheological properties of water-based mud, such as plastic viscosity (PV), yield point (YP), and fluid loss will be examined using both unmodified and surface modified GONSs. The effect of GONSs on shale wellbore stability will also be analysed based on recent experimental studies. The results showed that incorporating GONSs in WBM has a significant impact on shale wellbore stability by physically plugging the nano-sized pores of shale formation. This minimizes the interaction between water molecules and shale formation and preventing shale hydration and swelling. The GONSs as WBM additives have enhanced the rheological and filtration properties. It also produces much more compacted filter cakes compared to those formed by conventional clay-based materials. However, future research should explore the use of GONSs in oil-based muds (OBMs), evaluate their properties, and compare the results with conventional WBMs. Additionally, most GO-WBM research studies were conducted on a laboratory scale, so it is necessary to be examined on an industrial scale. The toxicity effect of GO nanosheets should also be evaluated before utilizing them in drilling operations.

Abstract Background Municipal solid waste (MSW) has increased dramatically in emerging economies like Bangladesh as a result of rapid urbanization and economic growth. Due to the high land requirements and nature of the waste, options of municipal waste management such as landfilling and waste-to-energy have proven to be expensive and inefficient. Previously, a pilot study on a waste-to-compost program in a decentralized facility was done in Dhaka to evaluate the effectiveness of municipal waste management. Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the life cycle costs (LCCs) of a waste-to-composting facility in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The objective was to ensure economical and effective management of MSW by comparing overall spending to the current and proposed waste management process. Methodology In order to evaluate the potential of the planned decentralized compost plant, LCC methods using UNEP/SETAC guidelines are used in the study. This includes an additional analysis of environmental and operational costs and benefits. Result The research found that the overall cost of the decentralized compost facility was $857,110, much less than the expenditures associated with landfilling and conventional composting methods in Dhaka. Conclusion This study shows that a decentralized waste-to-compost plant may be a profitable option for dealing with municipal solid waste. Its potential to ease stress on municipal governments is highlighted by its much lower price tag. Insightful for policymakers and urban planners in emerging nations confronting comparable waste management difficulties, this research stresses the need to implement such creative, cost-effective approaches in quickly rising metropolitan cities.

Abstract This article demonstrates a mathematical model and theoretical analysis of the Micropolar fluid in the reverse roll coating process. It is important because micropolar fluids account for the microstructure and microrotation of particles within the fluid. These characteristics are significant for accurately describing the behavior of complex fluids such as polymer solutions, biological fluids, and colloidal suspensions. First, we modeled the flow equations using basic laws of fluid dynamics. The flow equations are made modified using low Reynolds number theory. The simplified equations are solved analytically. The exact expression for velocity and pressure gradient are obtained, while pressure is calculated numerically using Simpson Rule. Graphical depictions are carried out to comprehend the impact of the newly emerged physical constraints. The influence of micropolar and microrotation parameters on the velocity, pressure and pressure gradient are elaborated with the help of different graphs.

Background: Contracted subscapularis tears, especially Lafosse grade 3 and 4, pose a significant challenge in surgical repair due to the need for extensive release of retracted tendon and the risk of cut-through due to poor tissue quality. The posterior viewing portal may hinder adequate visualization and extensive release of retracted tendons, particularly in addressing the bursal surface of the tears. Tension-free robust repair is critical to prevent retears and for achieving successful outcomes for these massive and complex retracted tears. This study investigates the clinical outcomes of the Lasso-Loop technique with an anterolateral viewing portal, aiming to enhance tendon release, improve footprint fixation, and optimize tissue grip, particularly in cases of chronic retracted Lafosse 3 and 4 tears. This innovation also eliminates the need for arthroscope switching and serves as a crucial measure for averting axillary nerve injuries during the procedure. Methods: The study included 40 patients with isolated subscapularis or combined anterosuperior rotator cuff tears (Lafosse grade 3 and 4) that underwent arthroscopic subscapularis repair using a Lasso-Loop technique through an anterolateral viewing portal. Evaluations were conducted both preoperatively and at predefined postoperative intervals: 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years. The evaluations in this study encompassed a comprehensive range of clinical assessments, which included a complete range of movements, specialized tests for subscapularis muscle functionality (specifically the lift-off test and belly press test), the utilization of the University of California at Los Angeles and Oxford shoulder scoring systems, and a postoperative ultrasonography conducted at the 6-month mark to assess the presence of any retear. Clinical outcomes were compared with that of the opposite normal shoulder. Results: There was considerable improvement in the active painless range of motion postoperatively. During the 2-year follow-up, the positive belly press test decreased from 50% (n = 20) to 2.5% (n = 1), while the positive lift-off test decreased from 100% (n = 40) to 5% (n = 2). The modified University of California at Los Angeles score increased significantly from 10.15 preoperatively to 30.17 at 2 years postoperatively (P value = .001). Oxford’s Shoulder Score increased significantly from 15.6 preoperatively to 40.64 at 2 years postoperatively (P value = .001). Conclusion: This technique has produced positive functional outcomes, in cases categorized as massive subscapularis tears and chronic tears indicating the superiority over other conventional techniques of subscapularis repair described in the literature.

Abstract Background The piRNA pathway in animal gonads functions as an ‘RNA-based immune system’, serving to silence transposable elements and prevent inheritance of novel invaders. In Drosophila, this pathway relies on three gonad-specific Argonaute proteins (Argonaute-3, Aubergine and Piwi) that associate with 23–28 nucleotide piRNAs, directing the silencing of transposon-derived transcripts. Transposons constitute a primary driver of genome evolution, yet the evolution of piRNA pathway factors has not received in-depth exploration. Specifically, channel nuclear pore proteins, which impact piRNA processing, exhibit regions of rapid evolution in their promoters. Consequently, the question arises whether such a mode of evolution is a general feature of transposon silencing pathways. Results By employing genomic analysis of coding and promoter regions within genes that function in transposon silencing in Drosophila, we demonstrate that the promoters of germ cell-specific piRNA factors are undergoing rapid evolution. Our findings indicate that rapid promoter evolution is a common trait among piRNA factors engaged in germline silencing across insect species, potentially contributing to gene expression divergence in closely related taxa. Furthermore, we observe that the promoters of genes exclusively expressed in germ cells generally exhibit rapid evolution, with some divergence in gene expression. Conclusion Our results suggest that increased germline promoter evolution, in partnership with other factors, could contribute to transposon silencing and evolution of species through differential expression of genes driven by invading transposons.

Abstract Background and purpose The seroprevalence of antibodies against measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) was evaluated 17 years following a mass vaccination campaign in individuals aged 2 to 22 years who had received routine immunization but were not eligible for an extended immunization program. Methods Samples were acquired from Iran’s National Measles Laboratory (NML), with individuals showing positive IgM results excluded. Out of the samples collected in 2020, a random selection of 290 serum samples was chosen, representing individuals between the ages of 2 and 22 years from diverse regions in the country. These samples were subjected to analysis using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantify specific IgG antibodies against MMR. Results The seroprevalence rates of antibodies for measles, mumps, and rubella were determined to be 76.2%, 89.3%, and 76.9%, respectively. Younger age groups exhibited higher seropositivity rates for measles and mumps, whereas the 7- to 11-year-old group demonstrated the highest seropositivity rate for rubella. A reduction in antibody status was observed from younger to older age groups, particularly those aged 17–22. Conclusion The study unveiled suboptimal antibody levels for measles and rubella, highlighting the necessity for further investigation and potential adjustments to future vaccination strategies. Moreover, the decline in antibody status post-vaccination can accumulate in seronegative individuals over time, elevating the risk of outbreaks.

INTRODUCTION: Type D personality is characterised by the presence of social inhibition (SI) and negative affectivity (NA). Individuals high in social inhibition (SI) often experience feelings of discomfort, anxiety, stress, and lack of confidence. In contrast, individuals high in negative affectivity (NA) tend to experience unpleasant feelings. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between type D personality traits and social anxiety in individuals with alcohol and drug use disorders. METHODS: A cross-sectional was conducted with 140 individuals who were admitted to the XXX Health Sciences University Training and Research Hospital at the unit of Alcohol and Drug Addiction Treatment and Research Center between July and September in 2023. The Type D personality (DS-14) and Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) were applied to participants. A linear regression model is used to test the predictive effect of D Type Personality on social anxiety. RESULTS: It was seen that there was a positive and significant relationship between social anxiety and social inhibition among participants (r=0.392, p

سابقه و هدف: ایران یکی از نقاط داغ تنوع زیستی در جهان است، با این حال، گونه‌های ماهیان رودخانه‌ای در این کشور در حال حاضر در معرض تهدید انواع فشارهای انسانی و طبیعی قرار دارند. تغییر اقلیم بعنوان یک تهدید بزرگ در کنار سایر تهدیدها می ­تواند تاثیر قابل توجهی بر تنوع زیستی ماهیان آب شیرین داشته باشد. در این راستا، پیش‌بینی تغییرات بالقوه زیستگاه در پاسخ به تغییرات اقلیمی برای گونه‌های ماهیان آب شیرین در ایران بسیار ضروری است. این مطالعه با هدف مدل‌سازی پراکنش مکانی ماهی سونگ با استفاده از مدل مکسنت (MaxEnt) در دو مقیاس‌ زمانی (2050 و 2080 میلادی) تحت سناریوهای اقلیمی خوش‌بینانه (RCP2.6) و بدبینانه (RCP8.5) در محیط نرم‌افزاری R می ­باشد. این گونه از خانواده کپور ماهیان و بومی ایران می‌باشد. این گونه بعنوان ماهی خوراکی بسیار ارزشمند است، اما بدلیل صید بی‌رویه و از بین رفتن زیستگاه تعداد آن­ها کاهش یافته و باعث آسیب‌پذیری آن شده‌است. و به دلایل فوق، در طبقه "آسیب‌پذیر" (VU) اتحادیه بین المللی حفاظت از طبیعت و منابع طبیعی ((IUCN) International Union for Conservation of Nature) قرار گرفته است (Coad, 2018). بنابراین، آگاهی از اثرات تغییر اقلیم بر این گونه، در راستای تعدیل این اثرات و ارائه راهکارهای مناسب حفاظتی جهت تدوین و تنظیم برنامه‌های مدیریتی در آینده امری ضروری تلقی می‌شود.مواد و روش­ ها: در این مطالعه از مدل MaxEnt برای پیش‌بینی توزیع مکانی ماهی سونگ در دو مقیاس زمانی مختلف (2050 و 2080 پس از میلاد) تحت سناریوهای خوش‌بینانه (RCP2.6) و بدبینانه (RCP8.5) استفاده گردید. برای تحلیل از محیط نرم افزار R استفاده شده است. متغیرهای محیطی شامل شیب، محدوده دمایی سالانه، تجمع جریان، بارندگی سالانه، دمای میانگین سالانه و منطقه زهکشی بالا­دست می­ باشند. داده­ های مربوط به مشاهدات این گونه از نمونه­ برداری­ ها و منابع مختلف کتابخانه ­ای جمع ­آوری شده است. عملکرد مدل­سازی در پیش بینی توزیع گونه نیز توسط معیار AUC (Area Under the Curve) ارزیابی شده است.نتایج و بحث: این مدل عملکرد عالی را در پیش‌بینی توزیع گونه‌ها نشان می‌دهدزیرا مقدار AUC برابر 989/0 بوده است. در بین متغیرهای محیطی، میانگین سالانه دما و شیب بعنوان مؤثرترین عوامل در تعیین پراکندگی ماهی سونگ بوده ­اند. علاوه بر این، این مطالعه کاهش پیش ­بینی شده در محدوده پراکنش این گونه را تحت سناریوهای خوش­بینانه و بدبینانه برای سال ­های 2050 و 2080 نشان می­ دهد.

Abstract The intended research aims to explore the convection phenomena of a hybrid nanofluid composed of gold and silver nanoparticles. This research is novel and significant because there is a lack of existing studies on the flow behavior of hybrid nanoparticles with important physical properties of blood base fluids, especially in the case of sidewall ruptured dilated arteries. The implementation of combined nanoparticles rather than unadulterated nanoparticles is one of the most crucial elements in boosting the thermal conduction of fluids. The research methodology encompasses the utilization of advanced bio-fluid dynamics software for simulating the flow of the nanofluid. The physical context elucidates the governing equations of momentum, mass, momentum, and energy in terms of partial differential equations. The results are displayed in both tabular and graphical forms to demonstrate the numerical and graphical solutions. The effect of physical parameters on velocity distribution is illustrated through graphs. Furthermore, the study’s findings are unique and original, and these computational discoveries have not been published by any researcher before. The finding implies that utilizing hybrid nanoparticles as drug carriers holds great promise in mitigating the effects of blood flow, potentially enhancing drug delivery, and minimizing its impact on the body.

Background: The alarming rise of resistant microorganisms is becoming a serious health threat today. Consequently, there is a pressing need to obtain novel compounds with antimicrobial properties. In this regard, lichens are promising substances with antimicrobial potential to control different microbial strains, including fungi, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and viruses. Objectives: This study explored the efficacy of Dermatocarpon miniatum in treating burn wound infections. We examined twenty-four Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from patients admitted to Imam Moussa Kazem Hospital of Isfahan, Iran.Methods: In this interventional study, we assessed the antibacterial activity of D. miniatum against MRSA using the microdilution broth method. Biofilm inhibitory was evaluated through microtiter plate technique. Additionally, the effect of D. miniatum on the icaA gene expression was analyzed by real-time PCR. Results: The methanolic extract of D. miniatum exhibited significant antibacterial activity against MRSA strains. Additionally, at a concentration of ½ MIC, the extract demonstrated a 65% inhibition of biofilm formation. Moreover, a sub-MIC concentration (1/4) of D. miniatum was effective in reducing the expression of the icaA gene.Conclusion: The results of the present study reveal that D. miniatum extract can be used as a promising antibacterial agent against MRSA strains commonly found in wound biofilms.

Geopolymer is known to have many structural and nonstructural benefits, but the attractive characteristic of this novel material is that it depends essentially on a byproduct from different industries, and the use of Portland cement is absent. This concrete is an environmentally friendly product and is essential as the sustainability issue is considered. Compared with the material properties, the behavior of reinforced concrete members made of geopolymer has gained less importance by past researchers. Therefore, this review paper aims to summarize the evidence of the structural behavior of geopolymer concrete beams to provide a better understanding of the characteristics of reinforced geopolymer beams. A total of sixteen published works on geopolymer beams reinforced with steel rebar have been reviewed, and it found that there are 83 beams tested in flexure and 29 beams tested to highlight the shear behavior. For comparison, some researchers have tested control beams made of Portland cement concrete (PCC). It is noted that geopolymer concrete (GPC) beams have a performance, in general, better than that of PCC beams in terms of strength and ductility. Design proposals for PCC beams could be safely used for GPC beams, and the software based on the finite element method accurately predicts the load-deflection response. However, further study is recommended to provide more detailed and cost-effective design methodologies for the potential use of GPC in large-scale field applications.

Background: Treatment of complex nonunion is tough in the context of previous surgeries, recurrent infection, shortening, bone loss, associated bone deformities, and joint stiffness. Various treatments are available, including the Ilizarov ring fixator which is well established, but poor patient compliance and the bulky fixator push us to conduct another method of bone transport and distraction osteogenesis by monorail fixator. We conducted a study on 26 patients to know the outcome of monorail fixator in the treatment of complex nonunion in terms of rate of union, duration of treatment, and frequency of complications. Materials and Methods: The study comprised 26 patients, 22 of whom were male and 4 were female. Majority of cases landing up as complex nonunion were as a result of road traffic accidents. Two-thirds of the patients presenting to us had an infection in the form of discharging sinus or quiescent sinus, while one-third of the patients had aseptic nonunion. Majority of the patients had an external fixator or infected implant at the time of presentation. Corticotomy was done in almost all (96.2%) of the patients. Results: Out of 26 patients, treatment was completed in 25 patients, and one patient was lost to follow-up. The mean treatment duration was 11.31 months ranging from 5 months to 21 months. The mean follow-up duration was 12.8 months ranging from 7 months to 22 months. Results were assessed according to the ASAMI scoring system. Bone results were excellent in 19 (76%), good in 3 (12%), fair in 2 (8%), and failure in 1 (4%) cases. Functional results were excellent in 20 (80%), good in 2 (8%), and fair in 2 (8%). One case was declared a failure. Pin tract infection was the most common complication. Other complications encountered were pain during distraction, pin loosening, and joint stiffness. There was no significant angular deviation (>15°) in any case. Neurovascular complications, joint subluxation, or fracture of regenerate was not seen in any of the cases. Delayed maturation of the regenerate was dealt with by slowing or stopping the distraction for some days. Conclusion: It is concluded that the limb reconstruction system (LRS) (monorail fixator) is less bulky and relatively simple to apply, patient compliance is very good, operating time is considerably less, and no preoperative frame assembly is required. Good patient satisfaction, less pain during bone transport, less fluoroscopy exposure, and easy care management of concomitant soft-tissue injury are added advantages of LRS (monorail fixator).

Cerebrovascular events are linked to ankylosing spondylitis. Accelerated atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction against a backdrop of inflammation have been widely blamed for the increased cerebrovascular risk in ankylosing spondylitis. The absence of a comprehensive review encouraged us to consider the link between ankylosing spondylitis and cerebrovascular diseases. Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, Scopus, and EMBASE were searched to identify studies published from 2000 to June 10, 2023. All observational and cohort studies reporting myocardial infarction or stroke and considering classic cerebrovascular risk in ankylosing spondylitis patients and healthy controls were included. Most of the included studies reported that the risk of cerebrovascular disorders was greater in ankylosing spondylitis than in the general population. Also, most studies showed that for both sexes, the prevalence of cardiovascular illnesses rose with age, and this trend was consistent across all subgroups of cardiovascular disorders. Also, most studies reported that the rate of cerebrovascular accidents in ankylosing spondylitis patients was higher than in control groups. Some studies reported that the risk of developing an ischemic stroke was higher in young patients with ankylosing spondylitis, while others did not. Our systematic analysis found that most studies agreed that ankylosing spondylitis patients had a higher risk of cerebrovascular diseases than the general population. Still, this increased risk was influenced by several factors that need further research exploration.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has emerged as a viable treatment for various types of cancers, including B-cell lymphoma and leukemia. CAR-T cells use genetically engineered T lymphocytes that are retargeted to destroy cancer cells using Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR). CARs are modular synthetic receptor that consists of three major components: (1) ectodomain, (2) transmembrane domain, and (3) endo-domain. This review discussed the evolution of CAR-T cell, the mechanism of CAR T-cell for cancer treatment, and the application of CAR T-cell therapy for different types of cancer such as lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, renal cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, and brain cancer. At the last, we have also discussed the clinical approach and patents of CAR-T cells.

Key Clinical Message Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are rare and often misdiagnosed due to their vague symptoms and tumor heterogeneity. Early detection using computed tomography (CT) is essential, particularly in regions without access to advanced diagnostic tools like immunohistochemistry and genetic testing. Abstract Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors in adults and extremely rare in the pediatric population, as pancreatic NETs (pNETs) have an incidence rate of

Background: The incidence of prostate cancer (PC) is increasing in Asian countries. The epidemiology of PC, its treatment including the use of novel therapeutic options, impacts on quality of life, and clinical outcomes of patients with PC in Asia, are not well documented. Objectives: To describe the demographic and disease features of the full cohort of patients enrolled in the United in Fight against prOstate cancer (UFO) registry. Design: The UFO registry was a multi-national, longitudinal, observational study of patients with PC presenting to participating tertiary care hospitals in eight Asian countries/regions. Methods: Patients with high-risk localized PC (HRL), non-metastatic biochemically recurrent, or metastatic PC were consecutively enrolled from September 14, 2015 until September 1, 2020 and followed for up to 5 years. Results: Among the full cohort of 3635 patients, 425 had HRL, 389 had non-metastatic biochemically recurrent, and 2821 had metastatic PC. Median follow-up time was 4.2, 4.2, and 2.6 years, respectively. At first diagnosis, the mean age ranged from 65.7 to 69.1 years, 38.5% had extra-capsular tumor extension, 34.0% had regional lymph node metastases, and 65.1% had distant metastases. Quality-of-life scores at enrollment were significantly worse in patients with metastatic disease. Decisions to start therapy were mainly driven by treatment guidelines and disease progression. The decision to discontinue hormonal therapy was often due to disease progression. Few patients received novel hormonal therapies despite their availability. Conclusion: The UFO registry provides a detailed, contemporary picture of the characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of patients with PC in Asia. There is an unmet medical need to improve access to novel agents in Asia, aiming to improve quality of life and clinical outcomes. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02546908, Registry Identifier: NOPRODPCR4001.

Buoyantly induced flows possess diversified utilizations in numerous engineering processes for instance, reactor cooling through passive strategy, LED lights, pipes manufacturing, ship funnel and many more. Galvanized sheets sticked to form a hollow cylinder is used for fast cooling in naval ship and chimney of steam power plant. In view of such mesmerizing significance of flow and thermal attributes of fluid over vertical cylinder, current effort is articulated. For this purpose, Williamson fluid model is accounted and nanoparticles are also induced to envision advanced thermal features in the flow over vertically oriented cylinder. Physical effectiveness of magnetic field implications and chemical reactive species are entertained to notice change in hydrothermal and mass fields. Slip boundary constraint along with stagnant flow at the surface of cylinder is considered to inspect behavior in free stream region. The fundamental governing equations of problem are attained in the sense of PDEs by utilizing the concept of boundary layer approximation and converted into coupled nonlinear ODEs by substituting specific similar variables. Numerically the resulting ODEs are resolved by making the use of bvp4c built in MATLAB routine, the outcomes are attained and arranged in graphical and tabular manner. The influence of pertinent flow parameters such as (0.1 ≤ We ≤ 1.0), (1.0 ≤ M ≤ 3.0), (1.0 ≤ Pr ≤ 11), thermophoresis parameter (0.5 ≤ Tp ≤ 4.5), (1.0 ≤ Bp ≤ 5.0), (0.05 ≤ Nr ≤ 0.7), and (0.5 ≤ Kc ≤ 5.0) are examined on the momentum, thermal and concentration distributions. It is manifested that the velocity distribution depreciates by uplifting magnetic field strength. Increment in magnitude of wall drag and convective heat transfer is perceived by enhancing Prandtl number. It is inferred that friction coefficient in absolute sense and heat flux coefficient tends to exceed against elevation in (We). From comprehensive analysis, declination in velocity and thermal field is depicted versus Reynold number whereas, contrary aspects are visualized in concentration. Enhancement in the value of surface drag and thermal flux is revealed versus (Re).

يهدف البحث الى إعداد منهج للتدريب الوظيفي وفقاً لنظامي الطاقة اللاهوائيين ،واستعمل الباحثان المنهج التجريبي لمجموعتين تجريبيتين مع قياسين القبلي والبعدي، أما عينة البحث فقط تكونت من (24) مشتركاً بنسبة (80%) ، وقد تم إستعمل الحقيبة الاحصائية ال (SPSS) وقد توصل البحث إلى أهم النتائج (أحدث المنهج التدريبي بإستخدام التدريبي الوظيفي وفقا لنظامي الطاقة اللاهوائين بالصيام المتقطع تحسناً واضحاً على جميع المتغيرات البدنية (مطاولة القوى والقوة القصوى والقوة الأنفجارية والسرعة والرشاقة والمرونة) وكانت جميعها دالة إحصائياً بين القياس القبلي والبعدي ولصالح البعدي ، كما أحدث المنهج التدريبي بإستخدام التدريبي الوظيفي وفقا لنظامي الطاقة اللاهوائيين بدون الصيام المتقطع تحسناً واضحاً على جميع المتغيرات البدنية (مطاولة القوى والقوة القصوى والقوة الأنفجارية والسرعة والرشاقة والمرونة) وكانت جميعها دالة إحصائياً بين القياس القبلي والبعدي ولصالح البعدي كذلك أوصى الباحثان الاهتمام باستخدام منهاج التدريب الوظيفي وفقاً لنظامي الطاقة اللاهوائيين بالصيام المتقطع وبدونه في تحسن مستوى القدرات البدنية (مطاولة القوى والقوة القصوى والقوة الأنفجارية والسرعة والرشاقة والمرونة)

Abstract Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass in the Southern USA during winter‐spring 2022 was simulated by integrating Comprehensive Air quality Model with extensions (CAMx) with the UNIfied Partitioning‐Aerosol phase Reaction (UNIPAR) model, which predicts SOA formation via multiphase reactions of hydrocarbons. UNIPAR streamlines multiphase partitioning of oxygenated products and their heterogeneous reactions by using explicitly predicted products originating from 10 aromatics, 3 biogenics, and linear/branched alkanes (C9‐C24). UNIPAR simulations were compared with those using Secondary Organic Aerosol Partitioning (SOAP) model, which uses simple surrogate products for each precursor. Both UNIPAR and SOAP showed similar tendencies in SOA mass but slightly underpredicted against observations at given five ground sites. However, SOA compositions and their sensitivity to environmental variables (sunlight, humidity, NOx, and SO2) were different between two models. In CAMx‐UNIPAR, SOA originated predominantly from alkanes, terpenes, and isoprene, and was influenced by humidity, showing high SOA concentrations with wet‐inorganic salts, which accelerated aqueous reactions of reactive organic products. NO2 was positively correlated with biogenic SOA because elevated levels of nitrate radicals and hygroscopic nitrate aerosol effectively oxidized biogenic hydrocarbons at night and promoted SOA growth via organic heterogeneous chemistry, respectively. Anthropogenic SOA, which formed mainly via daytime oxidation with OH radicals, was weakly and negatively correlated with NO2 in cities. In CAMx‐UNIPAR, the sensitivity of SOA to aerosol acidity (neutral vs. acidic aerosol at cation/anion = 0.62) was dominated by isoprene SOA. The reduction of NOx emissions could effectively mitigate SOA burdens in the Southern USA where biogenic hydrocarbons are abundant.

This paper aims at finding the numerical approximation of a classical Blasius flat plate problem using spectral collocation method. This technique is based on Chebyshev pseudospectral approach that involves the solution is approximated using Chebyshev polynomials, which are orthogonal polynomials defined on the interval [−1, 1]. The Chebyshev pseudospectral method employs Chebyshev- Gauss- Lobatto points, the extrema of the Chebyshev polynomials. The differential equation is approximated as a sum of Chebyshev polynomials. A differentiation matrix, based on these polynomials and their derivatives at the collocation points, transforms the differential equation into a system of algebraic equations. By evaluating the differential equation at these points and applying boundary conditions, the original boundary value problem reduced the solution to the solution of a system of algebraic equations. Solving for the coefficients of the polynomials yields the numerical approximation of the solution. The implementation of this method is carried out in Mathematica and its validity is ensured by comparing it with a built in MATLAB numerical routine called bvp4c.

In this study, the quadratic 3-dimensional differential system is considered, in which the origin of the coordinate becomes the Hopf equilibrium point. The existence and stability of limit cycles that emerge from the Hopf point are being investigated. The Lyapunov coefficients connected to the Hopf point are calculated using the projection method. First, four families of parameter conditions are driven by which the quadratic 3-dimensional differential system can exhibit codimension three of the Hopf bifurcation. The analytical proof of each parameter family of conditions is given by calculating the Lyapunov coefficients, the vanishing of the first, sconed Lyapunov, and the non-zero of the third Lyapunov coefficients. The explicit conditions are presented for the existence and stability of three limit cycles arising from each family of Hopf bifurcations. The output of existence displays a stable (unstable) Hopf point, accompanied by the emergence of two stable (unstable) limit cycles alongside one unstable (stable) limit cycle in the neighborhood of the unstable (stable) origin of the coordinated 3-dimensional quadratic system. In addition, the outcome is utilized for exploring the limit cycles of the n-scroll chaotic attractor system, which has many practical uses, including secure communication, encryption, random number generation, and autonomous mobile robots. The conditions are derived under which the origin point of this system becomes the Hopf point, and three limit cycles can exist around the Hopf point. Finally, the numerical demonstrations show that the system undergoes a supercritical Hopf bifurcation, resulting in two stable and one unstable limit cycle. Furthermore, all results are verified.

Abstract Numerous heat transfer applications, such as heat exchangers, solar trough collectors, and fields including food processing, material research, and aerospace engineering, utilize hybrid nanofluids. Compared to conventional fluids, hybrid nanofluids exhibit significantly enhanced thermal conductivity. The aim of this work is to explore flow and heat transmission features under of magneto-hydrodynamic bioconvective flow of carbon nanotubes over the stretched surface with Dufour and Soret effects. Additionally, comparative dynamics of the carbon nanotubes (SWCMT − MWCNT/C2H6O2 with SWCMT − MWCNT/C2H6O2 − H2O) flow using the Prandtl fluid model in the presence of thermal radiation and motile microorganisms has been investigated. Novel feature Additionally, the focus is also to examine the presence of microorganisms in mixture base hybrid nanofluid. To examine heat transfer features of Prandtl hybrid nanofluid over the stretched surface convective heating is taken into consideration while modeling the boundary conditions. Suitable similarity transform has been employed to convert dimensional flow governing equations into dimensionless equations and solution of the problem has been obtained using effective, accurate and time saving bvp-4c technique in MATLAB. Velocity, temperature, concentration and microorganisms profiles have been demonstrated graphically under varying impact of various dimensionless parameters such as inclined magnetization, mixed convection, Dufour effect, Soret effect, thermal radiation effect, and bioconvection lewis number. It has been observed that raising values of magnetization (0.5 ≤ M ≤ 4), mixed convection (0.01 ≤ λ ≤ 0.05) and inclination angle (0° ≤ α ≤ 180°) enhance fluid motion rapidly in Ethylene glycol based Prandtl hybrid nanofluid (SWCMT − MWCNT/C2H6O2) when compared with mixture base working fluid of carbon nanotubes SWCMT − MWCNT/C2H6O2 − H2O). Raising thermal radiation (0.1 ≤ Rd ≤ 1.7) and Dufour number (0.1 ≤ Du ≤ 0.19) values improves temperature profile. Moreover, a good agreement has been found between the current outcome and existing literature for skin friction outcomes.

Abstract Background Mentha longifolia L. is a perennial plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family that has a wide distribution in the world. M. longifolia has many applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its terpenoid and phenolic compounds. The phytochemical profile and biological activity of plants are affected by their genetics and habitat conditions. In the present study, the content, constituents and antifungal activity of the essential oil extracted from 20 accessions of M. longifolia collected from different regions of Iran and Iraq countries were evaluated. Results The essential oil content of the accessions varied between 1.54 ± 0.09% (in the Divandarreh accession) to 5.49 ± 0.12% (in the Khabat accession). Twenty-seven compounds were identified in the essential oils of the studied accessions, which accounted for 85.5-99.61% of the essential oil. The type and amount of dominant compounds in the essential oil were different depending on the accession. Cluster analysis of accessions based on essential oil compounds grouped them into three clusters. The first cluster included Baziyan, Boukan, Sarouchavah, Taghtagh, Darbandikhan, Isiveh and Harir. The second cluster included Khabat, Kounamasi, Soni and Mahabad, and other accessions were included in the third cluster. Significant correlations were observed between the essential oil content and components with the climatic and soil conditions of the habitats. The M. longifolia essential oil indicated antifungal activity against Fusarium solani in both methods used. In all studied accessions, the fumigation method compared to the contact method was more able to control mycelia growth. In both methods, the inhibition percentage of essential oil on mycelia growth increased with an increase in essential oil concentration. Significant correlations were found between the essential oil components and the inhibition percentage of mycelium growth. Conclusion The studied M. longifolia accessions showed significant differences in terms of the essential oil content and components. Differences in phytochemical profile of accessions can be due to their genetic or habitat conditions. The distance of the accessions in the cluster was not in accordance with their geographical distance, which indicates the more important role of genetic factors compared to habitat conditions in separating accessions. The antifungal activity of essential oils was strongly influenced by the essential oil quality and concentration, as well as the application method. Determining and introducing the elite accession in this study can be different depending on the breeder’s aims, such as essential oil content, desired chemical composition, or antifungal activity.