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WOS: 000408842000269, …, TUBITAK [115S361], This study supported by TUBITAK (project number: 115S361)

WOS: 000408842000270 … TUBITAKTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [215S808] This study supported by TUBITAK (project number: 215S808)

Epilepsy is one of the chronic diseases that has been based on before three thousand years of the Assyrian-Babylonian, Chinese and Indian sources, is still important and has been had a different significance for women. Though that pregnancy itself is a complicated process, one of the important periods of women’s life, the process can be more emphasized for women with epilepsy. Epilepsy, the adverse effects of the seizures and anti-epileptic drugs on the mother and fetus has been investigated by lots of researchers. This periods contains; the doctor supervision before planning pregnancy, usage of folic acid, a seizure-free period, the selection of likely to less teratogenic anti-epileptic drugs. Epilepsy and pregnancy period has been explained in this review. © 2016 Düzce Medical Journal.

20th Congress of European-Hematology-Association -- JUN 11-14, 2015 -- Vienna, AUSTRIA Demirkan, Fatih/0000-0002-1172-8668; GURKAN, EMEL/0000-0002-3060-4054; Saydam, Guray/0000-0001-8646-1673; Kaynar, Leylagul/0000-0002-2035-9462; WOS: 000361204904399 …

Effect of Nicardipine on Cell Death Caused by Zinc in the Rat HippocampusThere are lots of reports about zinc causes cell deaüı due to neuronal hyperactivity. In this study, effect of nicardipine (a calcium antagonist) on cell death caused by zinc was investigated.Zinc sulphate (500 pg/kg) was injected intracortically into 2 mm lateral of bregma. The same of volume of saline (2 pl) was given to the rats of control group. In the third group, zinc+nicardipine were injected into same place of the brain.Animal groups were observed for a week. The zinc+nicardipine group received dailynicardipine (10 mg/kg) for seven days. After a week, the rats were perfused intracardiallywith neutral formaline. The hippocampal sections were stained with hematoxylen-eosine.Pyramidal cells were counted under light microscope (with 400x magnification).The density of pyramidal cell was found in the control, zinc and zinc+nicardipine as126.48±1.8 neuron/mm, 38.3+0.52 neuron/mm, 88.4±1.4 neuron/mm respectively. Thedifferences between the groups were found to be statistically significant (p

The Morphological Properties of the Corticospinal (Pyramidal) Tract in Various Mammalian SpeciesCorticospinal tract projects directly from cerebral cortex to spinal cord and it is found only in the brains of mammals. This system is responsible for voluntary and fine movements in the body. Corticospinal tract originates from pyramidal neurones which cell body is located in layer V of the cerebral sensorymotor cortices. Soma diameters of the pyramidal neurones increase gradually from primitive mammals to human. In the majority of the mammalian species the pyramidal tracts decussate in the lower medulla oblongata, prior to their descend into the spinal cord. The total number of fibers (myelinated + unmyelinated) in each medullary pyramid are 192,000 in rabbit, 243,000 in rat, 450,000 in cat, 400,000 in monkey, and 1,000,000 in man. The diameters of these fibers have a range from 0.05 pm - 20 pm.Corticospinal fibers terminate on the sensory neurones of dorsal horn, neurones of intermediate zone, and motor neurones of ventral horn, of the spinal grey matter. There is close relationship between fine movements of extremities and direct monosynaptic corticomotoneuronal connections.Kortikospinal (piramidal) yol beyin korteksinden omuriliğe direk olarak inen ve sadece memelilerde bulunan bir sistemdir. İnce ve istemli hareketlerin yapılmasından sorumludur. Kortikospinal yol, hücre gövdeleri duyu-motor korteksin V. tabakasında bulunan piramidal nöronlardan orijinlenir. Bu nöronların çapı ilkel memelilerden insana yaklaştıkça artmaktadır.Birçok memeli türünde piramidal yol omuriliğe inmeden önce medulla oblongatanm alt kısmında çaprazlasın Medulla seviyesinde her piramitte bulunan lif sayısı (miyelinli + mi-yelinsiz) tavşanda 192,000, sıçanda 243,000, kedide 450,000, maymunda 400,000, insan da ise 1,000,000 kadardır. Bu liflerin çapı 0.05 pm - 20 pm arasında değişmektedir. Kortikospinal lifler, omurilik boz maddesinin arka boynuz duyu nöronlarında, ara bölge nöronlarında ve ön boynuz motor nöronlarında sonlanmaktadır. Ekstremiteleri ustalıkla kullanabilme ile monosinaptik kortikomotonöronal bağlantı arasında bir ilişkinin olduğu kabul edilmektedir.

The cochlear nucleus complex is the first relay station of the central auditory pathway. The neuronal architecture and physiological properties of cochlear nucleus neurons almost certainly play a key role in defining the functional organization of the ascending auditory system. The structural and physiological organization of the cochlear nucleus complex is complicated by the fact that it is not a single nucleus but a complex of distinct neuronal populations. The cochlear nucleus complex is divided into three divisions; anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN) and dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) on the basis of differing cytoarchitectures. The AVCN contains two major types of neurons which are bush}' and stellate cells. Bushy cells have been implicated in the signaling of precise temporal information in order to compute the location of a sound source. The role of stellate cells in acoustic processing is not well understood, although their responses to pure tones are well documented. Anteroventral Koklear Nukleusun Fizyolojik-Morfolojik ÖzellikleriKoklear nukleus kompleksi merkezi işitme yolunun ilk durak yeridir. Koklear nukleus nöronlarının nöronal yapısı ve fizyolojik özellikleri, çıkıcı işitme sisteminin fonksiyonel or¬ganizasyonunun belirlenmesinde önemli bir anahtar role sahiptir. Koklear nukleus komp¬leksinin yapısal ve fizyolojik organizasyonu tek bir nukleusun değil aynı zamanda farklı nöron populasyonlarının bir karışımıdır. Koklear nukleus kompleksi hücre yapısına göre üç gruba ayrılır; anteroventral koklear nukleus (AVCN), posteroventral koklear nukleus (PVCN) ve dorsal koklear nukleus (DCN). AVCN bushy ve stellate hücre adı verilen iki büyük nöron tipini ihtiva etmektedir. Bushy hücrelerinin bir ses kaynağının yerini tesbit etmek için tam bir temporal informasyon sinyali oluşturduğu bildirilmiştir. Pure ton ses¬lere karşı verdikleri cevaplar hakkında çok sayıda çalışma olmasına rağmen akustik işlemde stellate hücrelerin rolü çok iyi anlaşılmamıştır.

The neurotoxic and convulsant effects of zinc have been shown in several reports.In this study the density of piramidal neurons was investigated in hippocampus after intracortical injections of zinc sulfate.Rats were divided into three groups. Zinc sulfate (500 M-g/kg) was injected into the left hippocampus (near the Bregma) in first group. Zinc sulfate (500 |ig/kg) and verapamil (1 mg/kg) were injected to the same region into the left hippocampus in the second group and an identical volume of saline (2 jil, %0.9) was given to the same region in third group as control group. After one-week observation, animals were perfused intracardially with neutral formaline (%10) under deep anaethesia. The serial hippocampal sections were stained with the hematoxylen-eosine. The piramidal neurons in the dorsal hippocampus were counted under light microscope (with 400 x magnification). The density of piramidal cell was found in control, zinc and zinc + verapamil 112.48±4.58/mm, 35.12±1.35/mm, 93.90±2.06/mm as respectively.The present results provide direct evidence that zinc might be a relatively potent neuroto¬xic in the central nervous system. Therefore it can be concluded that verapamil as a cal¬cium antagonist decreased the central neural loss which is caused by zinc sulfate, by preventing calcium into the cell.Sıçan hipokampusunda çinkonun nöronal hiperaktiviteye sebep olduğu bilinmekledir. Sunulan çalışma çinkonun sebep olduğu hücre ölümüne verapamilin etkisini araştırmak amacıyla yapılmıştır.Deneylerde kullanılan sıçanlar üç gruba ayrıldı. Birinci gruptaki sıçanlara intrakortikal (i.c) 500 (ig/kg çinkosülfat verildi. İkinci grup sıçanlara çinko ile beraber verapamil (lmg/ kg, i.c) verildi. Üçüncü gruptaki sıçanlara ise 2uİ serum fizyolojik verildi Sıçanlar 7 gün sonra derin anestezi altında intrakardiyak yoldan perfüzyona alındı.Dorsal hipokampus bölgesinden hazırlanan kesitler hematoxylen-eosine ile boyandı. Stereotaksik bir atlas yardımıyla kesit seviyeleri tespit edildi. Hipokampustaki piramidal nöronlar ışık mikroskobuyla x400 büyütmeyle sayıldı. Çinko grubunda tüm kesil: seviyelerinde milimetreye düşen hücre sayısı serum fizyolojik verilen kontrol grubu¬na göre anlamlı ölçüde daha azdı (p

It becomes so important to understand the ionic mechanisms and intrinsic electrical pro¬perties of neurones. In this study, suboesophageal ganglia of Helix aspersa was just sub¬merged in the organ bath with ringer solution and intracellular recordings were made from the right parietal ganglia neurones by using current clamp technique in vitro. Action potentials (APs) were recorded from four cells having same electrophysiological properties and placed in the medial part of right parietal ganglia. The duration and ampli¬tude were 5.111.8 ms and 80-100 mV respectively. All action potentials overshooted and had a small hyperpolarization after AP (undershoot). Resting membrane potential of these cells was -52.817.5 mV. The current-voltage (I-V) relationship was linear and the cell fired regularly with a frequency of 1.5 Hz. The APs of second type of neurones, placed in the lateral part of right parietal ganglia had different biophysical properties with two frequen¬cies. In the first term, the frequency was 3.5 Hz and the resting membrane potential was -38 mV. The AP amplitude was 40mV. In the second term, the frequency was less than 0.5 Hz. The cell was hyperpolarized up to -65 mV and the amplitude of AP was increased up to 80-100 mV. The AP firing was regular in the first term and it became irregular in the second term. This may account for the evidence that the cell receive either excitatory or inhibitory signals spontaneously. The I-V relationship could not be determined due to the unsteady state in these cells.Nöronların elektrofizyolojik özelliklerinin tanımlanması ve bu özelliklerin altında yatan iyo¬nik mekanizmanın araştırılması giderek önem kazanmaktadır. Helix aspersa'mn subözofagial gangliyonu, içerisinde ringer solüsyonu bulunan organ banyosuna tespit edi¬lerek sağ pariyetal gangliyon nöronlarından in vitro şartlarda akım kıskacı (current clamp) metodu kullanılarak hücre içi kayıtlar alındı.Sağ pariyetal bölgenin medyal kısmında bulunan ve aynı elektrofizyolojik özelliklere sahip 4 hücreden süresi (duration) 5.111.8 msn olan, büyük amplitude sahip (80-100 mV) ak¬siyon potansiyelleri kaydedildi. Bu aksiyon potansiyellerinde overshoot (aşma) görülürken, undershoot (sonraki hiperpolarizasyon) yok denecek kadar küçüktü. Bu hücrelerde istira¬hat membran potansiyeli -52.8+7.5mV'du. Akım ile voltaj arasında doğrusal bir ilişki gözlendi. Aksiyon potansiyeli (Al3) düzenli (regular) ve frekansı da 1.5 Hz'di. Sağ pariyetal gangliyonun lateral kısmında bulunan ikinci tip nöronlardan alınan kayıtlarda ise AP'nin iki ayrı frekans ve farklı biyofıziksel özelliklere sahip olduğu tespit edildi. Birinci dönemde frekans 3.5 Hz, ikinci dönemde ise bu değer 0.5 Hz'den daha azdı. Birinci dönemde hücrenin istirahat membran potansiyeli -38mV, AP amplitüdü ise 40 mV'du. İkinci dönemde hücre hiperpolarize olarak istirahat membran potansiyeli -65 mV'a düştü, AP amplitüdü ise 80-100 mV'a yükseldi. Birinci dönemde düzenli olan AP'leri ikinci dönemde düzensiz hale geldi. Bu durum, hücrenin başka bir nörondan spontan olarak ya eksitatör veya inhibitor uyaran aldığının delili sayılabilir. Spontan olarak aktif olan bu hücrede ka¬rarlı durum (steady state) oluşmadığından akım-voltaj (I-V)) ilişkisi tespit edilemedi.

EXAMINATION OF ANATOMICAL ASYMMETRY IN THE LAMB BRAIN: RHINAL SULCUS, CORONAL SULCUS, SYLVIAN FISSUREs/ Fifty lamb brains were used in this study. The length of the rhinal sulcus, the coronal sulcus and the sylvain fissure were measured in the right and left hemispheres. Right-left asymmetries were not detected in respect to the lenght of these sulcus in both male and female lamb.Çalışmamızda 50 adet kuzu beyni kullanıldı. Her bir beyin hemisferi üzerindeki sulcus rhinalis, sulcus coronalis ve fissura sylviana'lann uzunlukları ölçüldü. Bu oluşumların uzunlukları yönünden istatistiksel olarak anlamlı sağ-sol asimetrisi bulunmadı.

The Effects of Cations on the Function of Cell Membrane|/ It is well known that zinc has a role in the membrane stabilization. The effects of zinc and other cation in respond to temperature stimulation on membrane stabilization of yeast cell were investigated. Several solutions were made for the yeast cells. 8-10 drips 0.5% congo red was added into solution which can not pass through the intact membrane. At the end of incubation, the rate of cell, in the experiment and control groups was obtained by counting the number of cells which was stained with congo red under the light micros¬cope (x400). The data show that divalent cation protect the cell membrane against to tem¬perature stimuli, while monovalent cation has no effect. It was assumed that divalent ca¬tions show their protective effects by binding membrane proteins and lipoproteins.

Bu çalışma bahar ve güz kurbağalarında serebral dominantlığı araştırmak amacıyla yapıldı.Bahar ve güz aylarında toplanan kurbağalara intraventriküler yoldan perfüzyon yapıldı. Perfüzyona önce % 0.6'lık serum fizyolojik ile başlandı ve % 10'luk formaldehit ile devam edildi. Beyinler kafatasından çıkarıldıktan sonra sağ ve sol hemisferleri binoküler mikros¬kop altında ayrılarak ağırlık ölçümleri yapıldı.Elde edilen sonuçlara göre mevsimlere bağlı olarak hem dişi hem de erkek kurbağalarda (Rana ridibunda) ağırlık bakımından beyin hemisferleri arasında dominanttık olmadığı tesbit edildi (p>0.05). Fonksiyonel asimetrinin izahında ağırlığın önemli bir rol oynamadığı kanaatine varıldı.

The Effects of Phenytoin on Penicillin Produced Acute Focal Spike Focus in Rab¬bitst/ This study aimed to demonstrate quantitative phenytoin effects on focal spike focus indu¬ced by introcortical (i.c) penicilin injections.Spike frequencies prior and after phenytoin injections showed a progressive reduction. This reduction was statistically significant after the third dose of phenytoin injection (p0.05). First phenytoin injection did not affect the interval between two spikes significantly, but the interval was found delayed significantly after second (p

Effects of Calcium and Zinc on the Membrane Permeability In this study, the effects of calcium and zinc on the membrane of yeast cell were inves¬tigated at the high temperatures.A variety of concentration of calcium and calcium-zinc mixed solutions were used du¬ring the experiments. 8-10 drips, 0.5% congo red were added to the yeast solution, which was made up by mixture of calcium and calcium-zinc. They were incubated for 30 min. in the different temperatures. Then, the number of cells which had congo red was counted under light microscope.Obtained data show, that number of cell which congo red passed through their memb¬rane was less in the experiment group than control group.It has been concluded that calcium and zinc can show membrane protective effects by reactions with protein and glicolipids via stimulating enzyme synthesis in the membra¬ne. Bu çalışmada maya hücresi membranının temperature karşı dayanıklılığına kalsiyum ve çinkonun etkileri araştırıldı.Araştırma esnasında değişik konsantrasyonlarda kalsiyum ve kalsiyum-çinko karışımından oluşan çözeltiler kullanıldı. Kalsiyum ve çinko-kalsiyum karışımından hazırlanan maya hücresi çözeltisi ortamlarına membranlardan geçemeyen %0.5'lik kongo kırmızısından 8-10'ar damla ilave edildi. Değişik temperatürlerde 30 dakika süreyle inkübasyon yapıldıktan sonra membran yapısı bozularak sitoplazmasına kongo kırmızısı giren hücrelerin yüzdesi mikroskop altında sayılarak tesbit edildi. Elde edilen bulgulara göre kontrol grubuna oranla deney grubunda kongo kırmızısı alan hücre sayısı azaldı.Kalsiyum ve çinkonun membran yapısında bulunan enzimlerin sentezini uyararak; protein ve glikolipidlerle yük etkileşimi yaparak koruyucu etki gösterilebileceği sonu¬cuna varıldı.

Kaplan, Suleyman/0000-0003-1477-5002; AYYILDIZ, Mustafa/0000-0002-6594-3080 WOS: 000185127200005 There are many studies on zinc as a possible cause of neuronal hyperactivity and cell death. The present study was designed to investigate the changes in total pyramidal cell number of rat hippocampus after intracortical zinc sulphate (ZnSO4, 200 mug/kg, i.e.) and a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor aminoguanidine (AG) administration. Animals were divided into three groups as control, zinc and the treatment (zinc+AG) groups. Each group was divided into two subgroups, as 7-day group and 15-day group. Zinc sulphate was injected intracortically into 2 mm lateral of Bregma. The same volume of saline (2 mul) was given to the rats belonging to the control group. Rats in the third group were given ZnSO4 + AG in the same injection point. Animals in the third group only received 100 mg/kg AG intraperitoneally twice a day for periods of 7 or 15 days. Total pyramidal neuron number was estimated using the optical fractionator method. The total number of pyramidal cells found in the left hippocampus was 653,468 +/- 3,452 and 601,860 +/- 3,348 in the control groups; 257,968 +/- 1,277 and 250,555 +/- 1,443 in the zinc groups; 382,519 +/- 1,973 and 365,880 +/- 2,658 in the treatment groups in 7-day post treatment and 15-day post treatment rats, respectively. These results suggest that zinc has a neurotoxic effect on pyramidal neurons in rat hippocampus (p < 0.05) and an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, AG, decreases cell loss (p < 0.05). This shows that nitric oxide (NO) contributes to this type of neurotoxicity in the rat hippocampus and also suggests a possible therapeutic role for NOS inhibitor in neurodegenerative diseases.

AYYILDIZ, Mustafa/0000-0002-6594-3080 WOS: 000166119100006 The present study used male Wistar rats to investigate changes in glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (TBARS) in the cerebellum of 10%, 25%, 35% ethanol-consuming rats with or without vitamin E treatment when compared to the control group, the level of lipid peroxidation was increased 58.3%, 68.7%, 66.7% in rats consuming 10%, 25%, 35% ethanol, respectively. Ethanol decreased GSH levels in the cerebellum. This decrease was dose-dependent with 23.7%, 27.6%, 28% decreases in GSH in the cerebellum of rats consuming 10%, 25% or 35% ethanol, respectively. Vitamin E (100 mg/kg/day, i.p) treatment prevented the increase in the lipid peroxidation and decreases in cerebellum GSH levels of ethanol-consuming rats.

İNSAN-ÇEVRE DİYALEKTİĞİNİN DUYUSAL-ZİHİNSEL-DUYGUSAL SÜREÇLERİ: ÇEVRESEL ALGI-BİLİŞİM-ANLAM ÖZET Konusu insan-çevre diyalektiğinin algısal-bilişsel-anlamsal süreçleri ve bu süreçlerin oluşumundaki bireysel farklılıklar olan bu çalışma kapsamında, izlenen ana yöntem, kuramsal kurgu ile alan çalışması arasında sürekli birbiri ile etkileşen, birbirini yönlendirici ve pekiştirici ikili bir etkileşim sağlayarak, literatür araştırması üzerine temellenen düşünceleri alan çalışması doğrultusunda şekillendirmek ve buna koşut olarak, yine kuramsal kurguda ortaya konan varsayımları ise alan çalışması ile sınamak olup, bu sayede, çalışmaya tanı koyucu ve bütüncül bir yapı kazandırmaktır. Bu ikili etkileşim sonucunda elde edilen tüm veri ve bulgular doğrultusunda ortaya konan sonuçlar, kullanılabilir özellikler taşıyan önerileri de beraberinde getirecektir. Bu amaçlar doğrultusunda, çalışmanın 1. Bölümünde çalışmanın konu alanı ve kapsamı tanımlanmıştır. 2. bölümde, insan-çevre etkileşimi bir özne-nesne diyalektiği içinde sorgulanarak, mimari ve toplum bilimleri arasında kurulan etkileşimin mimarinin bir iletişim dili olarak işlerliğinin sağlanmasında ve kimlikli, öznesi ile uyumlu, okunabilen mekanların örgütlenmesinde ne denli etken olduğu tartışılacaktır. 3. bölüm, mekan kavramı üzerine oluşturulmuş teoriler üzerine temellenmiş olup, amacı fiziksel mekanın, mekanda geçen zaman ve deneyimle öznenin kendi bakış açısına göre yeniden şekillendiği savım öne süren fenomenolojik yaklaşımda etkin olan öznenin algısal-bilişsel-anlamsal süreçlerini irdeleyen dördüncü bölüme geçiş yapmaktır. 4. bölümde, algı-bilişim-anlam birbiri ile etkileşen bir süreklilik şeması halinde kuramsal olarak irdelenmiş, literatür araştırması ile elde edilmiş çeşitli tanımlamalar, süreçler ve yaklaşımlar alan çalışmasına veri olmak üzere çeşitli boyutları ile ele alınmıştır. 5. bölümde, bu süreçleri etkileyen hareket-zaman-insan kaynaklı faktörler ve özellikle bireyi diğerlerinden farklı yapan fizyolojik, sosyo-kültürel, psikolojik özellikleri ve buna koşut olarak süreçleri metotlaştırmadaki farklılıkları irdelenmiştir. Alan çalışmasında sorgulanan öznenin algılamasında bireysel farklılaşmaların özellikle eğitimin etken olduğu varsayımı bu kuramsal çerçeve üzerine temellendirilmiştir.6. bölümde, insan-çevre araştırmalarının özellik ve yöntemleri, araştırmalarda kullanılan strateji, tasarım ve yaklaşım türleri irdelenerek, alan çalışmasına veri olmak üzere, bu araştırmalar içinden, alan çalışmasında daha etkin olan bilişsel harita ve semantik farklılaşma yöntemlerinin kullanıldığı örnek araştırmalar amaç, yöntem ve değerlendirme teknikleri ölçüt alınarak analiz edilmiştir. 7. bölümü, kuramsal kurguya yön vermenin yam sıra, bu kurgu içinde ortaya konan varsayımları sınamak üzere şekillendirilen alan çalışması oluşturmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, Kuzguncuk örneklem bölgesinde, algısal-bilişsel-anlamsal süreçleri etkileyen bireysel faktörlerin ve özellikle eğitimin etkinlik derecesini sorgulamak üzere, yöre halkı ve profesyonel eğitim almış mimarlardan oluşmak üzere iki tür örneklem grup belirlenmiş, alan çalışması, çevresel bilişim ve çevresel anlam kapsamında iki aşamalı olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çeşitli yardımcı tekniklerin yanı sıra, özellikle çevresel bilişim kapsamında, Bilişsel Harita tekniğinin (CM.) ve çevresel anlam kapsamında, Semantik Ayrım ölçeğinin (S.D.) kullanıldığı bu çalışmada, öncelikle, aşamalarda elde edilen bulgular ayrı ayrı analiz edilmiş, ardından, iki aşama için genel bir değerlendirme yapılarak, kuramsal kurguda öne sürülen varsayımlar ile aşamalarda elde edilen bulguların örtüşür olduğu kanısına varılmıştır. Son bölümde ise, çalışmanın sonuçlan ve bu sonuçlar doğrultusunda geliştirilmiş olan öneriler ortaya konmuştur. XI SENSUAL - MENTAL - EMOTIONAL PROCESSES OF MAN - ENVIRONMENT DIALECTICS: ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION - COGNITION - MEANING ABSTRACT The objective of this study comprises the matters of perceptual-cognitive-semantic processes of human-environment dialectics and the individual differentiation in the development of such processes and within this scope, the preliminary method implemented was to obtain dual dialectics (directing each other while integrating each other at the same time without any interruption) between theoretical part and the case study, forming the ideas which are frequently based on literature research in compliance with the case study which interacts with test of hypothesis that is also set forth in theoretical part with the case study. In line with all data and findings that are resulted from dual interaction will consequently produce significant suggestions with useful properties. In consideration to such objectives and in line with these purposes, in the first part of this study the scope of the subject matter and its range has been complemented and duly defined. In the second part, human-environment relation has been interrogated in object- subject dialectics in order to provide activation ability of interaction between architecture and social sciences as a matter of language of architecture and also render such communication to be considerably significant for the organization of legible spaces which are predicted to be concordant with its subject matter as well. The third part is established on such theories which are usually related to the space concept. The objective of this part refers to serving as a transition of the subject matter to the fourth part which is involved in analyzing the perceptual-cognitive- semantic processes of the subject in question. All of these processes have impact and become rather effective in phenomenological approach leads to a claim, according to which the physical space is reformed once again with the elapse of time and experience in space with the impact of subject' point of view. In the fourth part, the perceptual-cognitive-semantic processes are analyzed in a theoretical way which interacts within a continuous chart and while various definitions, processes and approaches are rendered from this literary research in various dimensions to serve as the data required in the case study. XUIn the fifth part, the action-time-human factors which effect such processes, particularly physical, socio-culturaL psychological characteristics of the individual and then the differentials in assessing the methodologies to the processes have been duly examined. In consideration to the assumption in respect of the perception of the subject matter has been studied in the case study, the individual differentiation and the assumption of the impact of education in particular has been based on this theoretical frame work of this study. In the sixth part, the characteristics and processes of the researches in regards of human environment, and their related strategy, design and type of approaches have been examined. In order to cause them to serve as the required data in the case study, amongst some of these researches are analyzed including some other selected samples of research through usage of cognitive mapping (CM.) and semantic differential techniques (S.D.) (which are effective in the case study) are analyzed so as to provide and produce the purpose of process and the evaluation techniques accordingly. In the seventh part refers to the case study which aims not only giving direction to the theoretical framework but also testing the assumptions that are suggested in such framework. Under this context, Kuzguncuk has been the sample area where the degree of individual differences (especially the impact of the degree of education) having the impact over the perceptual-cognitive-semantic processes have been interrogated and two types of sample configurations are formed in this neighborhood: However the first group is formed amongst the local people (lay people) the second one is formed amongst the architects (vocational people). The case study is materialized in two steps: The environmental cognition and environmental meaning. Along with some other techniques; the main techniques are cognitive mapping technique in regards of environmental cognition and the semantic differential scale within the scope of environmental meaning. First of all, findings have been obtained from the evaluation of these processes and duly analyzed separately. Thereafter, these processes have been assessed and appraised on the evaluation basis of a general process in the case study so as to compare each other and consequently some other findings are obtained to be consistent with each other. In the last part, the conclusions and due results of the thesis together with various other suggestions have been developed on the basis of such results that have been set forth already. xui 284

There are lots of reports about zinc causes cell death due to neuronal hyperactivity. In this study, effect of nicardipine (a calcium antagonist) on cell death caused by zinc was investigated. Zinc sulphate (500 ?g/kg) was injected intracortically into 2 mm lateral of bregma. The same of volume of saline (2 ?l) was given to the rats of control group. In the third group, zinc + nicardipine were injected into same place of the brain. Animal groups were observed for a week. The zinc + nicardipine group received daily nicardipine (10 mg/kg) for seven days. After a week, the rats were perfused intracardially with neutral formaline. The hippocampal sections were stained with hematoxylen-eosine. Pyramidal cells were counted under light microscope (with 400x magnification). The density of pyramidal cell was found in the control, zinc and zinc + nicardipine as 126.48 ± 1.8 neuron/mm, 38.3 ± 0.52 neuron/mm, 88.4 ± 1.4 neuron/mm respectively. The differences between the groups were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.001). The results show that nicardipine considerably decreases cell death caused by zinc in the hippocampus of rat. Nicardipine an exert this effect by preventing the influx of calcium.

Corticospinal tract projects directly from cerebral cortex to spinal cord and it is found only in the brains of mammals. This system is responsible for voluntary and fine movements in the body. Corticospinal tract originates from pyramidal neurones which cell body is located in layer V of the cerebral sensorymotor cortices. Soma diameters of the pyramidal neurones increase gradually from primitive mammals to human. In the majority of the mammalian species the pyramidal tracts decussate in the lower medulla oblongata, prior to their descend into the spinal cord. The total number of fibers (myelinated + unmyelinated) in each medullary pyramid are 192,000 in rabbit, 243,000 in rat, 450,000 in cat, 400,000 in monkey, and 1,000,000 in man. The diameters of these fibers have a range from 0.05 ?m-20 ?m. Corticospinal fibers terminate on the sensory neurones of dorsal horn, neurones of intermediate zone, and motor neurones of ventral horn, of the spinal grey matter. There is close relationship between line movements of extremities and direct monosynaptic corticomotoneuronal connections.

The cochlear nucleus complex is the first relay station of the central auditory pathway. The neuronal architecture and physiological properties of cochlear nucleus neurons almost certainly play a key role in defining the functional organization of the ascending auditory system. The structural and physiological organization of the cochlear nucleus complex is complicated by the fact that it is not a single nucleus but a complex of distinct neuronal populations. The cochlear nucleus complex is divided into three divisions; anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN) and dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) on the basis of differing cytoarchitectures. The AVCN contains two major types of neurons which are bushy and stellate cells. Bushy cells have been implicated in the signaling of precise temporal information in order to compute the location of a sound source. The role of stellate cells in acoustic processing is not well understood, although their responses to pure tones are well documented.

Hematoloji kliniğindetakip edilen nötropenik kanser hastalarından izole edilen çeşitli bakteriyelajanların imipeneme duyarlılıkları araştırıldı. İzole edilen toplam 56bakteriyel etkenin duyarlılık işlemleri agar-disk diffüzyon metoduylagerçekleştirildi. Etkenlerin 16’sı E. Coli, 10’u Pseudomonas spp, 12’siEnterobacter spp, 5’i Proteus spp, 5’i Klebsiella, 8’i Stafilokok olarak tespitedildi. Bu etkenlerin imipeneme duyarlılıkları sırasıyla 16 E. Coli suşunun13’ünde (%81,2), 10 Pseudomonas suşunun 8’inde (%80), 12 Enterobacter suşunun10’unda (%83,3), 5 Proteus suşunun 4’ünde (%80), 5 Klebsiella suşunun 3’ünde(%60), 8 Stafilokok suşunun 6’sında (%75) olarak bulundu.Sonuç olarak imipenemin,nötropenik kanser hastalarındaki bakteriyel ajanlara karşı önemli orandaduyarlılığı olan bir antibakteriyel olduğu gözlendi., Susceptibilitiesof various bacterial agents to imipenem isolated from neutropenic cancer patientsfollowed in the department of Hematology were investigated. Susceptibilityprocedures of totally 56 isolated bacterial agents were carried out byagar-disc diffusion method. Of the agents ,16 were found as E. Coli, 10 asPseudomonos spp, 12 as Enterobacter spp, 5 as Proteus spp, 5 as Klebsiella, and8 as Staphyloccocus. The susceptibility of these agents to Imıpenem wasidentified in 13 of 16 E. Coli strain (81.2%), 8 of 10 Pseudomonas strain (80%),10 of 12 Enterobacter strain (83.3%), 4 of 5 Proteus strain (80%), 3 of 5Klebsiella strain (60%) and 6 of 8 Staphyloccocus strain (75%).Consequently, itwas observed that Imipenem is an antibacterial agent that has significantefficacy against bacterial agents in neutropenic cancer patients.

The neurotoxic and convulsant effects of zinc have been shown in several reports. In this study the density of pyramidal neurons was investigated in hippocampus after intracortical injections of zinc sulfate. Rats were divided into three groups. Zinc sulfate (500 ?g/kg) was injected into the left hippocampus (near the Bregma) in first group. Zinc sulfate (500 ?g/kg) and verapamil (1 mg/kg) were injected to the same region into the left hippocampus in the second group and an identical volume of saline (2 ?l, %0.9) was given to the same region in third group as control group. After one-week observation, animals were perfused intracardially with neutral formalin (%10) under deep anaesthesia. The serial hippocampal sections were stained with the hematoxylen-eosine. The pyramidal neurons in the dorsal hippocampus were counted under light microscope (with 400 x magnification). The density of pyramidal cell was found in control, zinc and zinc + verapamil 112.48 ± 4.58/mm, 35.12 ± 1.35/mm, 93.90 ± 2.06/mm as respectively. The present results provide direct evidence that zinc might be a relatively potent neurotoxic in the central nervous system. Therefore it can be concluded that verapamil as a calcium antagonist decreased the central neural loss which is caused by zinc sulfate, by preventing calcium into the cell.

It becomes so important to understand the ionic mechanisms and intrinsic electrical properties of neurones. In this study, suboesophageal ganglia of Helix aspersa was just submerged in the organ bath with ringer solution and intracellular recordings were made from the right parietal ganglia neurones by using current clamp technique in vitro. Action potentials (APs) were recorded from four cells having same electrophysiological properties and placed in the medial part of right parietal ganglia. The duration and amplitude were 5.1 ± 1.8 ms and 80-100 mV respectively. All action potentials overshooted and had a small hyperpolarization after AP (undershoot). Resting membrane potential of these cells was -52.8 ± 7.5 mV. The current-voltage (I-V) relationship was linear and the cell fired regularly with a frequency of 1.5 Hz. The APs of second type of neurones, placed in the lateral part of right parietal ganglia had different biophysical properties with two frequencies. In the first term, the frequency was 3.5 Hz and the resting membrane potential was -38 mV. The AP amplitude was 40 mV. In the second term, the frequency was less than 0.5 Hz. The cell was hyperpolarized up to -65 mV and the amplitude of AP was increased up to 80-100 mV. The AP firing was regular in the first term and it became irregular in the second term. This may account for the evidence that the cell receive either excitatory or inhibitory signals spontaneously. The I-V relationship could not be determined due to the unsteady state in these cells.

20th Congress of European-Hematology-Association -- JUN 11-14, 2015 -- Vienna, AUSTRIA, WOS: 000361204904399

Arslan, Gokhan/0000-0003-4186-2478; WOS: 000453220100134 … TUBITAKTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [115S361] This study supported by TUBITAK (Project number: 115S361)

Arslan, Gokhan/0000-0003-4186-2478 WOS: 000453220100023 … OMU BAPOndokuz Mayis University [PMO.TIP.1905.15.002] This work is supported by OMU BAP (PMO.TIP.1905.15.002).

WOS: 000342185000009, PubMed: 25246287, The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of zinc supplementation and zinc deficiency on the lipid peroxidation in the testis and kidney tissues of rats with experimentally induced hypothyroidism. The experimental Groups were formed as follows: 1 - Control; 2 - Sham-Hypothyroidism; 3 - Hypothyroidism (intraperitoneal administration of 10 mg/kg/day PTU for 4 weeks); 4 Hypothyroidism + 3 mg/kg/day zinc supplementation (4 weeks); 5 Hypothyroidism + zinc deficiency (4 weeks). The examination of the study results revealed that hypothyroidism in testis and kidney tissues increased MDA levels and decreased GSH levels (p, SUBAPK (Scientific Research Project Coordinator of Selcuk University)Selcuk University [TF 2002-086], This study was supported in part by SUBAPK (Scientific Research Project Coordinator of Selcuk University). Project number is TF 2002-086.

PurposeThis paper aims to discuss the utilization of artificial neural networks (ANNs) and multiple regression method for estimating surface roughness in milling medium density fiberboard (MDF) material with a parallel robot.Design/methodology/approachIn ANN modeling, performance parameters such as root mean square error, mean error percentage, mean square error and correlation coefficients (R2) for the experimental data were determined based on conjugate gradient back propagation, Levenberg–Marquardt (LM), resilient back propagation, scaled conjugate gradient and quasi-Newton back propagation feed forward back propagation training algorithm with logistic transfer function.FindingsIn the ANN architecture established for the surface roughness (Ra), three neurons [cutting speed (V), feed rate (f) and depth of cut (a)] were contained in the input layer, five neurons were included in its hidden layer and one neuron was contained in the output layer (3-5-1).Trials showed that LM learning algorithm was the best learning algorithm for the surface roughness. The ANN model obtained with the LM learning algorithm yielded estimation training valuesR2(97.5 per cent) and testing valuesR2(99 per cent). TheR2for multiple regressions was obtained as 96.1 per cent.Originality/valueThe result of the surface roughness estimation model showed that the equation obtained from the multiple regressions with quadratic model had an acceptable estimation capacity. The ANN model showed a more dependable estimation when compared with the multiple regression models. Hereby, these models can be used to effectively control the milling process to reach a satisfactory surface quality.

The understanding and control of human skin contact against technological substrates is the key aspect behind the design of several electromechanical devices. Among these, surface haptic displays that modulate the friction between the human finger and touch surface are emerging as user interfaces. One such modulation can be achieved by applying an alternating voltage to the conducting layer of a capacitive touchscreen to control electroadhesion between its surface and the finger pad. However, the nature of the contact interactions between the fingertip and the touchscreen under electroadhesion and the effects of confined material properties, such as layering and inelastic deformation of the stratum corneum, on the friction force are not completely understood yet. Here, we use a mean field theory based on multiscale contact mechanics to investigate the effect of electroadhesion on sliding friction and the dependency of the finger-touchscreen interaction on the applied voltage and other physical parameters. We present experimental results on how the friction between a finger and a touchscreen depends on the electrostatic attraction between them. The proposed model is successfully validated against full-scale (but computationally demanding) contact mechanics simulations and the experimental data. Our study shows that electroadhesion causes an increase in the real contact area at the microscopic level, leading to an increase in the electrovibrating tangential frictional force. We find that it should be possible to further augment the friction force, and thus the human tactile sensing, by using a thinner insulating film on the touchscreen than used in current devices.