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The development of efficient electrochemical sensors of exceptional features, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), has been extensively utilized due to their great vitality as an alternative to bio-recognition elements. MIPs as an artificial bio-recognition element are getting significant attention due to their affordability, easy processability, and scaling-up capabilities. However, the challenge of longer stability and higher sensitivity associated with MIP-based sensing technology is still a remaining challenge. This can be addressed by modifying MIPs with electro-active nano-systems. Correspondingly, MXene is an emerging material of choice to make MIP-based sensing platforms more efficient and develop a bio-active-free sensing system. This review highlights state-of-the-art MXene-modified MIP electrochemical sensing platforms to overcome the associated limitations of pristine MIPs. As a proof-of-concept, the sensitive and selective detection of markers for health monitoring can be efficiently fulfilled by the high-performance MXene-MIP nanocomposite-based electrochemical sensor. Moreover, the challenges associated with this research area along with the potential solutions are also discussed. An attempt has been made to explore MXene-MIP nanocomposites as a next-generation sensing platform suitable for point-of-care testing (POCT) applications.

Epitope imprinting is a promising method for creating specialized recognition sites that resemble natural biorecognition elements. Epitope-imprinted materials have gained a lot of attention recently in a variety of fields, including bioanalysis, drug delivery, and clinical therapy. The vast applications of epitope imprinted polymers are due to the flexibility in choosing monomers, the simplicity in obtaining templates, specificity toward targets, and resistance to harsh environments along with being cost effective in nature. The "epitope imprinting technique," which uses only a tiny subunit of the target as the template during imprinting, offers a way around various drawbacks inherent to biomacromolecule systems

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an emerging and highly infectious disease making global public health concern and socio-economic burden. It is caused due to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). It has the tendency to spread rapidly through person-to-person. Currently, several molecular diagnostic platforms such as PCR, qRT-PCR, reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), CRISPR are utilized for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. These conventional techniques are costly, time consuming and require sophisticated instrumentation facility with well trained personnel for testing. Hence, it is tough to provide testing en-masse to the people in developing countries. On the other hand, several serological biosensors such as lateral flow immunosensor, optical, electrochemical, microfluidics integrated electrochemical/fluorescence is currently utilized for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. In current pandemic situation, there is an urgent need of rapid and efficient diagnosis on mass scale of SARS-CoV-2 for early stage detection. Early monitoring of viral infections can help to control and prevent the spreading of infections in large chunk of population. In this review, the SARS-CoV-2 and their biomarkers in biological samples, collection of samples and recently reported potential electrochemical immunosensors for the rapid diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 are discussed.

In the 21st century, globally, there is a threat of several serious health concerns. Among them, cancer is most threatening disease and the leading cause of mortality over the past few years. At early stages, diagnosis and monitoring of cancer may reduce the mortality rate. Significant advances of biosensor-based ultrasensitive point-of-care (POC) diagnostics devices play a leading role for the detection of cancer biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity. In addition, they are cost-effective, reliable, rapid, and suitable for on-site detection. They require a small volume of clinical sample and can detect multiplex biomarkers in a single device. They could be easily integrated with other techniques and has the potential to miniaturize. The biosensor fabrication and handling are easy. So the detection of cancer biomarker through the point-of-care diagnostic device is a promising platform compared to the conventional diagnostic platform. Conventional diagnostics are time consuming, require a well instrumentation facility, sophisticated instrumentation, and well trained personnel. Over the conventional diagnostics, the POC device offers the early monitoring and routine check-up of cancer biomarker at clinical stages and even at home. In this chapter, we emphasize the POC diagnostics devices for detection of cancer biomarkers, the wide scope of biosensors, their commercialization and commercially available testing kit for cancer diagnosis.

The aim of the study was to compare serum levels of Transthyretin in prediabetics and controls and to correlate levels of same with HOMA-IR and mean CIMT Method: It was a case control study in which 60 prediabetic patients and 60 controls (age, sex, BMI matched) were employed. Plasma levels of glucose (fasting and postprandial), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and serum levels of insulin (fasting) were measured in both cases and controls. HOMA-IR values in both the groups were calculated using fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin levels. Serum Transthyretin levels were measured using ELISA. The values obtained were compared between cases and controls. In cases, obtained serum levels of Transthyretin were correlated with HOMA-IR values and mean CIMT (measured in cases only using B-mode ultrasonography).Median (IQR) of serum levels of insulin (fasting in µIU/ml) in cases {11.3 (10.175-13.505)} was significantly higher than that of controls {5.73 (4.3-7.1)}. HOMA-IR median (IQR) in cases and controls was 3.12 (2.73-3.595) and 1.21(0.918- 1.505) respectively. Median (IQR) for serum levels of Transthyretin was also significantly higher in cases as compared to controls [46.74 (30.43-81.225) and 22.38 (16.628-27.89) respectively]. Significant positive correlations were observed between serum levels of Transthyretin with both HOMA-IR and mean CIMT (with correlation coefficients being 0.288 and 0.536 respectively). Univariate linear regression analysis showed that with increase in serum Transthyretin by 1 mg/ dl, mean CIMT increases by 0.001 mm.Individuals with impaired glucose tolerance have been found to have increased risk of atherosclerosis as compared to normoglycemics after excluding other risk factors. Assessment for the risk of same with the help of novel markers can help in diagnosis and intervention at an early stage and thereby preventing risk of further complications.

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both diabetics and prediabetics. In insulin resistant states, increased levels of various adipose derived cytokine (adipokine) have been found to have an important role in the process of atherosclerosis. One such novel adipokine is RBP4, (belonging to lipokalin family) which also by exerting an inflammatory process has a role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and CVD.. Early detection of all these inflammatory cytokines may immensely help us in prognosticating the pace of disease besides instituting early interventional manuevers.The aim of the study was to compare serum levels of RBP4 in prediabetics and controls and to correlate levels of RBP4 with HOMA-IR and CIMT.60 prediabetic patients and 60 age, sex, BMI matched controls were employed in the case control study. In both cases and controls serum levels of fasting and postprandial blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting insulin levels were measured. HOMA-IR values in both the groups were calculated using fasting glucose and insulin levels. Serum RBP4 levels were measured using ELISA. The values obtained were compared between cases and controls. CIMT was only measured in cases using B-mode ultrasonography.Median (IQR) of fasting plasma insulin levels (uIU/ml)in cases was 11.3 (10.175-13.505) versus that of controls which was 5.73 (4.3-7.1). HOMA-IR median (IQR) in cases and controls was 3.12 (2.73-3.595) and 1.21(0.918-1.505) respectively. Median (IQR) for RBP4 in cases was 67.4 (46.166-111.088) which was significantly higher as compared to controls 33.92 (23.902-52.45). Significant positive correlation was seen between RBP4 with both, HOMA-IR and mean CIMT with correlation coefficients of 0.3693 and 0.621 respectively. On performing univariate linear regression analysis it was found that with increase in serum RBP4 levels by 1 mg/L, HOMA-IR and mean CIMT significantly increased by 0.007 units and 0.001 mm respectively.60 prediabetic patients and 60 age, sex, BMI matched controls were employed in the case control study. In both cases and controls serum levels of fasting and postprandial blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting insulin levels were measured. HOMA-IR values in both the groups were calculated using fasting glucose and insulin levels. Serum RBP4 levels were measured using ELISA. The values obtained were compared between cases and controls. CIMT was only measured in cases using B-mode ultrasonography.Prediabetics have been found to have more risk of cardiovascular events as compared to normoglycemics. Early assessment of the same with the use of novel biomarkers like RBP4 can be considered for early detection of atherosclerosis in prediabetic individuals. It may further help in early intervention and thus prevention from future complications.

The current scenario, an ongoing pandemic of COVID-19, places a dreadful burden on the healthcare system worldwide. Subsequently, there is a need for a rapid, user-friendly, and inexpensive on-site monitoring system for diagnosis. The early and rapid diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 plays an important role in combating the outbreak. Although conventional methods such as PCR, RT-PCR, and ELISA, etc., offer a gold-standard solution to manage the pandemic, they cannot be implemented as a point-of-care (POC) testing arrangement. Moreover, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) having a high enhancement factor provides quantitative results with high specificity, sensitivity, and multiplex detection ability but lacks in POC setup. In contrast, POC devices such as lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) offer rapid, simple-to-use, cost-effective, reliable platform. However, LFIA has limitations in quantitative and sensitive analyses of SARS-CoV-2 detection. To resolve these concerns, herein we discuss a unique modality that is an integration of SERS with LFIA for quantitative analyses of SARS-CoV-2. The miniaturization ability of SERS-based devices makes them promising in biosensor application and has the potential to make a better alternative of conventional diagnostic methods. This review also demonstrates the commercially available and FDA/ICMR approved LFIA kits for on-site diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2.

The pathophysiological effects of diabetes on the heart and the rest of the cardiovascular system begins much earlier in its precedent stage of prediabetes and one major underlying defect is insulin resistance. Heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) is a recently studied molecule inherent to the cardiac myocytes found to rise in both coronary and non-coronary heart diseases. The utility of the molecule in prediabetes and its relationship with insulin resistance is being studied.The aim of the study is to compare serum levels of H-FABP in prediabetics and controls and correlate them with Homeostatic model assessment - insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).50 prediabetic patients and 50 age, sex and BMI matched controls were employed in the case control study. Serum fasting and postprandial blood sugars, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin levels were measured in cases and controls. HOMA-IR index was calculated from fasting glucose and insulin values. Serum H-FABP was measured in both cases and controls using Immunoturbidimetric method with anti- H-FABP coated latex reagent kits. The values were compared between both the groups.The mean serum fasting insulin level among cases was 12.22mIU/ml and that of the control group was 5.37mIU/ml (p value0.0001). HOMA- IR mean values were 3.31 ± 1.56 and 1.16 ± 0.44 in cases and controls respectively (p-0.001). The mean serum levels of H-FABP among cases and controls were 6.38± 2.76ng/ml and 3.24 ± 2.47 ng/ml respectively (p0.0001). The correlation between the two variables, HOMA-IR and H-FABP was also found to be strongly positive (r=0.675). Linear regression analysis showed that for 1 unit increase in HOMA-IR, H-FABP increased by 1.095 and for 1 unit increase in Fasting insulin, H-FABP increased by 0.038.Prediabetics have a higher risk of cardiovascular morbidity when compared to normoglycemics with insulin resistance being the single most important contributor. Serum H-FABP levels are elevated in prediabetes representing a marker of subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Graphical abstract, The importance of early diagnosis of infectious disease has been revealed well by the COVID-19 pandemic. The current methods for testing SARS-CoV-2 mainly utilize biorecognition elements. The process of production of these biorecognition elements is not only tedious, time-consuming but also costly. The molecularly imprinted polymers recently have gained considerable attention as they are stable and also offer high selectivity and specificity than conventional labels. The present review discussed the MIPs-based electrochemical nano-sensors diagnostic of SARS-CoV-2.

E-Rickshaw provides environment friendly, in-expensive, time-effective, suitable mode of transportation and plays a vital role in transportation in cities. E-Rickshaw lacks regularization, frequency and management, which increases the burden on the E-Rickshaw management system. Paper aims at developing a real-time RFID based E-Rickshaw Management System for small scale farmers, which focuses on scheduling the e-rickshaw according to passenger demand in a real time environment. The main focus of this system is to evolve user friendly, flexible and convenient E-Rickshaw management system for small scale farmers that would cater the needs of vegetables and fruits and reduce the traffic congestion in the city. This Real Time-Based System is helpful, precise, secure and flexible. The system will use Global Positioning System (GPS) and Radio Frequency Identification Tags (RFID) to get the location of E-Rickshaw and information about passengers and drivers. The system will be working on Real Time with a merged function of RFID and GPS which will sustain the detailed information about farmers and E-Rickshaw.

Introduction: Hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance are two important risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD). Whilst the association of diabetes and atherosclerosis has well been studied and is well known, the data on prediabetes is limited. Carotid Artery Intima-media Thickness (CIMT) and high sensitivity C-reactive Protein (hsCRP) are recognised markers of subclinical atherosclerosis. Aim: To measure CIMT and hsCRP levels in prediabetics in cases and controls and correlate them with Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). Materials and Methods: Fifty prediabetic patients and 50 age, sex and Body Mass Index (BMI) matched controls were enrolled in this case control study. Serum fasting and postprandial blood sugars, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting insulin levels were measured in cases and controls. HOMA-IR index was calculated from fasting glucose and insulin values. All cases and controls were subjected to bilateral CIMT measurements and the mean was tabulated. Serum hsCRP values were assessed and compared between both the groups by unpaired t-test. Results: The mean serum fasting insulin level among cases was 12.22 mIU/mL and that of the control group was 5.37 mIU/mL (p-value

In this paper, a novel method for computing Head Related Transfer Functions (HRTFs) using principles of Spherical Nearfield Acoustic Holography (SNAH) is described. To compute generalized HRTFs the head and the torso have been modeled by spheres of different radii using the snowman model. A new method of sound pressure reconstruction over a spherical surface that utilizes SNAH is proposed for modeling the head. Pressure reconstruction corresponding to all spatial locations of a sound source is performed using motion holography. The torso is modeled by using principles of Gaussian optics within a SNAH framework. A combined head and torso (HAT) model is then developed to obtain HRTFs. Head and Torso response obtained by the proposed approach is compared individually with existing numerical techniques. For low frequencies both approaches provide similar results. Binaural audio is then synthesized using HRTFs computed from the proposed method and from the CIPIC database. Subjective evaluation on binaural audio convey that proposed technique results are comparable to CIPIC in both horizontal and frontal planes.

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) are self-configured and self-maintained network without any central authority. In MANET the route discovery from source node to destination node is a critical issue due to frequent changes in network topology and mobility of nodes. The MANET consists of problems such as load balancing, scalability, stability, reliability security and robustness. It is therefore necessary to check node stability with respect to node mobility and Bandwidth during path establishment. The Scalable Multipath On-demand Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad-hoc Network (SMORT) is suitable for Scalability only. The proposed protocol is an advanced version of SMORT which includes additional stability factor. This paper presents a new multipath routing protocol, stable and scalable on-demand routing for mobile ad hoc networks which improves the lifetime of the network and improves the performance.

Mobile adhoc network are self configured and self maintained network without any central authority. The MANET has the problem of robustness and control overhead issues for designing the network. Due to the mobility of the node the topology of the network changes and link instability issues occurs. The proposed protocol deals with the above issues using Fuzzy Logic on scalable multipath on-demand routing protocol for mobile adhoc network. The proposed fuzzy based protocol provides a new approach for stable on demand routing to improve the performance of the network. The proposed protocol provides minimum control overheads, minimum delay and improved packet delivery ratio based stable link.