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BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) is a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine containing nucleoside-modified messenger RNA encoding the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike glycoprotein. Recently, ocular complications of mRNA vaccines have been reported increasingly frequently. However, immunological adverse events due to mRNA vaccines in real-world settings are not fully known. We herein report the novel development of sarcoidosis manifested as uveitis, bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, angiotensin-converting enzyme elevation, and epithelioid and giant cell granuloma formation in the lung soon after the first BNT162b2 injection and review the current literature, including three reported cases of sarcoid-like reaction following COVID-19 vaccination.

Lung function reflects the ability of the respiratory system and is utilized for the assessment of respiratory diseases. Because type 2 airway inflammation influences lung function, genome wide association studies (GWAS) for lung function would be improved by adjustment with an indicator of the inflammation. Here, we performed a GWAS for lung function with adjustment for exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) levels in two independent Japanese populations. Our GWAS with genotype imputations revealed that the RNF5/AGER locus including AGER rs2070600 SNP, which introduces a G82S substitution of AGER, was the most significantly associated with FEV1/FVC. Three other rare missense variants of AGER were further identified. We also found genetic loci with three candidate genes (NOS2, SPSB2 and RIPOR2) associated with FeNO levels. Analyses with the BioBank-Japan GWAS resource revealed genetic links of FeNO and asthma-related traits, and existence of common genetic background for allergic diseases and their biomarkers. Our study identified the genetic locus most strongly associated with airway obstruction in the Japanese population and three genetic loci associated with FeNO, an indicator of type 2 airway inflammation in adults., Yamada, Motoike, Kojima et al. undertake a GWAS study on 19,722 participants from two Japanese populations for lung function with adjustment for fractional exhaled nitric oxide levels to account for airway inflammation. The authors identify variants of the RNF5/AGER locus and explore their three-dimensional protein interactions to better investigate the association between these variants and lung function.

Background Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B4 (LILRB4) is one of the inhibitory receptors in various types of immune cells including macrophages. Previous reports suggested that LILRB4 could be involved in a negative feedback system to prevent excessive inflammatory responses. However, its role has been unclear in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), in which macrophages play a crucial role in the pathogenesis. In this study, we aimed to examine the changes of LILRB4 on macrophages both in the lung specimens of COPD patients and the lungs of a mouse emphysema model. We then tried to compare the differences in both inflammation and emphysematous changes of the model between wild-type and LILRB4-deficient mice in order to elucidate the role of LILRB4 in the pathogenesis of COPD. Methods We prepared single-cell suspensions of resected lung specimens of never-smokers (n = 21), non-COPD smokers (n = 16), and COPD patients (n = 14). The identification of LILRB4-expressing cells and the level of LILRB4 expression were evaluated by flow cytometry. We analyzed the relationships between the LILRB4 expression and clinical characteristics including respiratory function. In the experiments using an elastase-induced mouse model of emphysema, we also analyzed the LILRB4 expression on lung macrophages. We compared inflammatory cell accumulation and emphysematous changes induced by elastase instillation between wild-type and LILRB4-deficient mice. Results The levels of surface expression of LILRB4 are relatively high on monocyte linage cells including macrophages in the human lungs. The percentage of LILRB4+ cells in lung interstitial macrophages was increased in COPD patients compared to non-COPD smokers (p = 0.018) and correlated with the severity of emphysematous lesions detected by CT scan (rs = 0.559, p p = 0.008). LILRB4-deficient mice showed severer emphysematous lesions with increased MMP-12 expression in the model. Conclusions LILRB4 on interstitial macrophages was upregulated both in human COPD lungs and in a mouse model of emphysema. This upregulated LILRB4 may have a protective effect against emphysema formation, possibly through decreasing MMP-12 expression in the lungs.

We present a case of a 17-year-old woman with a history of bronchial asthma since two years of age. She had daily asthma attacks from the age of fourteen, and the addition of oral corticosteroids and omalizumab to regular inhaled corticosteroid inhalation failed to relieve symptoms. She was referred to our hospital for detailed examination. On admission, physical examination was normal, but she had complained of dyspnea at the round. Monophonic wheezes and stridor were heard over the anterior neck, while no rales were audible over any part of the chest. Laryngoscopy revealed paradoxical movement of the vocal cords, and a diagnosis of vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) was made. The apparent severe asthma symptoms were considered to reflect VCD, and the treatment for bronchial asthma was stepped down without any recurrence of asthma attacks. Although the etiology of the VCD was unknown, VCD is more common in young women, so stress and personality factors are thought to be involved. It has been noted that childhood asthma often improves between childhood and adolescence, but refractory cases have been noted. In intractable bronchial asthma cases, it is necessary to consider the complications of other diseases, such as VCD, and to perform appropriate management.

Nivolumab is a newly introduced promising therapy for treating lung cancer that restores the anti-tumor immunity by disrupting programmed cell death-1-mediated immuno-suppressive signaling. Although "new-onset" autoimmune diseases are well-known immune-related adverse events, whether or not nivolumab exacerbates "pre-existing" autoimmune disease remains unclear. We herein report a patient with "pre-existing" myasthenia gravis in whom nivolumab was administered that flared up after the treatment with nivolumab. Regardless of the disease stability, nivolumab has the potential to exacerbate an autoimmune disease, and we must pay close attention to each patient's medical history before administering this agent.

Background Asthma–chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap (ACO) has frequent exacerbations and a poor quality of life and prognosis compared with those of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease alone. However, the pathogenesis of ACO has not been fully elucidated yet. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate nitrosative stress, which causes a redox imbalance and tissue inflammation in the airways of patients with ACO, and to evaluate the relationship between nitrosative stress and the clinical course in study subjects. Methods Thirty healthy subjects and 56 asthmatic patients participated in this study. The asthmatic patients were divided into 33 asthmatic patients and 23 patients with ACO. The study subjects had been followed prospectively for 2 years to evaluate the clinical course. Nitrosative stress was evaluated based on the production of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) in sputum cells. Results Production of 3-NT was significantly enhanced in patients with ACO compared with that in asthmatic patients. Amounts of reactive persulfides and polysulfides, newly identified powerful antioxidants, were significantly decreased in the ACO group. Baseline levels of 3-NT were significantly correlated with the frequency of exacerbations and decrease in FEV1 adjusted by age, smoking history, and blood eosinophil count. The 3-NT–positive cells were also significantly correlated with amounts of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines. Conclusions These findings suggested that greater nitrosative stress occurred in the airways of patients with ACO, and the degree of nitrosative stress was correlated with an impairment in the clinical course. Nitrosative stress might be related to the pathogenesis of ACO.

Introduction: The 2007 ATS/IDSA statement for Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) lung disease suggested that aminoglycoside antibiotics should be considered in addition to clarithromycin (CAM), rifampicin, and ethambutol for extensive fibrocavitary disease or patients deteriorated with prior medications. Aims: To evaluate efficacy and safety of kanamycin (KM) added to the patients with drug-refractory MAC infection. Methods: We selected patients with MAC pulmonary disease treated with kanamycin more than 3 months after deterioration with a standard therapy from 2010 to 2013. Patients with comorbid aspergillosis or simultaneous administration of quinolones were excluded. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate symptomatic and radiographic improvement, sputum culture conversion and adverse effects. Results: The patients included were 11 males and 19 females with the median age of 66 years. The mean duration from the initiation of chemotherapy to KM addition was 5.83 years. CAM resistant MAC was isolated in 9 cases. Symptomatic improvement was indicated in 56.5% while radiographic abnormalities were improved in 15/29 (51.7%), stable in 11/29 (37.9%), and deteriorated in 3/29 (10.3%) 3 months later. Among 13 smear positive and 17 culture positive patients prior to KM addition, semi-quantitative count of sputum smear was decreased in 9 (69.2%) and sputum culture turned negative in 5 (29.4%). Side effects were rash (2 cases), renal dysfunction (2), hearing disorder (1), and eosinophilia (1). Conclusions: Addition of kanamycin is effective even after failure of initial chemotherapy and should be considered as a treatment option for drug-refractory MAC lung disease.