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Bu çalışmada, kütük yetiştiriciliğinde misel ekim zamanı ve ağaç türlerinin shiitake mantarının (Lentinula edodes (Berkeley) Pegler-meşe mantarı) verim ve kalitesi üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Kayın (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), kızılağaç (Alnus glutinosa subsp. barbata C.A. Mey.) Yalt.) ve meşe (Quercus macranthera subsp. syspirensis (K. Koch) Menitsky) olmak üzere 3 farklı ağaç türüne ait kütükler kullanılmıştır. Kütüklere misel ekimi sonbahar (kasım) ve ilkbahar (mayıs) döneminde yapılmıştır. Çalışmada ilk hasata kadar geçen süre, verim ve kalite özellikleri (ortalama mantar ağırlığı, şapka çapı, sap çapı ve uzunluğu ile elde edilen mantarların protein ve mineral madde miktarları) belirlenmiştir. En yüksek ortalama mantar ağırlığı, şapka çapı, sap uzunluğu ve çapı değerleri meşe ve kızılağaç kütükleri üzerinde yetiştirilen shiitake mantarlarında tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek verim aralarında istatistiksel fark bulunmayan kızılağaç ve meşe kütüklerinden, en düşük ise kayın kütüklerinden elde edilmiştir (sırasıyla 555.14, 549.97 ve 103.53 g 10 kg kütük-1). Sonbahar ve ilkbaharda misel aşılanarak açık şartlarda yetiştirilen farklı ağaç türlerine ait kütüklerden elde edilen (misel aşılama zamanı ile ağaç türleri interaksiyonu) verim değerlerinin 93.94-607.2 g 10 kg kütük-1 arasında değiştiği tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek (%17) ve en düşük protein (%12) içerikleri sırasıyla sonbahar döneminde aşılanan meşe kütüklerinden ve ilkbahar döneminde aşılanan kayın ağacı kütüklerinden elde edilen mantarlarda belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda misel ekim zamanı ve ağaç türlerinin shiitake mantarının verim ve besin içeriği üzerine etkilerinin önemli olduğu saptanmıştır.

Çalışmada silindir şekilli geleneksel torbalar ile son yıllarda ülkemizde de yaygın olarak kullanılan blok pres torbalar ile yapılan yetiştiricilik sistemlerinin beyaz şapkalı (Agaricus bisporus) mantarların verim ve morfolojik özelliklerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Torba ve blok pres sistemlerinden elde edilen mantarların ortalama mantar ağırlığı, şapka çapı, sap uzunluğu ve sertlik değerleri bakımından aralarında istatistiksel olarak fark olmadığı, toplam mantar sayısı, şapka yüksekliği, sap çapı ve uzunluğu bakımından ise farkın önemli (p, In this study, the effects of growing systems used with block press bags, which are widely used in our country in recent years, and traditional cylindrical bags on the yield and morphological characteristics of button (Agaricus bisporus) mushroom were investigated. It was determined that the mushrooms obtained from bag and block press systems were not statistically different in terms of average fruit bodies weight, cap diameter, stem length and hardness values, and the difference between them was significant (p

Radioactivity in the environment occur due to natural, terrestrial, extra-terrestrial factors or caused by the human activity. Food stuffs that grown in the soil which containing radioactive elements may get deposited or absorbed in the foods. Wild growing mushrooms can accumulate many types of toxicological, nutritional and radioactive elements. So, mushrooms are considered as good bio-indicators to determine the environmental pollution caused by radiations. Knowing the levels of radioactivity in the food stuffs is of great importance for the protection of human health. In this study, the active concentrations of the naturally occurring 238U, 232Th, 40K nuclides and artificially occurring 137Cs nuclide were determined and annual effective doses and excess lifetime cancer risk values were calculated in mushrooms commonly consumed by the Turkish people. 15 types of mushroom samples were collected from different locations of Turkey. The results show that the activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs varied from 9.2±1.6 to 75.4±8.8 Bq kg-1, 10.9±1.6 to 76.3±8.9 Bq kg-1, 925.9±29.0 to 3848.0±73.2 Bq kg-1 and 6.1±1.1 to 2824.8±79.8 Bq kg-1, respectively. The mean total annual effective dose was found to be 11.5 μSv y-1. 40K radionuclide was the highest contributor to the total annual effective dose (5.35 μSv y-1). According to these values obtained, the mean excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) of mushrooms was determined as 4.6 x10-5 %.

In this study; wild and cultivated edible mushrooms [Boletus edulis Bull.: Fr, Craterellus cornucopioides (L.) Pers., Lactarius deliciosus (L. ex Fr.) S.F.Gray, Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.: Fr.) Murr., Marasmius oreades (Bolt. ex Fr.) Fr., Morchella conica Pers., Ramaria botrytis (Pers.: Fr.) Ricken, Tricholoma terreum (Schaeff.: Fr.) P. Kumm., Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers., Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler, Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst., and Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) P. Kumm. (1-4)] were obtained from different locations in Turkey. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) enzyme activity, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity changes and nitrate, β-carotene and lycopene levels were investigated in 15 samples to determine antioxidant enzyme capacity. As a result of the study, the highest amount of β-carotene and lycopene were determined in H. erinaceus. P. ostreatus-2 had the lowest amount of β-carotene, whereas Pleurotus ostreatus-1 had the lowest amount of lycopene. Species rich in nitrate content were C. cornucopioides and P. ostreatus-4. P. ostreatus-3 was the poorest species in terms of nitrate compared to other mushroom samples. PAL activity of mushrooms varied between 5.863 and 8.893 EU mg-1 protein. For APX values, P. ostreatus-4 had the highest value, while H. erinaceus species had the lowest value. Among mushroom species, the highest and the lowest POD values were determined in H. erinaceus and B. edulis, respectively. C. cornucopioides had the highest and P. ostreatus-3 had the lowest SOD values.

This study investigated the effect of two planting systems (raised bed and flat) in combination with incorporation of faba bean green manure at two plant growth stages (FS, incorporation at floweri...

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of growing media on antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activities of Pleurotus ostreatus(Jacq. ex Fr.) P. Kumm. In the study, growing substrates were prepared with five tree sawdust (80%) and waste (20% Tea Waste or Wheat Bran) at different ratios (80% Sawdust + 20% TW, 80% Sawdust + 20% GW). The antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts from 19 P. ostreatus against microorganisms were tested by agar well diffusion technique. The total phenolic content was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteau procedure. The antioxidant capacity was determined using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and free radical scavenging activity of DPPH. It was observed that the addition of 20% tea waste in the substrate had a positive effect on antimicrobial activity. It was determined that the methanol extract of mushrooms obtained from the 80QS+20TW substrate was the most effective extract against to all of microorganisms investigated in this study. Significant differences (P, Öz: Bu çalışmanın amacı, yetiştirme ortamının Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) P. Kumm.'un antioksidan özellikleri ve antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri üzerindeki etkisini belirlemektir. Çalışmada beş adet talaş (%80) ve atık (%20 Çay Atığı veya Buğday Kepeği) ile farklı oranlarda (%80 Talaş + %20 TW, %80 Talaş + 20% GW) yetiştirme substratları hazırlanmıştır. Toplam 19 farklı ortamda yetiştirilen P. ostreatus'tan elde edilen metanol ekstraktların, mikroorganizmalara karşı antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri agar kuyu difüzyon tekniği ile test edildi. Toplam fenolik içerik, Folin-Ciocalteau prosedürü kullanılarak ölçülmüştür. Antioksidan kapasitesi, DPPH'nin ferrik indirgeyici antioksidan gücü (FRAP) ve serbest radikal süpürücü aktivitesi kullanılarak belirlendi.. 80QS+20TW substratından elde edilen mantarların metanol ekstraktının bu çalışmada incelenen tüm mikrooganizmalara karşı en etkili ekstrakt olduğu belirlendi. Farklı substratlar üzerinde yetiştirilen mantar ekstraktlarının antioksidan içerikleri arasında önemli farklılıklar (P

The greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of black polyethylene (PE) plastic mulch on yield and some quality parameters of tomato. In the study, black PE mulch material was laid on raised beds and bare soil (not mulched) was used as control. Mulch did not affect plant height, fruit shape index, chroma and hue angle, firmness, soluble solids content, titratable acidity. Black PE plastic mulch had a positive influence on yield. Significantly higher stem diameter and yield were obtained from the black PE mulch application (17.23 mm and 18.78 kg da-1, respectively) compared to the control (15.30 mm and 16.75 kg da-1, respectively). On the other hand, vitamin C was higher in control (41.13 mg 100 g-1) than in the black PE mulch application

The effect of growth media prepared by adding ofAgaricus bisporus (A) and Pleurotus ostreatus (P) spent mushroomcompost into peat (PE) at different rates (25, 50, 75 and 100%) on tomatoseedling growth and quality was examined in this study. In the study where peatis used as standard medium, seedling growth and quality parameters such asseedling length (cm), stem diameter (mm), root length (cm), leaf chlorophyllcontent (CCI), leaf area (cm2), total seedling dry weight (g), netassimilation rate (g cm-2 day-1) and relative growth rate(g g-1 day-1) were determined. Significant differences (p, Bu çalışmada; torf (T) içerisine farklı oranda (% 25, % 50, % 75 ve % 100)ilave edilen Agaricus bisporus (A) ve Pleurotusostreatus (P) atık mantar kompostlarından oluşturulan ortamların, domatestefide gelişimi ve kalitesi üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Standart ortamolarak torfun kullanıldığı çalışmada, fide gelişimi ve kalite parametreleriolarak; fide boyu (cm), gövde çapı (mm), kök uzunluğu (cm), yaprak klorofiliçeriği (CCI), yaprak alanı (cm2), toplam fide kuru ağırlığı (g),net asimilasyon oranı (g cm-2 gün-1)ve nispi büyüme hızı (g g-1 gün-1)belirlenmiştir. Domates fide kalite özellikleri bakımından ortamlararasında önemli farklılıklar (p

Macrolepiota procera Türkiye’de genellikle ilkbahar ve sonbahar aylarında doğadantoplanan ve aynı zamanda yaygın olarak tüketilen lezzetli bir mantardır. Buçalışmada yenebilir doğa mantarı M.procera’nın kültüre alınabilme olanakları araştırılmıştır. İlk adım olarak,tohumluk misel üretimine en uygun sardırma materyalini belirlemek için buğday,arpa, yulaf ve darı gibi 4 farklı tahıl taneleri test edilmiştir. Bir sonrakiadımda, M. procera’nınyetiştiriciliği için farklı yetiştirme ortamları (Agaricus bisporus yetiştiriciliğinde kullanılan ticari hazırkompost, buğday samanı, meşe yaprakları, torf ve farklı oranlarda bunlarınkarışımları) ve değişik uygulamalar (şoklama, örtü toprağı ve farklısıcaklıklar) değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, buğday M. procera’nın tohumluk misel üretimiiçin en uygun sardırma materyali olarak belirlenmiştir. Mantarın misel gelişimibuğday samanı, torf, meşe yaprağı, buğday samanı ve torf karışımı, meşe yaprağıve torf karışımı ile meşe yaprağı ve kepek karışımından hazırlanan yetiştirme ortamlarındasağlanmıştır. Bununla birlikte, bu çalışmada ele alınan tüm yetiştirmeortamları ve uygulamalarda mantar oluşumu sağlanamamıştır. Bu çalışmanınsonuçları, Türkiye’de M. procera’nınyetiştiriciliği konusunda yapılacak daha ileri araştırmalar için bazı temelbilgileri ortaya koymuştur., Macrolepiota procera is a mushroom collected from the nature during usually in spring andautumn in Turkey and also a delicious mushroom widely consumed. In this study,artificial cultivation possibility of M.procera was investigated. As a first step, 4 different cereal grains suchas barley, wheat, oat and millet were tested to determine the most suitablematerials for spawn production. In the next step, different substrates(commercial compost used in the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus, wheat straw, oak leaves, peat and the mixturesof these materials at different ratios) anddifferent treatments (shocking, casing material and different temperatures)were evaluated for the artificial cultivation of M. procera. In the result of the study, wheat was determined as themost suitable material for spawn production of M. procera. The mycelial growth of this mushroom has been succeededin the substrates prepared from wheat straw, peat, oakleaf, wheat straw and peat mixtures, oak leaf and peat mixture and oak leaf andwheat bran mixtures. However, fruiting bodies has not been obtainedfrom all tested substratesand treatments. The results of this study revealed basic information for thefurther researches on cultivation of M.procera in Turkey.

Bu araştırma, organik domates üretiminden önce uygulanan ön bitki ve organik gübrelerin topraktaki mikobiyota değişimine etkisinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 2011-2014 yılları arasında yürütülmüştür. Tarla denemeleri, Tesadüf Bloklar deneme deseninde bölünmüş parsellere göre 3 tekrarlamalı olarak kurulmuştur. Araştırmada soğangil, lahanagil ve baklagilbuğdaygillerden üç farklı ön bitki uygulaması (pırasa, brokoli ve fiğarpa karışımı) ile kontrol (kışı boş geçiren parsel) ana parsellere, üç farklı organik gübre kaynağı (kompost, organik ticari gübre-1 ve organik ticari gübre-2) ise alt parsellere yerleştirilmiştir. Her bir ön bitki ve organik gübre uygulaması sonrası domates hasadından sonra alınan topraklarda tespit edilen fungal mikroorganizma tür ve miktarının başlangıçtakine göre farklı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ön bitki ve organik gübre uygulandıktan sonra domates yetiştirilen topraklardaki Penicillium ve Aspergillus cinslerinin sayısının denemenin başlangıcındaki izolat sayısına göre oldukça azaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Fusarium cinsi içinde en yoğun bulunan tür ise F. oxysporum olarak bulunmuştur. Denemenin başlangıç yılında ve takiben 2012'de, Pythium ve Rhizoctonia gibi çökerten etmenleri yanında antagonist Acremonium cinsi tespit edilmemişken, 2013 ve 2014 yıllarında bu funguslar gözlenmiştir. Deneme başlangıcına göre toplam patojen ve antagonist mikroorganizma miktarı artmıştır. Ön bitki ve organik gübrelemenin domates yetiştirilen parsellerde Trichoderma ve diğer antagonistik mikroorganizmaların artışı için uygun şartları oluşturduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Toprak mikobiyotasının bitkilerdeki hastalıklar üzerine etkileri hakkında detaylı çalışmalar yapılması uygun olacaktır This study was conducted to determine the effects of the previous crop and organic fertilizer applications prior to tomato production on changes in soil fungal communities between 2011 and 2014. Field experiments were established according to Split Plots in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. In the study, three previous crop treatments from Alliaceae, Cruciferae, FabaceaeGramineae families (leek, broccoli and vetchbarley mixture) and control (no previous crop during winter season) were placed in the main plots whereas three different fertilizer sources (compost, organic commercial fertilizer-1 and organic commercial fertilizer-2) were placed in the sub-plots. It was determined that fungal microorganism species and their numbers determined in the soil samples taken after tomato harvest following each previous crop and fertilizer applications were different from the initial fungal microorganism profile and number. The numbers of isolates belonging to Penicillium and Aspergillus genera in tomato-grown soils after the previous crop and organic fertilizer applications decreased when compared with the number of initial isolates at the beginning of the experiment. F. oxysporum was found as the most prevalent species in Fusarium genus. While damping-off pathogens, Pythium and Rhizoctonia, and antagonist Acremonium were not observed in the beginning and 2012, they were detected in 2013 and 2014 years. Antagonist and pathogenic microbial community increased, compared to pre-sowing season. It was thought that the previous crop and organic fertilization applications created favorable conditions for the development of Trichoderma and other antagonistic organisms in tomato-grown plots. It can be useful to conduct more detailed studies on the impacts of soil mycobiota on plant diseases

Bu çalışma farklı budama uygulamalarının organik olarak yetiştirilen kestane kabağıgenotiplerinin verim ve kalitesi üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada, üçfarklı (61A1, 61A2 ve 61A3) kestane kabağı (Cucurbita maxima Duch.) genotipinde üç farklı budama vekontrol olmak üzere 4 uygulama (1. Kontrol, 2. Meyve vermeyen kolların budanması, 3. Tek kolluyetiştiricilik ve 4. İki kollu yetiştiricilik) incelenmiştir. Farklı genotip ve budama uygulamalarınınçiçeklenme ve meyve tutumu başlangıç tarihi, meyve eni, boyu, et rengi (L, kroma ve hue), meyve etisertliği ve suda çözünebilir kuru madde oranı (SÇKM) ile bitki başına verim ve 100 tane ağırlığı üzerineönemli (P0.05) etkilerinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek bitki verimi (24.9 kg bitki-1) 61A2genotipinde birinci budama uygulamasından elde edilmiştir. En yüksek meyve eti sertliği (4.5 kg) veSÇKM (%5.9) değerleri ise 61A3 genotipinde 2. budama uygulamasından elde edilmiştir. Budamauygulamalarının meyve eni ve boyu, L kroma değeri dışında meyve rengi, meyve eti sertliği ve SÇKMüzerine etkisinin olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Meyve vermeyen kolların budanmasının verimi kontrolegöre önemli derecede artırdığı belirlenmiştir. This study was carried out to determine the effects of different pruning practices on yield andquality of organically grown winter squash genotypes. In the study, four practices consisted of threepruning and control (1. Control, 2. Pruning of fruitless branches, 3. Single-branch growing and 4. Twobranchsgrowing) were investigated in 3 different winter squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch.) genotypes(61A1, 61A2 and 61A3). It was determined that genotypes and pruning practices had significant (P0.05)effects on days to flowering and fruit set, fruit width and length, flesh color (L, chroma and hue), fruitflesh firmness, soluble solids content (SSC) and also yield per plant and 100 seed weight. The highestplant yield (24.9 kg plant-1) were obtained from the first pruning practice in 61A2 genotype. The highestfruit flesh firmness (4.5 kg) and SSC (5.9%) values were also obtained from the second pruning practicein 61A3 genotype. With the exception of fruit width and length, and L chrome, the effects of pruningpractices on fruit color, fruit flesh firmness and SSC were not significant. It was determined that thepruning practice of fruitless branches increased plant yield when compared with the control.

Polyporus squamosus (Huds.) Fr., also named as Aladana, Peri Semeri, Pullu Mantar invarying by localities of Turkey, is an edible wild mushroom species widely existed in themycobiota of the Black Sea Region. It has not been sold in the local markets. The publicrecognition of this mushroom may change locally in the Black Sea Region. It is widelyconsumed by the people in some parts of the region. It is usually appeared in the natureduring May-September on the logs, dead and living trunks of the deciduous trees.Following the rainy period, it grows so fast and can produce a few kilograms fruit bodywithin a short period. It is delicious and precious as much as meat for the nutritionalvalue, especially during early growth stage. In this review, general knowledge on themorphological and ecological characteristics, nutritional value and medicinal propertiesof P. squamosus mushroom and some study results on the domestication of thismushroom have been presented in order to improve the public awareness and itsconsumption. “Aladana, Peri Semeri, Pullu Mantar” gibi farklı yerel isimlerle bilinen Polyporussquamosus (Huds.) Fr. Karadeniz Bölgesi mikobiyotasında yaygın olarak bulunan yenenbir yabani mantar türüdür. Mahalli pazarlarda satışı yapılmamaktadır. Bu mantarıntanınırlığı, Karadeniz Bölgesi'nde yöreden yöreye değişebilmektedir. Bölgenin bazıkısımlarında insanlar tarafından yaygın olarak tüketilmektedir. Genellikle doğada Mayıs-Eylül ayları boyunca yaprak döken ağaç türlerinin kütükleri, ölü ve yaşayan gövdeleriüzerinde görülmektedir. Yağışlı dönemin ardından, çok hızlı büyümekte ve kısa bir süreiçerisinde birkaç kilogram gövde üretebilmektedir. Özellikle erken büyüme evresindelezzetli ve besleyici değer bakımından et kadar değerlidir. Bu derlemede, halkınfarkındalığını ve mantarın tüketimini artırmak amacıyla P. squamosus mantarınınmorfolojik ve ekolojik özellikleri, besin değeri ve tıbbi özellikleri ile bu mantarın kültürealınması üzerine yapılmış bazı çalışma sonuçlarına ilişkin genel bilgiler sunulmuştur.

The objective of this study is to determine the effects of composts prepared by different ratios of tea waste (TW) and wheat straw (WS) (1TW:3WS, 2TW:2WS, 3TW:1WS, 4TW and 4WS) on mycelium growth, mushroom yield and some quality properties of Agaricus bisporus mushroom. In the research, compost properties such as pH, moisture, carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and some mineral contents and C:N ratios were determined at the end of the pastorization process. The highest total mushroom yield was obtained from 2TW:2WS ( 227.26 kg/t compost) compost. It was determined that mushroom yields of composts prepared by tea waste alone and it's mixtures of wheat straw were higher than compost prepared by wheat straw (control). It was found that the effects of composts on average mushroom weight, dry matter and protein content were highly significant.

WOS: 000263900600008 Tea waste (TW) was investigated as a new supplement for substrate mixtures in Ganoderma lucidum cultivation. The effects of sawdust (S) based substrates supplemented with TW at the various levels (75S:25TW, 80S:20TW, 85S:15TW, and 90S:10TW) and Ganoderma lucidum strains on yield, biological efficiency (BE) and the chemical composition of fruiting bodies were determined in solid-state fermentation. Significant differences were found among substrates regarding yield and BE, while yield and BE of the strains were not different. The substrate formulations producing highest yield and BE were 80S:20TW (87.98 g/kg substrate and 34.90%) and 75S:25TW (82.30 g/kg substrate and 31%). Yield and BE of substrates containing TW were generally higher than that of the control (80sawdust:18wheat bran:1sucrose:1 CaCO3). Nitrogen, potassium, iron, and manganese contents and C:N ratios of substrates were strongly correlated with yield. BE showed positive and significant correlations with potassium, iron and manganese. Moisture content, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, and zinc contents of the fruiting bodies were affected by both strain and substrate. It was concluded that TW can be used as a supplement for substrate preparation in G. lucidum cultivation.

Mantar yetiştiriciliğinde üretim sonrasında ortaya çıkan materyale atık veya kullanılmış mantar kompostu/substratı (AMS) adı verilmektedir. Her geçen yıl artan mantar üretimi, hasattan sonra atık haline gelen kompost miktarında da artışa sebep olmaktadır. Yıllık açığa çıkan AMS miktarının Türkiye'de 170-250 bin ton iken, dünyada yaklaşık olarak 50 milyon ton olduğu hesaplanmaktadır. Açığa çıkan AMS organik madde kaynağı, fide üretimi ve topraksız kültürde yetiştirme ortamı, farklı mantar türlerinin üretiminde kompost, mantar yetiştiriciliğinde örtü toprağı, hayvan yemi, vermikompost üretimi, biyoremediasyon, bitki hastalıkları için biyokontrol ajanı, enzim ve biyogaz üretimi gibi birçok alanda kullanılabilmesine rağmen yeterince değerlendirildiğini söylemek mümkün değildir. AMS içeriğinde kompost materyal atıklarının dışında yetiştirilen türe bağlı olarak örtü toprağı atıkları, mikroorganizmalar, mantar misel ve primordiyumu ile hücre dışına salınmış olan sindirim enzimleri bulunmaktadır. AMS’nin içeriği; üretilen mantar türü, kompost yapımında kullanılan materyal, kompostlama işlemi, taze veya olgunlaşmış olup olmaması ve örtü toprağı kullanılıp kullanılmamasına bağlı olarak değişebilmektedir. AMS’nin kullanım ve ekonomiye geri dönüşüm alternatiflerini irdeleyen bu yazı dizisinin ilkinde öncelikle AMS’nin önemi ile fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri konularına yer verilmiştir., The remaining material from mushroom harvesting is named as waste or spent mushroom compost/substrate (SMS). Increasing mushroom production year by year causes an increase in the amount of waste compost after mushroom harvesting. It is estimated that the amount of remaining SMS after mushroom production is about 50 million tons in the world, while it is about 170-250 thousand tons in Turkey. Although remaining SMS can be used in a lot of areas such as organic matter source, growth media in seedling growth and soilless culture, compost in the cultivation of different mushroom species, casing material in mushroom cultivation, animal feed, vermicompost production, bioremediation agent, biocontrol agent against plant diseases, material for enzyme and biogas production, it is not possible to say that they are adequately assessed. In the content of the SMS, casing material wastes, microorganisms, mushroom mycelium and primordia, digestion enzymes secreted from the cells are existed other than compost wastes depending on cultivated mushroom species. Content of SMS may be varies depending on produced mushroom species, materials used in compost preparation, composting process, being of fresh or mature, using of casing material or not. In this first article of the series that discussed using and economic recovery alternatives of SMS, importance and physical and chemical properties of SMS are presented., DOI: 10.15318/Fungus.2016118354

Yenebilir ve tıbbi özellikli makrofungusların üretimi, dünya genelinde en yüksek miktarda gerçekleştirilen katı faz fermentasyonu uygulamasıdır. En fazla üretimi yapılan mantar türleri Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus türleri ve Lentinula edodes’tir. Üretilen her bir kg mantar için atık olarak 3–5 kg kadar atık mantar kompostu/substratı (AMS) açığa çıktığı bildirilmektedir. Bu durumda AMS’nin depolanma ya da uzaklaştırılması, çözülmesi gereken ve büyüyen bir sorun olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. AMS’nin tekrar kullanımı ve ekonomiye geri dönüşüm alternatiflerini irdeleleyecek olan bu yazı dizisinin ikincisinde AMS’nin lakkaz, lignin peroksidaz, mangan peroksidaz, versatil peroksidaz, selülaz ve ksilanaz gibi biyoteknolojik öneme sahip lignoselülozik enzimlerin kaynağı olarak kullanılabilirliği değerlendirilmiştir., Edible and medicinal macrofungus production is the biggest solid state fermentation application in the world. The top three mushrooms produced in worldwide are Agaricus bisporus, Lentinula edodes and Pleurotus spp. It was reported that 3-5 kg of spent mushroom compost/substrate (SMS) will be generated for 1 kg produced mushroom. Therefore, storing and disposing of SMS is a major problem for solving mushroom industry. The recovery of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes such as laccase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, versatile peroxidase, cellulase and xylanase from SMS will be discussed in the presented manuscript which is the second part of the serial reports about recycling and reusing of SMS., DOI: 10.15318/Fungus.2016118356

2nd Balkan Symposium on Vegetables and Potatoes -- OCT 11-15, 2000 -- THESSALONIKI, GREECE WOS: 000177999500058 This study was conducted to determine the effects of row spacings (30, 50 and 70 cm) on green pod yield and some pod characteristics of Vicia faba L. cv. Eresen-87 and two faba bean lines provided from ICARDA (V7: FLIP 85-172 FB and V9: FLIP 86-116 FB) in Samsun for three consecutive seasons (1997/1998-1999/2000). This trial was planned in split-plot design with three replications. Faba bean cultivar/lines were placed to main plots and row spacing to subplots. Sowing was performed in autumn. In the present study, pod length, width and thickness, pod flesh thickness, pod/plant and green pod yield per hectare were investigated. Green pod yields obtained from Eresen-87 (9.15 t/ha) and V7 line (8.18 t/ha) were not statistically different, but higher than that of V9 (7.73 t/ha). Green pod yield was reduced with increasing row spacings. The narrowest row spacing (30 cm) gave the highest green pod yield (11.64 t/ha) due to higher number of plants per unit area. Green pod yields of 50 and 70 cm row spacings were found 7.61 and 5.81 t/ha, respectively. Hellen Minist Agr, N AG RE F Agr Res Ctr Macedonia & Thrace, Minist Macedonia & Thrace, Afg Bank Greece, Hellen Sugar Indu S A, Elga, Bios AgrSyst, Municipal Thermi, Geotherm Greenhouses - Equipment, Scientact S A, Rockwool Grodan MED S A, Plastika Kritis, Psyllakis Nikolaos, Ypsilon, Rigas Labs, Agribous, Asteriadis S A, Ferror Plast

2nd Balkan Symposium on Vegetables and Potatoes -- OCT 11-15, 2000 -- THESSALONIKI, GREECE WOS: 000177999500059 This study was carried out in plastic greenhouse at the Agricultural Faculty of Ondokuz Mayis University in Samsun/Turkey during the spring period in 1999. Two local cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) genotypes (G10 and G18) provided from Manisa province were used. G10 and G18 genotypes have black and mustard testa colour, respectively. Both of them are suitable for green pod production. Seeds were sown on April 1, April 15, May 1 and May 15. Green pod yield per plant, average green pod weight, number of pods per plant, pod length, width, thickness and pod flesh thickness were determined. Effects of seed sowing dates on individual pod weight were not significant, but there were significant differences between genotypes in terms of pod characteristics. Average pod weight of G10 genotype (7.2 g) was higher than G18 genotype (3.1 g). Green pod yield per plant was influenced by sowing dates and cowpea genotypes. The highest green pod yield per plant was obtained from April 1 (289.7 g/plant) and May 15 (265.3 g/plant) sowing dates. G10 genotype gave higher green pod yield per plant (271.9 g) than G18 genotype (191.8 g). Hellen Minist Agr, N AG RE F Agr Res Ctr Macedonia & Thrace, Minist Macedonia & Thrace, Afg Bank Greece, Hellen Sugar Indu S A, Elga, Bios AgrSyst, Municipal Thermi, Geotherm Greenhouses - Equipment, Scientact S A, Rockwool Grodan MED S A, Plastika Kritis, Psyllakis Nikolaos, Ypsilon, Rigas Labs, Agribous, Asteriadis S A, Ferror Plast

2nd Balkan Symposium on Vegetables and Potatoes -- OCT 11-15, 2000 -- THESSALONIKI, GREECE WOS: 000177999500052 This study was conducted to determine the effects of different row spacings (20, 30 and 40 cm) on fresh seed yield and some other properties of pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars (Carina, Sprinter and Utrillo) sown in spring and autumn in Samsun conditions. The experiment was set in split-split plot design with three replications. Green pod and fresh seed yield, pod/plant, pod length, seed/pod, unfilled seed/pod, fresh seed weight/fresh pod weight, fresh seed ratio remained above 9.5 mm sieve and under 7.5 mm sieve and protein content of seeds harvested at green mature stage were investigated. Utrillo (13.78 t/ha) and Sprinter (10.87 t/ha) were high yielded cultivars for green pod yield. The highest green pod yield was (14.49 t/ha) obtained from 20 cm row spacing. Autumn and spring sowings gave 13.49 and 7.64 t/ha green pod yield, respectively. For fresh seed yield, best cultivars were Utrillo (5.82 t/ha) and Sprinter (5.29 t/ha). 20 cm row spacing gave the highest fresh seed yield (6.67 t/ha). Fresh seed yield obtained from autumn sowing (6.64 t/ha) was higher than spring sowing (3.27 t/ha). According to the results of the study, Utrillo and Sprinter cultivars, 20 cm row spacing and autumn sowing may be recommended in Samsun conditions. Hellen Minist Agr, N AG RE F Agr Res Ctr Macedonia & Thrace, Minist Macedonia & Thrace, Afg Bank Greece, Hellen Sugar Indu S A, Elga, Bios AgrSyst, Municipal Thermi, Geotherm Greenhouses - Equipment, Scientact S A, Rockwool Grodan MED S A, Plastika Kritis, Psyllakis Nikolaos, Ypsilon, Rigas Labs, Agribous, Asteriadis S A, Ferror Plast

Bu calismanin amaci Corylus avellana (findik) ile ektomikorizal iliskisi bulunan Lactarius pyrogalus mantar turune ait vejetatif ve sivi inokulum uygulamalarinin findik fidanlarinin gelisimi uzerine etkilerini belirlemektir. Calismada 7 farkli inokulum uygulamasi ele alinmis ve her bir uygulama icin 5 adet fidan yetistirilmistir. Fidanlarda 3 aylik yetistirme periyodunun sonunda, ektomikoriza olusumu ve bitki gelisimi degerlendirilmistir. Inokule edilmeyen kontrol uygulamasindaki fidanlar haric, tum inokulum uygulamalarinda ektomikoriza olusumu gozlenmistir. Farkli inokulum uygulamalarina ait fidanlarda bitki boyu, govde capi, kok uzunlugu, kok yas ve kuru agirligi, surgun yas ve kuru agirligi, toplam bitki kuru agirligi, kok:surgun orani, kok ve surgun kuru madde icerigi belirlenmistir. Farkli inokulum uygulamalarinin kok:surgun orani ve surgun kuru madde icerigi haric, incelenen diger ozellikler uzerine etkisi istatistiksel olarak onemli bulunmustur. Bitki gelisim parametreleri ve mikorizal asilama etkinligi (MAE) birlikte degerlendirildiginde en iyi sonuclar sekersiz Modifiye Edilen Melin-Norkrans (MMN) besin ortami ile nemlendirilen ve vejetatif inokulumun kullanildigi uygulamadan elde edilmistir. Calismanin sonucunda, L. pyrogalus’un farkli inokulumlari kullanilarak yapilan inokulasyonun findik fidanlarinin gelisimine olumlu katkilar sagladigi belirlenmistir.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of various carbon and nitrogen sources on mycelial biomass production of Macrolepiota procera and Polyporus squamosus, important edible mushrooms in Turkey, in submerged cultures. Seven carbon (dextrose, glucose, lactose, maltose, mannitol, sucrose and xylose) and six nitrogen sources ((NH4)2HPO4, NH4NO3, Ca(NO3)2, malt extract, peptone and yeast extract) were used in the study. The Sabouroud (SB) and Dextrose Yeast Extract (DYE) liquid media without nitrogen and carbon were considered as the control. All carbon and nitrogen sources promoted significantly (p, Bu çalışma, değişik karbon ve azot kaynaklarının Türkiye’nin önemli yenilebilir mantarlarından Macrolepiota procera ve Polyporus squamosus’un sıvı kültürde misel biyomas üretimi üzerine etkisini araştırmak için yapılmıştır. Çalışmada yedi karbon (dekstroz, glikoz, laktoz, maltoz, mannitol, sükroz ve ksiloz) ve altı azot kaynağı ((NH4)2HPO4, NH4NO3, Ca(NO3)2, malt ekstrakt, pepton ve maya ekstrakt) kullanılmıştır. Azot ve karbon içermeyen Sabouroud (SB) ve Dekstoz Maya Ekstrakt (DYE) sıvı ortamları kontrol olarak kabul edilmiştir. Tüm karbon ve azot kaynakları M. procera ve P. squamosus’da misel biyomas üretimini önemli (p

WOS: 000298927000024 The objective of this study was to determine the requirements including culture medium, temperature, pH, carbon and nitrogen sources for the best mycelium growth of Lactarius pyrogalus and Lactarius controversus. Different inoculum media containing peat and peat : vermiculite mixtures (1:4, 1:6, 1:8 and 1:10 v: v) were also investigated for vegetative inoculum production. In terms of mycelium growth rate and mycelial characteristics, the most suitable culture media were potato dextrose agar and biotin aneurin folic acid agar for L. pyrogalus and L. controversus. Although L. pyrogalus had higher mycelium growth rate than L. controversus, they showed similar trend at different temperature. 25 degrees C and 4.5 to 6.0 pH values gave the best results for mycelial growth of these mushrooms. Mannitol, glucose, dextrose and maltose were the most suitable carbon sources for L. pyrogalus, while mannitol, and lactose were the best carbon sources for L. controversus and significantly enhanced mycelial growth. Malt extract, peptone, yeast extract and Ca(NO3)(2) were found to be the most suitable nitrogen sources for both Lactarius species, except for peptone in L. controversus. The lowest mycelial growth was determined in xylose among carbon sources, and NH4NO3 and (NH4)(2)HPO4 among nitrogen sources for both Lactarius species. Peat : vermiculite mixtures in the rate of 1:4 and peat were the most suitable vegetative inoculum medium for L. pyrogalus and L. controversus, respectively, when the mycelium growth rate and days to complete mycelium running took into consideration. Unit of Scientific Research of Ondokuz Mayis UniversityOndokuz Mayis University [Z-451] The authors wish to thank Prof. Dr. Annemieke Verbeken (University of Gent, Belgium) for her valuable help in the identification of the Lactarius species and Unit of Scientific Research Projects (Z-451) of Ondokuz Mayis University for the financial support.

WOS: 000287327300020 After the commercial cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum, that is becoming increasingly popular because of its valuable medicinal effects, a large amount of Ganoderma spent substrate (GSS) remains as a residual material. It is important to identify differences in the chemical compositions among GSS to indicate their suitability. This study was carried out to characterize and evaluate the substrates and GSS for the some chemical contents such as; pH, EC, organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), macro and micro elements and C:N ratios. The substrates were prepared by the mixtures of hornbeam and oak sawdust supplemented with wheat bran in a ratio of 20% (20WB) and tea manufacture waste in different ratios (10, 15, 20 and 25%). Organic C, C:N and pH values decreased in GSS, while N, P, K, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn contents increased. EC and pH values of GSS varied between 1.13 and 2.33 dS m(-1), and 5.14 and 5.69, respectively. GSS was found rich in all investigated mineral nutrients. The highest increases in all nutrient contents were generally determined in hornbeam sawdust with 20TW spent substrate. Initial mineral composition of the wastes influenced the mineral composition of the substrates and spent substrates.

Bu çalışmanın amacı meşe hızar tozu (ince talaş) ve odun yongası (kaba talaş) ile %10, 15, 20 ve 25 oranında çay atığı (ÇA) karışımlarından hazırlanan yetiştirme ortamlarının Ganoderma lucidum mantarının verim ve bazı morfolojik özellikleri üzerine etkilerini belirlemektir. G. lucidum mantar türünün tohumluk miselleri Denizli'den Agromycel firmasından temin edilmiştir. Çalışmada yetiştirme ortamlarının pH, nem, karbon, azot ve karbon:azot oranları belirlenmiştir. Aynı zamanda yetiştirme ortamlarının ilk primordium oluşum süresi, verim ve bazı morfolojik özellikler üzerine etkisi tespit edilmiştir. Meşe ağaç türüne ait odun yongası ve hızar tozunun %18 buğday kepeği (BK), %1 sakkaroz ve %1 CaCO3 ile karışımlarından hazırlanan ortamlar kontrol ortamı olarak kullanılmıştır. En yüksek verim meşe odun yongasında 73,07 g/kg ortam ile 90:10 ÇA ortamından, me?e hızar tozu ile hazırlanan karışımlarda ise 21,21 g/kg ortam ile 75:25 ÇA ortamından elde edilmiştir. Meşe hızar tozu ile hazırlanan 80:20 ÇA, 85:15 ÇA ve 90:10 ÇA ortamları dışında, diğer ortamlara ait verim değerleri 80:18 BK kontrol yetiştirme ortamına göre daha yüksek bulunmuştur. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of substrates prepared by the mixtures of sawdust and wood-chip of oak with tea manufacture waste (TW) at the rate of 10, 15, 20 and 25% on the yield and some morphological characters of Ganoderma lucidum mushroom. Ganoderma lucidum was obtained from Company of Agromycel in Denizli. In the study, pH, moisture, N and C contents, and C:N ratios of substrates, and also days to first fruiting, yield and some morphological characters were determined. Substrate mixtures of sawdust (OS) and wood-chip (OWC) of oak at the rate of 80% with 18% wheat brain (WB), 1% sucrose and 1% CaCO3 were used as their controls. The highest mushroom yield was obtained from 90 OWC:10 TW (73.07 g/kg substrate) and 75OS:25TW (21.21 g/kg substrate). It was determined that mushroom yields of the substrates, except for the mixtures of 80:20TW, 85:15TW and 90:10TW prepared by oak sawdust with tea waste, were higher than that in control substrate of 80:18WB.

WOS: 000247650700005 PubMed: 17113286 The possibility of using hazelnut husk (HH) as a new basal ingredient for substrate preparation in Lentinula edodes cultivation was investigated. Some chemical properties of the substrates prepared by HH alone and its mixtures with wheat straw (WS), beech wood-chip (BWC) and wheat bran (WB) in different ratios were compared, and their effects on spawn run time, days to first harvest (earliness), yield and biological efficiency (BE) were determined. The N content of the substrate prepared from HH alone was very high (0.82%), and thus the C:N ratio of substrates decreased with an increase in the rate of HH in the mixtures. Yield and BE in the HH alone substrate was considerably low compared with the controls (80BWC:10WS:10M and 60BWC:20WS:20WB), and decreased with an increase in the rate of HH in the mixtures. However, when the HH content in the mixtures was kept below 50%, the yield was relatively high (50HH:50WS and 50HH:50BWC). Even when the HH content increased to 75% in the mixture, the comparable yield and BE to the controls could be obtained by adding 10% of WB as nutrients (75HH:15WS:10WB and 75HH:15BWC:10WB). The results revealed that HH could be used as a new basal ingredient for substrate preparation in L. edodes cultivation. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In this study, faba bean genotypes which are sown in 2003-2004 winter season were compared for the number os somata per mm2, stomata width and length on both surface of leaflet, the number of leaflet per leaf, leaflet width and length, and leaf area. Ten genotypes from Black Sea Region of Turkey, two lines from ICARDA, two registered Turkish cultivars and one commercial faba bean cultivar were examined. The stomata numbers per mm2 on the lower and upper epidermis of the leaflets ranged from 259.52-305.88 and 236.66-288.26, respectively. Faba bean genotypes differed only for the number of stomata per mm2 on upper epidermis of the leaflet (p

WOS: 000182546400010 PubMed: 12576009 In this study, the possibility of using tea production waste as a new casing material in mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) cultivation was investigated. Some physical and chemical characteristics of tea waste, fermented tea waste and a mixture of tea waste with peat were compared with that of peat casing, as were their effects on yield. The highest yield was obtained from peat casing. Using tea production waste alone as a casing was not acceptable for assured yield when it was compared with peat. But, a mixture of tea production waste with peat in 1:1 (v:v) ratio increased the yield. There was no significant difference between the mushroom yields of tea production waste + peat and peat casing materials at the end of 30 and 40 days. High salt content, organic and inorganic compounds in casing materials caused reduction of yields. However, a high iron content in casing material gave a significant positive correlation with total yield at 40 days. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

In this study, factors such as pH, temperature, carbon and nitrogen sources that affect mycelial growth of Hydnum repandum, a medicinal mushroom, were investigated. Different inoculum media for vegetative inoculum production were also examined. The best suitable pH for mycelial growth was found to be 5.5. Among constant temperatures, the best mycelial growth was obtained at 20 and 25°C. The mycelial growth drastically decreased at 15°C, and no mycelia were obtained at 30°C. Glucose and mannitol were found to be the most suitable carbon sources. Ca(NO3)2 as a nitrogen source gave the best results for mycelial growth. The poorest mycelial growth was noted in sucrose and xylose as carbon sources and in NH4NO3 and (NH4)2HPO4 as nitrogen sources. Peat and peat: vermiculite mixtures (1:4, 1:6, 1:8 and 1:10, v:v) were the best media to use in producing the vegetative inoculum of H. repandum