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Vitamin D supplements are a beneficial health issue to benefit from insulin therapy. In those with T2DM, serum vit-D was checked and resuscitated. Serum vit-D was evaluated with its rich content. Serum vit D levels were statistically significantly lower in T2DM patients than in the control group. It was found to be significant in terms of the relationship between fasting blood sugar and vit-D and HbA1C. Vit-D in sugar will be used as a benefit from vit-D in patients with blood T2DM patients. The mean±SD vit-D level was 19.22±9.23 for the whole population with a fasting blood glucose level of 110 mg/dl or less, and 12.21±6.15 for people with a fasting blood glucose level above 130 mg/dl, and p

Leptin, which is adipocytes, secreted of the hormone, over food intake regulation, energy expenditure has also an important role in acting as neuroendocrine hormone, and metabolic function.it is interested in glucose metabolism and interacts with insulin metabolism. In addition to distrusting metabolism, leptin also impairs endocrine, immune functions, reproductive function, adipose tissue metabolism and energy order. Leptin also exerts peripheral effects directly on glucose metabolism and gluconeogenesis. it is obvious that leptin deficiency or leptin resistance is responsible for obesity which is also correlated with body fat stores, here we have to refer that is the obesity is one of the most causes of diabetes also it leads to insulin resistance. In these studies, we will focus on the relationship between leptin and diabetes mellitus type 2 and insulin resistance with obesity. In this study, we will focus on the relationship between the leptin hormone and obesity with diabetes.

Thiosemicarbazones (TSC) are a class of compounds very promising in the treatment of many diseases, cancer in particular, and its development is still in progress. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 1-(1-phenil-1-methylcyclobutane-3-yl)-2-suksinimido etanonthiosemicarbazone ( FSTSC ) on antioxidan vitamins (A, E, C) in liver, kidney and serum of rabbits. Twenty male rabbits were randomly divided into two groups. The first group was used as a control which injected subcutaneously of 250µl, 10% dimethylsulphoxide was given to the control group every otherday. FSTSC compound (25mgkg –1 , dissolved in 250µl, 10% dimethylsulphoxide) was administered to the other group of rabbits. This administration was done for a period of 32days. The vitamin levels (A, E and C) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The liver tissue and serum vitamin C levels were significantly decreased compared to control group (P

In this study, new azo-azomethine ligands L1H–L3H and their Cu(II) complexes were synthesized and characterized by the analytical and spectroscopic methods such as elemental analyses, infrared, mass, 1H and 13C NMR spectra. Molecular structures of the azo-azomethine ligands were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. X-ray data revealed that the compound L1H adopts azo-enamine tautomer form in the solid state while the compounds L2H and L3H favor azo-imine form. The harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity (HOMA) indexes for rings of synthesized azo-azomethine ligands were calculated in order to investigate of azo-enamine tautomer in the solid state. In L2H, the central phenol ring shows non-aromatic character with HOMA index value of 0.4872 suggesting the keto-amine tautomer in the solid state. All three azo-azomethine ligands involve in an intramolecular hydrogen bonding (N H⋯O for L1H and O H⋯N resulting in a S(6) graph set motif. The effect of solvents with different polarities on keto-enamine/phenol-imine tautomers was studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy. In the structure of the Cu(II) complexes, the central metal atom is coordinated to two phenolate oxygen atoms and two imine nitrogen atoms of two azo-azomethine molecules in a distorted square-planar geometry. All the synthesized azo-azomethine ligands and their Cu(II) complexes were screened for their cytotoxicity against HeLa (human uterus carcinoma) cell lines. Finally, antioxidant capacities of the compounds were determined by different antioxidant tests such as, free radical scavenging activity, metal chelating activity, and reduction power activity.

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine),the main secretory product of the pineal gland, is a free radical scavenger that has been found to protect against lipid peroxidation in many experimental models. In the present many study the effect of melatonin on lipid peroxidation of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids located in rat. The most sensitive fatty acids in the heart were the monounsaturated eicosenoik acid (C20:1 n-6), polyunsaturated arachidonic acid (C20:4 n-6) docosapenthonoic acid (C22:5 n-3) and docosahexanoic acid (C22:6 n-3) which compared with the corresponding control values. I/R performed group showed remarkable differerences (p, Melatonin- beyin epifizinin ana ürünü olan salgısı-birçok deneyde yağ peroksidasyonuna karşı savaşan serbest radikal bir temizleyici olduğu gözlemlendi. Mevcut birçok çalışmalarda-farede yapılan-melatoninin çoklu doymamış yağ asitlerine etkisi olduğu belirlendi. Araşidonik asit (C20:4 n-6) dokosapentaenoik asit (C22:5 n-3, tekli doymamış yağ asitleri, eicosenoik asit (C20:1 n-6)ve dokosaheksaenoik asit (C22:6 n-3) karşılık gelen kontrol değeri ile karşılaştırıldı. I/R çalışılan grup büyük farklılıklar gösterdi. Bu çalışmada miyokardiyal iskemi reperfüzyonunun farklı yağ asitleri türlerinde artmalara veya azalmalara sebep olduğu belirlendi

Background/Aims: The aims of this study are to assess the reasons of using sphygmomanometers at pharmacies and to evaluate their accuracy. Methods: 135 devices (118 aneroid, 1 mercury, and 16 automated) from 125 pharmacies (located in Samsun city center) were included in the study. A non-randomized, cross-sectional design was used for the study protocol which had two parts: assessment of devices and a questionnaire about the pharmacy and present sphygmomanometer(s). Results: 40 (30%) of the 135 sphygmomanometers were inaccurate. 65 (48%) of the devices were older than 1 year and there was no correlation between the duration of the ownership of the sphygmomanometers and their inaccuracy (p > 0.05). Blood pressure measurement is a frequent practice at pharmacies. The aneroid type of sphygmomanometers was common. A limited number of devices were checked for accuracy before. The number of validated devices was low. Conclusion: Training programs for pharmacists including the accuracy of sphygmomanometers and regular checks of sphygmomanometers for accuracy will be beneficial to the community and to the subjects requesting measurement of blood pressure at the pharmacies.

In this study, the changes in levels of fatty acids betweennewly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients and the control group were evealuated. In this study, 16:0, 16:1, 18:0 and 22:6 fatty acids levels of Type 2 diabetic group were found not to be statistically significant. The 18:2 fatty acid levels of Type 2 diabetic patients were lower than the control group and it was not found to be statistically significant. The 18:1 and 18:3 fatty acid levels of Type 2 diabetic patients were found to be statistically significantly lower (p

Background:Inhibition of fatty acid synthase leads to apoptosis in cancers, which leads to high levels of fatty acid synthesis. This indicates that cancer cells depend on fatty acid in order to survive. In this study, we investigated whether or not there was a relationship between the glial tumor grade and free fatty acid level of tumor tissue.Methods:Twenty patients who had high grade glial tumors and 20 patients who had low grade glial tumors, were included in the study. Tumors samples were obtained intraoperatively in order to measure the fatty acid levels. The fatty acids were studied in three groups: saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. They were analyzed with gas chromatography.Results:The oleic acid, linoleic acid, eicosadienoic acid, arachidonic acid, and docosadienoic acid levels were high in the tumor tissue of low grade tumors. The myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, alpha linoleic acid, eicosenoic acid, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and ceramide levels were high in the tumor tissue of high grade glial tumors. However, none of these high values were statistically significant. The high values of behenic acid, a saturated fatty acid, in low grade glial tumors were statistically significant.Conclusion:High levels of behenic acid in patients with low grade glial tumor is important as it indicates persistence of the tissue integrity and tissue resistance. behenic acid levels can be a prognostic factor in glial tumors.

We examined the effect of bosentan, an ETA and ETB receptor antagonist, on EEG, an indicator of neuronal activity, in rats with experimentally induced cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. The rats were divided into three groups with seven rats in each group. Before the procedures, the EEGs of all rats were recorded for ten minutes. 30 mg/kg bosentan in 2 cc physiological serum was administered to the first group, and the second and third groups were injected with 2 cc physiological serum intraperitoneally. After the administration, the right and the left common carotid arteries of the animals in Groups 1 and 2 were clipped for 10 minutes using aneurysm clippings. The rats in the third group received only a subcutaneous incision. Ten minutes after the clips were removed in the first and second groups and after the incision in the third group, EEG recordings were repeated for 10 minutes. All the rats were decapitated and MDA values in the brain tissue were measured for evaluation of the efficiency of induced cerebral ischemia. Induced cerebral ischemia was performed effectively because the MDA levels in Groups 1 and 2 were elevated, compared to the levels in Group 3 (p

Background: Leptin is important for the regulation of energy metabolism. Fatty acids are essential components of all biological membranes and represent an important form of energy storage in both animals and plants. In addition to leptin’s central effects on appetite control and energy expenditure, it has been shown to have a strong influence on fatty acid metabolism. Approach: This review summarizes recent knowledge on leptin and fatty acids and their roles in biochemistry and clinical chemistry.

Lemon juice has commonly been used by hypertensive patients in order to lower blood pressure (BP) acutely when BP is raised or as an alternative/complementary therapy for expectation of chronic improvement. Grapefruit, a citrus fruit like lemon, causes clinically significant interactions with a variety of drugs including calcium antagonists. The aims of this study were to investigate acute and chronic effects of lemon juice on BP among hypertensive patients. Ninty-eight patients were included in this prospective study. Patients using calcium antagonists were not included in the study. In the acute study group, neither lemon juice nor water affected systolic and diastolic BPs. Blood pressure readings after two weeks of lemon juice were not different when compared to basal measurements. There is little information about drinking lemon juice in hypertensive patients. To our knowledge, acute or chronic effect of lemon juice on BP has not been investigated previously. This study did not show any beneficial effects of lemon juice on elevated BP. Besides, lemon juice has two potential risks for the users; drug interaction and noncompliance to the prescribed treatment. In conclusion, there is no evidence that lemon juice lowers BP at the present time and more studies are needed to investigate the effect of lemon juice on BP and possible interactions between lemon juice and drugs. Physicians should keep in mind that alternative therapies can have risks and train their patients about compliance to the treatment. J. Exp. Clin. Med., 2012; 29:38-41

The aim of this study was to examine Malondialdehit (MDA) level in salvia. The amounts of malondialdehyde (MDA) that is the indicator of lipid peroxidation were determined in Salvias plants in seeds. In the present study, levels of MDA in mature seeds of the Salvia taxa [S. suffruticosa Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham, S. trichoclada Bentham, Salvia multicaulis Vahl, S. candidissima Vahl subsp. candidissima, S. russellii Bentham, S. verticillata L. subsp. verticillata, S. virgata Jacq., S. aethiopis L., S. ceratophylla L.] were examined. The amount of MDA in the seed was determined by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography). The amount of MDA in the S. trichoclada (0.920 mg/l) was significantly higher than the MDA quantities in some other wild growing species, e.g. in S. virgata (0.556 mg/l), S. aethiopis (0.580 mg/l), S. ceratophylla (0.620 mg/l), S. russellii (0.632 mg/l), S. Suffruticosa (0.686 mg/l), S. multicaulis (0.687 mg/l), S. verticillata (0.788 mg/l) or S. candidissima (0.852 mg/l).

To evaluate the effect of transferring open-heart surgery patients from the operating room to the intensive care unit on hemodynamic parameters and blood gases.The study was conducted as a prospective, observational study at the German Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey in 2007. Hemodynamic, blood gas values, and oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry (SpO 2) values were recorded in 37 patients who had undergone open-heart surgery. Data were evaluated by descriptive statistical methods, Friedman's test, and correlation analysis.Thirty-seven patients were included in this study. The low systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure values prior to transfer, while patients were still under the effect of anesthesia, increased during the transfer, and at one and 30 minutes after completion of transfer and returned to normal values p0.05. The SpO 2 value measured at 30 minutes after completion of transfer was higher than the first value (p0.05). The pH (p0.001) and arterial partial pressure of oxygen (p0.001) values at the beginning of the transfer had significantly increased at the end of the transfer, and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide values had significantly decreased (p0.001).The transfer of open-heart surgery patients was observed to be safe.

Recent studies show that melatonin reduces the blood pressure (BP) and ischemia/ reperfusion (I/R)-induced damage. This study was designed to investigate the effects of melatonin on the renal I/R injury in rats given the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, N-omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). After right nephrectomy, I/R was induced by occlusion of the left renal. vessels for 60 min, followed by 24h reperfusion. The administration of melatonin significantly attenuated BP in NOS-inhibited hypertensive rats. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, a stable metabolite of the free-radical-mediated lipid peroxidation cascade, were found to be significantly higher in the I/R group (3.48 +/- 0.2mg/l serum) than in the control group (2.69 +/- 0.2mg/l serum). L-NAME (40mgkg(-1) for 15 days)+I/R significantly increased the MDA levels compared to I/R alone. Melatonin administration to L-NAME rats significantly reduced the MDA values resulting from I/R. We also demonstrated that I/R, and especially L-NAME+I/R, lead to structural changes in the kidney and that melatonin attenuates these changes. These results suggest that metatonin reduces BP and I/R injury in NOS inhibited rats by L-NAME. (c) 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All. rights reserved.