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Background: Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder occurring in children. Each child on the spectrum has different behaviors. Objective: To identify different types of repetitive behaviors in patients with autism spectrum disorder. Methods: This study was carried out at the Children's hospital, The Institute of Child Health Centre and Rising Sun Institute DHA Lahore, Department of Developmental Pediatrics, Lahore. Purposive sampling was used to collect data through three months’ period. It was a cross-sectional study including 32 children with autism spectrum disorder between the age of 3 and 15 years. The repetitive behavior scale was developed to identify different forms of repetitive. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20 and data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and were presented in the form of tables. Results: Six forms of repetitive behaviors including stereotyped, self-injurious, compulsive, ritualistic, sameness and restricted behaviors and were evaluated in 32 children. Restricted behavior was most commonly present in a severe form in 17 (15.1%) children followed by sameness behavior in 15 (46.9%) children, and stereotyped behavior in 12 (37.5%) children, while compulsive behavior and ritualistic behavior were less commonly seen in 8 (25%) and 7 (21.9%) children, respectively and self-injurious behavior was seen rarely in only 3 (9.4%) children. Conclusion: Repetitive behaviors were seen in all children with autism spectrum disorder however the most prevalent forms are restricted, sameness and stereotyped behaviors. Early detection of behavioral abnormalities can aid in the early detection and treatment of autism spectrum disorder.

Purpose: Rickets is a common disorder among children under five years mostly in the developing countries. It negatively affect normal growth and development of children thereby reducing their genetic potential. The purpose of this study was to analyze the cause of rickets in children under five years and solutions available. Methodology: This study employed a descriptive cross-sectional approach and was conducted in the pediatric outpatients department of the Guru Tegh Bahadur (GTB) Hospital & University College of Medical Sciences (UCMS) Delhi. The study period was one year from September 2021 to September 2022 on 130 diagnosed cases of the rickets. Patients were enrolled via non- probability convenient sampling technique and a set developed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data was collected through self-structured questionnaire after taking informed consent. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 26. Findings: The study found out that giving getting enough of both vitamin D and calcium is crucial to maintaining bone health and protecting against disorders like osteoporosis, a condition that is characterized by weak, brittle bones. While the daily value (DV) of vitamin D is 800 IU per day, the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) differs slightly depending on your age. Children and adults ages 1–70 need approximately 600 IU of vitamin D per day. This can come from a combination of food sources and sunlight. Adults over 70 should aim for at least 800 IU (20 mcg) of vitamin D per day. The RDA for calcium also varies by age. Children ages 4–8 need about 1,000 mg of calcium daily. Children ages 9–18 need approximately 1,300 mg daily. Adults ages 19–50 need about 1,000 mg daily. Over the age of 50, most people need 1,200 mg per day. Conclusion: The study conclude that children aged between one and three years are more susceptible to rickets than children between four and five years. The study also conclude that lower socioeconomic background, male gender, exclusive breastfeeding, unbalanced nutrition and mother’s poor nutritional status all contribute to high incidences of rickets in children under five years. Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption in your body. This plays a key role in maintaining bone strength and skeletal integrity. Recommendations: Supplements should be added in the diet of children during breastfeeding. Also, there should be adequate sunlight exposure of children. Finally, malnutrition of both children and mothers should be treated.

Purpose: Rickets is a common disorder among children under five years mostly in the developing countries. It negatively affect normal growth and development of children thereby reducing their genetic potential. The purpose of this study was to analyze the cause of rickets in children under five years and solutions available. Methodology: This study employed a descriptive cross-sectional approach and was conducted in the pediatric outpatients department of the Guru Tegh Bahadur (GTB) Hospital & University College of Medical Sciences (UCMS) Delhi. The study period was one year from September 2021 to September 2022 on 130 diagnosed cases of the rickets. Patients were enrolled via non- probability convenient sampling technique and a set developed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data was collected through self-structured questionnaire after taking informed consent. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 26. Findings: Nutritional rickets was prevalent among children aged between one and three years with males being 61.74% and females being 38.26%. Children from lower socioeconomic background comprised 59% while children under exclusive breastfeeding comprised about 62%. Additionally, children supplemented cow’s milk but had rickets were 38% while children exposed to less sunlight comprised 57%. The study also found out that children that were exposed to sunlight when fully clothed had incidence of rickets at rate of 48% while children who were not oil-massaged during sunlight exposure comprised 31%. Finally, children who were subjected to unbalanced nutrition comprised about 78.34% while children whose mothers were under poor nutritional status comprised about 67%. Conclusion: The study conclude that children aged between one and three years are more susceptible to rickets than children between four and five years. The study also conclude that lower socioeconomic background, male gender, exclusive breastfeeding, unbalanced nutrition and mother’s poor nutritional status all contribute to high incidences of rickets in children under five years. Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption in your body. This plays a key role in maintaining bone strength and skeletal integrity. Recommendations: Supplements should be added in the diet of children during breastfeeding. Also, there should be adequate sunlight exposure of children. Finally, malnutrition of both children and mothers should be treated.

Environmental contamination is one of the major and most urgent problems of the modem world. Industries are the greatest polluters, with the textile industry generating high liquid effluent pollutants due to the large amounts of water applied in textile processing. The lowest quantity of synthetic dyes in water can bear upon the aesthetic merit, transparency and gas solubility of water bodies. Nano-metal plays a significant role to minimize the toxicity of water waste due to synthetic dyes. In metal nanoparticles, copper nanoparticles show great catalytic activity. In the present work, degradation of methyl orange would be done by copper oxide nanoparticles. The copper oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by green reduction method using papaya extract and lemon tea extract as a stabilizer. The crystal structure of copper oxide nanoparticles was analyzed by X-Ray diffraction, and SEM was used to determine the particle morphology of nanoparticles.

Objective: Rheumatoid Arthritis [RA] is a chronic, systemic, autoimmune disease on an unknown aetiology. It leads to the progressive destruction of joints. It also warrants difficulties in performance of Activities of Daily Living(ADL). This study aimed at determine relationship between activities of daily living [ADL] and functional status of the hand. Methods: This Crossectional Study was conducted at Romatology Department Children Hospital and Sheikh Zayed Hospital Lahore from June 2018 to December 2018. Convenient sampling technique helped in the collection of data. A hand function questionnaire and the Barthel Index were the contributary data collection methods. Rheumatoid Arthritis [RA] patients selected were those experiencing functional impairment in hands, having difficulty in performing ADL. Results: The patients who were able to perform the hand function test were independent in their daily life activities. Whereas, those who were not able to perk the test were dependent on their daily life activities. Conclusion: It was found that children with RA had a significant association between performing the ADL and functional status of hand. Key Words: Activities of Daily Living [ADL], Rheumatoid Arthritis [RA] How to cite: Ikram A.H., Ahad A.W., Huma Fazlia. Hand's functional status of children with rheumatoid arthritis in everyday activities: a cross-sectional study Esculapio. 2021.17(01): 9-14

This paper explores spherically symmetrical dynamical traversable wormhole solutions for an anisotropic fluid configuration in the context of f(R) gravity. We construct the corresponding field equations and investigate the wormhole solutions by specifying the redshift and shape functions for three models of f(R) gravity. Graphical analysis shows that ordinary matter satisfies the null as well as weak energy conditions against the time and radial coordinates for each model. It is concluded that dynamical traversable wormholes are supported by this theory.

This paper deals with formulation of analytic solution for greybody factor taking a rotating black hole (BH) in the vicinity of perfect fluid dark matter. To this end, the Klein–Gordon equation is transformed into the standard Schrödinger equation in order to portray the behavior of effective potential. We compute the asymptotic solutions in two different regimes, namely, BH and far field horizons under the influence of perfect fluid dark matter. The derived solutions are smoothly matched in an intermediate region for the sake of their viability. It is observed that a large amount of radiations approach infinity by decreasing intensity of dark matter in the surrounding of BH and hence the greybody factor increases. We also analyze the impact of thermal fluctuations on the considered gravitational background. In this context, the corrected entropy near the equilibrium state is computed which further modifies other thermodynamic potentials. We conclude that the larger BHs become more stable taking positive ranges of specific heat in the vicinity of quantum corrections.

Coronaviruses have caused enough devastation in the last two decades. These viruses have some rare features while sharing some common features. Novel coronavirus disease (nCoV-19) caused an outbreak with a fatality rate of 5%. It emerged from China and spread into many countries. The present research focused on genome analysis of Indian nCoV-19 Isolate and its translational product subjected to homology modeling and its subsequent molecular simulations to find out potent FDA approved drug for treating COVID-19. Phylogenetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Indian isolate shows close resemblance with 17 countries SARS-CoV-2 isolates. Homology modeling of four non-structural proteins translational product of Indian SARS-CoV-2 genome shows high similarity and allowed regions with the existing PDB deposited SARS-CoV-2 target proteins. Finally, these four generated proteins show more affinity with cobicistat, remdesivir and indinavir out of 14 screened FDA approved drugs in molecular docking which is further proven by molecular dynamics simulation and MMGBSA analysis of target ligand complex with best simulation trajectories. Overall our present research findings is that three proposed drugs namely cobicistat, remdesivir and indinavir showed higher interaction with the model SARS-CoV-2 viral target proteins from the Indian nCoV-19 isolate. These compounds could be used as a starting point for the creation of active antiviral drugs to combat the deadly COVID-19 virus during global pandemic and its subsequent viral infection waves across the globe.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

The unavailability of vaccine and medicines raised serious issues during COVID-19 pandemic and peoples from different parts of world relied on traditional medicine for their immediate recovery from COVID-19 and it found effective also. The current research aims to target COVID-19 immunological human host receptors i.e. angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 using curcumin derivatives to prevent viral infection and control overproduction of early clinical responses of COVID-19. Targeting these host proteins will mitigate the infection and will filter out many complications caused by these proteins in COVID-19 patients. It is proven through computer-aided computational modeling approaches, total 30 compounds of curcumin and its derivatives were chosen. Drug-likeness parameters were calculated for curcumin and its derivatives and 20 curcumin analogs were selected for docking analysis. From docking analysis of 20 curcumin analogs against five chosen human host receptor targets reveals 11 curcumin analogs possess least binding affinity and best interaction at active sites subjected to absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) analysis. Density functional theory (DFT) analysis of five final shortlisted curcumin derivatives was done to show least binding affinity toward chosen host target protein. Molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) was performed to observe behavior and interaction of potential drug hydrazinocurcumin against target proteins ACE-2 and PAR-1. It was performed at 100 nanoseconds and showed satisfactory results. Finally, our investigation reveals that hydrazinocurcumin possesses immunomodulatory and anti-cytokine therapeutic potential against COVID-19 and it can act as COVID-19 warrior drug molecule and promising choice of drug for COVID-19 treatment, however, it needs further

The aim of this paper is to reconstruct and analyze the stability of some cosmological models against linear perturbations in f ( G , T ) gravity ( G and T represent the Gauss–Bonnet invariant and trace of the energy–momentum tensor, respectively). We formulate the field equations for both general as well as particular cases in the context of isotropic and homogeneous universe model. We reproduce the cosmic evolution corresponding to de Sitter universe, power-law solutions and phantom/non-phantom eras in this theory using reconstruction technique. Finally, we study stability analysis of de Sitter as well as power-law solutions through linear perturbations.

The aim of this paper is to explore warm inflation in the background of $f(\mathcal{G})$ theory of gravity using scalar fields for the FRW universe model. We construct the field equations under slow-roll approximations and evaluate the slow-roll parameters, scalar and tensor power spectra and their corresponding spectral indices using viable power-law model. These parameters are evaluated for a constant as well as variable dissipation factor during intermediate and logamediate inflationary epochs. We also find the number of e-folds and tensor-scalar ratio for each case. The graphical behavior of these parameters proves that the isotropic model in $f(\mathcal{G})$ gravity is compatible with observational Planck data.

In this paper, we study stability of the Einstein static universe against inhomogeneous scalar perturbations parameterized by equation of state parameter in $f(\mathcal{G},T)$ gravity ( $\mathcal{G}$ and $T$ represent the Gauss-Bonnet invariant and trace of energy-momentum tensor, respectively). We formulate static as well as perturbed field equations in the presence of perfect fluid and analyze the stability regions. This is accomplished for particular $f(\mathcal{G},T)$ models corresponding to zero as well as non-zero covariant divergence of the energy-momentum tensor. It is found that stable Einstein universe exists both for spatially closed as well as open universe models for suitable choice of parameters.

In this work, we study the first and generalized second laws of thermodynamics at the apparent horizon of homogeneous and isotropic universe model in the context of f (G, T) gravity (G and T represent the Gauss-Bonnet invariant and trace of the energymomentum tensor, respectively). We formulate the corresponding field equations as well as determine the radius, temperature and entropy to analyze these laws. An extra term associated with entropy production is appeared in the first law due to the non-equilibrium treatment of thermodynamics. It is found that the universal condition is obtained to preserve the generalized second law of thermodynamics.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the stability of the Einstein universe against anisotropic homogeneous perturbations in $f(\mathcal{G},T)$ gravity ( $\mathcal{G}$ and T represent the Gauss-Bonnet invariant and trace of the energy-momentum tensor, respectively). The corresponding field equations are constructed for static as well as perturbed configurations in the presence of a perfect fluid. We consider two specific forms of generic function $ f(\mathcal{G},T)$ associated with zero as well as non-zero covariant divergence of the energy-momentum tensor and explore the stability regions of the Einstein universe parameterized by the equation of state parameter. It is concluded that a stable Einstein universe exists for an appropriate choice of model parameters.

This paper explores static spherically symmetric wormhole solutions in the galatic halo region for [Formula: see text] gravity ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] represent the Gauss–Bonnet invariant and trace of the energy–momentum tensor, respectively). We formulate the explicit expressions for matter variables and evaluate wormhole solutions either specifying [Formula: see text] model to construct shape function or taking specific form of the shape function to determine [Formula: see text] model. It is found that null energy condition for the effective energy–momentum tensor is violated throughout the evolution in both cases while physically acceptable wormhole solutions exist only for a considered [Formula: see text] model.

This paper investigates static spherically symmetric traversable wormhole (WH) solutions in [Formula: see text] gravity ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] represent the Gauss–Bonnet invariant and trace of the energy–momentum tensor, respectively). We construct explicit expressions for ordinary matter by taking specific form of redshift function and [Formula: see text] model. To analyze the possible existence of wormholes, we consider anisotropic, isotropic, as well as barotropic matter distributions. The graphical analysis shows the violation of null energy condition for the effective energy–momentum tensor throughout the evolution while ordinary matter meets energy constraints in certain regions for each case of matter distribution. It is concluded that traversable WH solutions are physically acceptable in this theory.

The aim of this paper is to study the dynamical instability of expansion-free spherically symmetric anisotropic fluid in the framework of [Formula: see text] gravity. We apply perturbation scheme of the first-order to the metric functions as well as matter variables and construct modified field equations for both static and perturbed configurations using power-law [Formula: see text] model. To discuss the instability dynamics, we use the contracted Bianchi identities to formulate the dynamical equations in both Newtonian and post-Newtonian regimes. It is found that the range of instability is independent of adiabatic index for expansion-free fluid but depends on anisotropic pressures, energy density and Gauss–Bonnet (GB) terms.

This paper explores the stability of the Einstein universe against linear homogeneous perturbations in the background of [Formula: see text] gravity. We construct static as well as perturbed field equations and investigate stability regions for the specific forms of generic function [Formula: see text] corresponding to conserved as well as nonconserved energy-momentum tensor. We use the equation-of-state parameter to parameterize the stability regions. The graphical analysis shows that the suitable choice of parameters lead to stable regions of the Einstein universe.

This paper investigates inflationary dynamics for isotropic and homogeneous universe model in the background of [Formula: see text] gravity. We construct Hubble-flow functions, slow-roll parameters, amplitude of scalar power spectrum, spectral index and tensor–scalar ratio for a particular form of equation of state which describes quasi-de Sitter expansion. The dynamics of inflationary epoch is analyzed for scalar field as well as fluid cosmology with viable power-law [Formula: see text] model. We obtain different potential functions that correspond to chaotic inflation and Starobinsky type models. The graphical behavior of these parameters shows compatible results with observational Planck 2015 data in this gravity.

This paper is devoted to study the traversable wormhole (WH) solutions in the context of f(𝒢) gravity. For this purpose, we consider the viable power-law form f(𝒢) = a𝒢n as well as specific variable red-shift function and investigate WH geometries for traceless, isotropic as well as barotropic fluids. It is found that in each case, the effective energy-momentum tensor violates the null energy condition throughout the WH throat. We also check the null as well as weak energy conditions for ordinary matter. We conclude that physical acceptable WH solutions exist in certain regions only for radial barotropic case while the range of these regions increases and decreases as the power of 𝒢 increases in even and odd manner, respectively.

The aim of this paper is to introduce a new modified gravity theory named as $f(\mathcal{G},T)$ gravity ($\mathcal{G}$ and $T$ are the Gauss-Bonnet invariant and trace of the energy-momentum tensor, respectively) and investigate energy conditions for two reconstructed models in the context of FRW universe. We formulate general field equations, divergence of energy-momentum tensor, equation of motion for test particles as well as corresponding energy conditions. The massive test particles follow non-geodesic lines of geometry due to the presence of extra force. We express energy conditions in terms of cosmological parameters like deceleration, jerk and snap parameters. The reconstruction technique is applied to this theory using de Sitter and power-law cosmological solutions. We analyze energy bounds and obtain feasible constraints on free parameters.