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BACKGROUND: Malaria is a major disease burden in Ethiopia. Migration can influence malaria transmission dynamics, with individuals relocating from malaria-free highland regions to malarious lowlands potentially facing elevated risks of contracting malaria. Migrants may find it difficult to protect themselves against malaria and have limited access to diagnosis or treatment. Settlers in gold mining sites are one type of migrant and are often neglected in malaria research yet may have particularly high malaria risk. This study was a malaria prevalence survey among settlers in a new gold mining settlement in the highly malarious Gambella Region, Ethiopia. METHODS: n = 590 people were surveyed for demographic information and their knowledge and practices of malaria. Participants were tested for malaria using rapid diagnostic tests and microscopy. Using logistic regressions, the influence of demographic characteristics on malaria infections and bed net access were analysed. A sub-sample of participants was interviewed to comprehend settlement living conditions and healthcare accessibility. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum was 37.5% (CI 32.4-42.3%). Young children were most likely to have malaria, with individuals aged 15-24 having 67% lower odds (aOR: 0.33; CI 0.13-0.86) of infection compared to those aged 1-4 years old. Meanwhile, those age 25-plus had 75% decreased odds of malaria infection (aOR 0.25; CI 0.10-0.65). Individuals with bed nets had ~ 50% decreased odds of testing positive for falciparum malaria than those reporting having no bed net (aOR: 0.47; CI 0.22-0.97). Individuals who relocated from low elevation with high malaria test positivity rate areas were more prone to testing positive for malaria, as were those residing in densely populated households with multiple malaria cases. Conversely, individuals from higher elevations with low malaria test positivity rates, and those living in households with 5-10 occupants and

This systematic review aims to provide evidence-based literature on the impacts of technology-based instruction on students' academic achievements, attitude, and recalling capacity. The review was made based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) review methodology. To achieve this aim, 583 prior studies from 2013 to 2022 from ERIC and Google Scholar databases were collected. After the exclusion of some studies using PRISMA criteria, 16 studies were included for analysis. Content analysis was employed on the selected literature. The review revealed that technology-integrated teaching positively affected students' academic achievement, attitude toward chemistry, and retention capacity. The review result also confirmed that similar benefits were observed from both male and female students in technology-based instruction. This systematic literature review highlights the existing research gaps observed in the field of the impacts of technology-integrated teaching on students' achievement, attitude, and retaining chemistry content. Thus, it is likely to conclude that technology-integrated chemistry instruction improves students' academic achievement, attitude, and retention capacity. It is also possible to conclude that technology-based instruction is gender-friendly. Most of the research has been done in high school using a quasi-experimental design, the researchers recommended that further research in middle schools on different chemistry topics using different research designs (e.g., Design-Based Research) in doing research in this area.

In sub-Saharan African countries, teenage pregnancy received less attention and weak policy responses, and the pooled prevalence of teenage pregnancy is not yet studied. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the pooled prevalence and determinants of teenage pregnancy in sub-Saharan African countries. A total weighted sample of 96,185 teenage girls were included in the study. A multilevel modified poison regression analysis model was fitted to identify factors associated with teenage pregnancy. Finally, the Adjusted Prevalence Odds Ratio (APOR) with its 95% confidence interval was reported. Statistical significance was declared at p-value <0.05. The overall pooled prevalence of teenage pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa was 21.36% (95% CI: 21.10, 21.62%). Being 18 to 19 years (APOR = 1.70, 95% CI [1.64, 1.77]), teenager's mother is working (APOR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.13), married adolescents (APOR = 5.54, 95% CI [5.01, 6.12]), media exposure (APOR = 0.96, 95% CI [0.94, 0.99]), middle and high wealth index (APOR = 0.96, 95% CI [0.93, 0.98]), and (APOR = 0.79, 95% CI [0.75, 0.83]), low-middle-income countries (APOR = 0.79, 95% CI [0.63, 0.92]), upper-middle-income (APOR = 0.61, 95% CI [0.41, 0.80]) and the Central African region (APOR = 1.46, 95% CI [1.29, 1.64]) were the factors found to be associated with teenage pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy in SSA was unacceptably high. Age, adolescent marital status, teenager's mother's working status, media exposure, wealth index, countries' income, and regions of SSA had a significant association with teenage pregnancy. Therefore, addressing geographical disparities and socio-economic inequalities help to reduce teenage pregnancy.

Abstract Culicoides, among the tiniest and most abundant hematophagous insects globally, serve as vectors for a variety of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, protozoa, and nematodes. This study aimed to identify Culicoides species and assess their spatial distribution and seasonal occurrence in selected districts of the Central, South, and West Gondar zones, Northwest Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted between January to July 2023. A total of 44 UV light- onderstepoort traps were deployed in the study districts near specific areas. The traps were operational from dusk (6:00 PM) until dawn (6:00 AM) and were suspended at a height of 1.5 to 2 m above the ground. Poisson regression was used to assess associations, the Shannon diversity index to measure diversity, and QGIS 3.22.6 to create maps. In this study, 8,857 Culicoides were captured across the 44 trapping sites. Of the total flies captured flies, 8,838 were identified as belonging to 12 distinct species, while the classification of the remaining 19 flies remained unclear. Notably, C. kingi (54.01%) was the most prevalent species, followed by C. imicola (44.55%). The abundance of Culicoides observed from January to late April (3505) was significantly lower compared to the wet season (5355), with a marked increase in the capture of C. kingi (2499) from May to late July. A statistically significant association (p

Abstract This study examined the impact of climate change on streamflow in the Andit Tid watershed using climate models of dynamically downscaled Ethiopia’s CORDEX. The Arc SWAT and ArcGIS 10.5 software assessed the spatial and temporal distribution of streamflow, incorporating geospatial data like land use maps, digital elevation models, soil maps, and climate data. The SWAT model was calibrated and validated using SWAT-CUP with the SUFI-2 algorithm. The Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis, Canada (CCCma (RCA4) model was selected for future projections after validation. From 1991 to 2021, the average streamflow rate was 0.0374 m3/s (247 mm), with R2 values of 0.83 for calibration and 0.72 for validation. Hotspots with active gullies and slopes over 20% were identified mainly in cultivated lands. Future projections indicated a comparable streamflow rate to current conditions at 0.0322 m3/s (212.6 mm). A decline in streamflow is projected: 7.2% and 30.2% decreases in the near and far future under RCP 4.5, and 32.3% decreases and 5% increases under RCP 8.5 scenarios. These variations were attributed to differences in catchment characteristics and climate variability. Further research is needed to validate these findings by incorporating additional biophysical variables. This study provides insights into hydrological planning and management in the Andit Tid watershed and similar regions facing climate variability.

Climate variability significantly affects the overall agricultural production and productivity over space and time. To quantify the effect of climate variability on natural systems on Earth in the future, the use of regional climate models (RCMs) as a tool is mandatory. Thus, the use of well-validated RCM provides efficient climate data; and predicts future climate variability over agroecological zones (AEZs). Eleven RCMs from CORDEX-Ethiopia were evaluated to simulate maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin) and rainfall variability over space and time, to validate their performance and to select the best-fit models. The temporal variability Tmax and rainfall was smaller with a CV of 10 %, indicating uniform distribution over stations. However, CV for Tmin over stations shows satisfactory distributions. Most of the evaluated RCMs have a better capability to capture the spatial variability of rainfall,Tmax, and Tmin in some stations. However, some of the RCMs can handle the spatial variability of Tmax while others are not. None of the RCMs can handle the spatial variability of Tmin in Debre Birhan, Majete, and Kewat AEZs. In general, most RCMs can capture the spatial and temporal variability of rainfall and temperature. It might be better to use the ensemble average of the output from these RCMs for precise estimation of data than specific RCMs. Therefore, this work could suggest the use of high-resolution RCMs for the projection of temperature and rainfall over different AEZs.

BACKGROUND: Palliative care has the potential to address significant unmet needs in people with Parkinsons disease and related disorders, but models that rely on in-person specialty palliative care teams have limited scalability. AIM: To describe patient and care partner experiences with a novel, community-based palliative care intervention for Parkinsons disease. DESIGN: Qualitative study embedded in a randomized clinical trial to document participant experiences with a novel palliative care intervention (community neurologist training and remote team-based specialist palliative care). Transcripts were coded and thematically analyzed through a combination of team-based inductive and deductive coding. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-eight patients and 33 care partners purposively sampled from participants in a randomized clinical trial of a palliative care intervention for Parkinsons disease and related disorders conducted at nine sites. RESULTS: Benefits of the intervention included management of a wider range of non-motor symptoms, facilitation of conversations about the future, greater engagement with the health care team, and increased referrals to resources. Participants identified areas of improvement, including uptake of palliative care training by community neurologists, additional prognostic counseling, and clarity and timeliness of communication with the multidisciplinary team. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians caring for people with Parkinsons disease and related disorders should screen for non-motor symptoms, provide regular prognostic counseling, and refer to specialty palliative care services earlier in the course of illness. Future interventions should be designed to promote uptake of palliative care training by community neurologists and further optimize referral to and coordination with in-person or remote specialty palliative teams.

The social and behavioural determinants of COVID-19 vaccination have been described previously. However, little is known about how vaccinated people use and rate their health system. We used surveys conducted in 14 countries to study the health system correlates of COVID-19 vaccination. Country-specific logistic regression models were adjusted for respondent age, education, income, chronic illness, history of COVID-19, urban residence, and minority ethnic, racial, or linguistic group. Estimates were summarised across countries using random effects meta-analysis. Vaccination coverage with at least two or three doses ranged from 29% in India to 85% in Peru. Greater health-care use, having a regular and high-quality provider, and receiving other preventive health services were positively associated with vaccination. Confidence in the health system and government also increased the odds of vaccination. By contrast, having unmet health-care needs or experiencing discrimination or a medical mistake decreased the odds of vaccination. Associations between health system predictors and vaccination tended to be stronger in high-income countries and in countries with the most COVID-19-related deaths. Access to quality health systems might affect vaccine decisions. Building strong primary care systems and ensuring a baseline level of quality that is affordable for all should be central to pandemic preparedness strategies.

Lithium is regarded as the first-line treatment for bipolar disorder (BD), a severe and disabling mental health disorder that affects about 1% of the population worldwide. Nevertheless, lithium is not consistently effective, with only 30% of patients showing a favorable response to treatment. To provide personalized treatment options for bipolar patients, it is essential to identify prediction biomarkers such as polygenic scores. In this study, we developed a polygenic score for lithium treatment response (Li+PGS) in patients with BD. To gain further insights into lithiums possible molecular mechanism of action, we performed a genome-wide gene-based analysis. Using polygenic score modeling, via methods incorporating Bayesian regression and continuous shrinkage priors, Li+PGS was developed in the International Consortium of Lithium Genetics cohort (ConLi+Gen: N = 2367) and replicated in the combined PsyCourse (N = 89) and BipoLife (N = 102) studies. The associations of Li+PGS and lithium treatment response - defined in a continuous ALDA scale and a categorical outcome (good response vs. poor response) were tested using regression models, each adjusted for the covariates: age, sex, and the first four genetic principal components. Statistical significance was determined at P

Abstract Background Adverse drug reactions are more prevalent in geriatric patients and are frequently associated with a range of polypharmacy-related issues as well as some physiological aging-related alterations. These affect the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs. This study aimed to assess the magnitude of ADRs and their contributing factors among geriatric patients admitted at Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals of the Amhara Region. Methods A multicenter prospective cohort study was carried out from May 2023 to August 2023 on geriatric patients admitted to four randomly selected comprehensive hospitals in the Amhara region. We used logistic regression to find the factors influencing the occurrence of ADRs. A P value of less than 0.05 was deemed statistically significant. Results During the study’s follow-up period, 373 patients in total were included. An incidence rate of 31.10% (95% CI: 26.38–35.82) was obtained from the identification of 121 ADRs in total. The organ most frequently affected by ADRs was the gastrointestinal tract (28.92%), followed by the cardiovascular system (19.01%), and the drug class most often implicated in ADRs was antibiotics (21.49%), then anticoagulants (12.40%). ADRs were substantially linked to being overweight (P

Abstract Background Safe motherhood programs must include both readiness for complications and childbirth. Birth preparedness and complication readiness (BPCR) is a comprehensive approach that helps resolve delays in deciding to seek care for obstetric problems. Objectives To identify the determinants of BPCR practice among reproductive age group women in Africa. Design Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Data sources and methods Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) were followed and databases such as MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, Hinari, Google Scholar, and Web of Science were used to find the available studies. Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was used to identify associated factors. I2 statistics, funnel plot, and Egger test were used to assess the studies’ heterogeneity and publication bias. Results In this review, a total of 32 studies with 17,787 sample sizes were included. Knowledge of BPCR (AOR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.44, 3.13), knowledge of danger signs during pregnancy (AOR = 1.60; 95% CI: 1.37, 1.88), Knowledge of labor and delivery danger signs (AOR = 1.44; 95% CI: 1.28, 1.62), Knowledge of postpartum danger signs (AOR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.21, 1.63), urban residency (AOR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.70), Antenatal Care follow-up (AOR = AOR = 1.52;95% CI:1.42, 1.63), history of stillbirth (AOR = 1.59; 95% CI: 1.36, 1.86), parity (AOR = 1.76; 95% CI: 1.16, 2.66) and secondary or higher educational status (AOR = 1.51: 95% CI: 1.35, 1.68) were the determinants of BPCR practice. Conclusion BPCR practice among African women of reproductive age has been greatly affected by antenatal care visits, urban residency, knowledge of danger during pregnancy, labor, and postpartum, history of stillbirth, primiparity, and secondary or higher education. Focused interventions that address the identified factors may enhance BPCR practices and maternal health outcomes in Africa.

Abstract Introduction Current intimate partner violence (IPV) in Ethiopia is considerably high. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of IPV among a panel of pregnant women during their index pregnancy and identify its correlates using Performance Monitoring for action (PMA) cohort 2 baseline data. Documenting the magnitude of IPV thus far during the index pregnancy and identifying factors affecting it contributes its share for the ministry and relevant developmental partners in tracking progress towards eliminating all forms of violence against women and girls by 2030. Methods We conducted a further analysis of national level follow up secondary data sets from Performance Monitoring for action Ethiopian (E_PMA). This study used PMA cohort two baseline data which enrolled pregnant and recently postpartum women and collected real time data on various sexual, reproductive, maternal and new born nationwide priority indicators using customized Open Data Kit Mobile application. These data were collected using standard pretested questionnaire prepared in three local languages (Amharic, Afan Oromo and Tigrigna) by well experienced resident enumerators. This study was restricted to 1,796 pregnant women at the enrollment. Frequency was computed to describe the study participant’s characteristics, and chi-square statistics was used to assess cell sample size adequacy. Multilevel binary logistics regression model building process was employed to identify correlates of IPV. Results were presented in the form percentages and odds ratio with 95% Confidence Intervals. Candidate variables were selected using p-value of 0.25. Statistical significance was declared at p-value of 0.05. Results One in six; 16.7% (14.81%, 18.76%) pregnant women have reported experiencing at least one form of physical and/or sexual IPV thus far in their index pregnancy. The prevalence of encountering at least one form of sexual violence was 12.53% (10.91%, 14.35%) while 7% (5.5%, 8.3%) of them experienced at least one form physical intimate partner violence thus far during their index pregnancy. Women perceived risk about contraceptive use ((AOR: 95% CI: 1.66 (1.10, 2.47)), higher birth order ((AOR: 95% CI: 1.88 (1.05, 3.34)), unhappy emotional fertility intention when learned their index pregnancy ((AOR: 95% CI: 1.7 (1.02, 2.84)) and a family size of 4 to 5 ((AOR: 95% CI: 1.87 (1.11. 3.14)) were the fixed effects factors found to increase the odds of IPV significantly and positively. On the contrary, being in the third trimester of gestation at enrollment was another fixed effect variable which contributed for the 44% lower odds ((AOR: 95% CI: 0.56 (0.34, 0.92)) of experiencing IPV thus far in their index pregnancy. Conclusions The overall burden of IPV reported was high; with nearly double the percentage of women experiencing sexual violence during the index pregnancy compared to physical IPV. More work needs to be done to achieve zero tolerance against any form of violence among women and girls in general and among pregnant women in particular. Efforts targeted in improving women perception on issue related with their contraceptive use, counseling women on how to prevent IPV during their antenatal care (ANC) visit along with advising the use of inter pregnancy contraception and empowering them to control on their fertility are hoped to mitigate such considerably higher odds of IPV among pregnant women. Further programs and intervention on awareness creation towards the misconception that women held about contraceptive use would contribute much. These activities and efforts need to target younger women. The implication of the findings calls key actors and the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Health Minster to design and implement programs on women emotional fertility readiness and empowering them to control over their fertility through diversified contraceptive provision which is critical in combating the reported substantial IPV experience during pregnancy. Creating institutional capacity in the health system through strengthening and expanding one stop centers to provide medical treatment, care, and psychosocial support for victims and survivors could play a pivotal role. In addition, installing rapid referral system and linkage to the legal system could play a vital role. Moreover, working on early marriage and counseling on childbirth; and spaced pregnancy for those young couples is imperative. Further implication of this study was installing contraceptive and violence related preconception care packages in the health system is very critical in the combat against IPV and any form of gender based violence.

Abstract Background Hepatitis virus infection remains a serious public health concern worldwide. Percutaneous, mucosal, or non-intact skin exposure to infectious blood, semen, and other body fluids are the major routes of infection in endemic areas, including Ethiopia, where little is known about the community’s knowledge, attitudes, and practice toward hepatitis infection. Thus, this study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practices towards hepatitis infection among adults in Gondar town. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July to August 2021 on a total of 390 participants. Proportional sample allocation was used in 3 randomly selected sub-cities. Then, study participants from randomly selected households were recruited by using a systematic random sampling technique. Socio-demographic data and questions regarding KAP were collected via a self-administered and interviewer-administered questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify the associated factors and a p-value

Abstract Background There is no pooled evidence regarding the prevalence and potential factors associated with depression among women with urinary incontinence worldwide. Hence, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to determine the overall prevalence of depression among urinary incontinent women globally and explore any heterogeneity present. Methods A computerized systematic literature search was performed using the Scopus, PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Snowballing databases. Each database was searched from its start date of March 20, 2023. The study conforms to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. All included articles were published in English and evaluated the prevalence and associated factors of depression among urinary incontinent female patients. Pooled estimations with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated with the DerSimonian‒Laird (DL) random-effects model. Publication bias was evaluated by using funnel plots and statistical tests. Results Our initial electronic database search with the chosen search terms identified 1120 articles in PubMed (35 4), Embase (105), Scopus (325) and Google Scholar (176). The results of the 8 studies reporting a binary outcome using the different validation scales are summarized in the overall prevalence of depression was 18% (95% CI = 11–25%). Unable to read and write (OR: 1.34, 95% CI: [1.01, 1.78], I²= 0%), caesarean delivery (OR: 1.48, 95% CI: [1.30, 1.70], I² = 0%), obesity (OR: 1.37, 95% CI: [1.19, 1.58], I² = 0%), party greater than three (OR: 1.26, 95% CI: [0.98, 1.62], I²= 0%), comorbidity (OR: 1.32, 95% CI: [1.16, 1.49], I² = 85.3%), smoking (OR: 1.58, 95% CI: [0.99, 1.92], I2 = 0%) and single, divorced and widowed (OR: 1.67, 95% CI: [1.45, 1.92], I² = 0%) were the major factors associated with depression. Conclusion and recommendations This review demonstrated the high prevalence of depression among women with urinary incontinence. Being unable to read and write, delivery via caesarean section, obesity, having more than three children, having comorbidities, smoking, being single, being divorced and being widowed were all associated factors. This study identified that there was a strong association between urinary incontinence and depression. Future studies recommend focusing on the causal association between depression and urinary incontinence. PROSPERO Registration numbers of CRD42023418779.

In this paper, we develop a bioeconomic model to determine an optimal wild catch harvest and freshwater commercial aquaculture production in a lake that uses cages or floating rafts. Although off-bottom aquaculture activities have less impact on the environment compared to on-bottom aquaculture, it has negative externalities. It takes away the fishing area and hence creates pressure in the open-access fishing ground. It also changes the nutrient and ecological composition of the environment. We recommend the implementation of a reserved area to minimize the impact of fishing and aquaculture activities. The reserve also helps in improving the habitat and restocking the fish population which is declining rapidly. We determine the optimal sizes of the aquaculture and reserve and the optimal effort level that maximizes social welfare. We illustrate our findings using numerical simulations and perform an analysis of the optimal solutions with respect to biological and economic parameters involved in the model.

Abstract Introduction The time between seeking emergency care and receiving the first healthcare service is referred to as delays in reaching health facilities. Delay in reaching health facilities had three main sub-themes in different studies. These include (i). Availability of transportation and infrastructure, (ii). Distance from health facilities and (iii). Lack of finance for transportation. Although there are plenty of findings about maternal delays in reaching health facilities, studies do not address the delay situation of women in conflict zones all over the world. In Ethiopia, specifically, we saw women delayed in healthcare service due to restricted movement and closure of roads, even for ambulances, at night time. Methods A multi-center cross-sectional study was conducted among mothers attending public health facilities in the south Gondar zone, Ethiopia from September 01/2023 to April 30/2024. The data was collected by four BSc degree-holder midwives, using structured questionnaires after training was given for a day in each hospital. A pretest using 5% of the sample size was conducted. Descriptive statistics, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with delays in reaching health facilities. Variables having p-value ≤ 0.2 in the bi-variable analysis were fitted into multiple logistic regression models. Result The prevalence of delay in reaching health facilities among women who are living in the region of emergency command post was 54.9% CI (42.04-59.87%). Living in rural areas, non-availability of public transport during the armed conflict, labor onset at nighttime, road closures by the armed forces, and non-availability of ambulances were the factors that contributed to the delay during the emergency command post. Conclusion The magnitude of delay in reaching health facilities among women who are living in the region of emergency command post was high.

Abstract Background Neonatal Nosocomial infections (NNIs) are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality for neonates in an intensive care unit. Neonatal causes of death in healthcare facilities are attributed to different factors. We aimed to investigate factors associated with NNIs, estimate the burden of NNIs, and assess how the prediction effects help to save medical mortality and length of hospital stay. Method A prospective longitudinal study was conducted and data were collected from January 2022 to June 2022 from Jimma University Medical Center (JUMC). The data were gathered in a variety of ways, including an in-person interview with the patient’s caregiver, direct observations of neonatal patients, and a review of the study participants’ charts. This study includes patients aged 3 to 28 days who were admitted to the JUMC neonatal ward and stayed for at least 48 h. Multi-state model formulation and multivariate logistic regression were used for data analysis. Results A total of 545 neonates were included out of 688, and 30% (n = 164) of them acquired nosocomial infections (NIs); 98 (33%) of infected patients were born prematurely; and 71 (31.4%) were underweight at birth. NIs were higher in neonates with long hospital stay (AOR: 1.16, 95%CI: 1.13–1.20), use of urinary catheters (AOR: 3.09, 95%CI: 1.55–6.15), and undergoing surgical procedures (AOR: 2.42, 95%CI: 1.13–5.17). Patients who developed NIs had a higher risk of death (HR: 2, 95% CI: 1.31, 3.04). The burden of neonatal NIs was determined to have a risk of 0.3, a mortality rate of 9.6%, and an average duration of hospital stay of 14.6 days. Competing risk regression suggests that neonates with NIs have a significantly higher risk of death than those who are not infected (HR: 16.42, 95% CI: 8.70-30.98, p

Abstract Background Arginine vasopressin deficiency (central diabetes insipidus) is defined as a reduction in the release of arginine vasopressin (AVP) resulting in a variable degree of polyuria. Partial empty sella refers to an enlarged sella turcica that is not completely filled by pituitary gland. It can be either primary or secondary and its manifestation ranges from asymptomatic cases to isolated posterior pituitary, isolated anterior pituitary or both anterior and posterior pituitary dysfunctions. Diabetes insipidus caused by a partially empty sella is rare. Case presentation The patient, an 18-year-old Ethiopian woman who presented with long standing headache, increased urination, increased thirst, absence of menses and weight loss. Urine and serum osmolality was done and suggested diabetes insipidus. On further workup, brain magnetic resonant imaging was done and partially empty sella was diagnosed. Conclusion Diabetes insipidus secondary to partially empty sella is uncommon. In patients presenting with headache and anterior or posterior pituitary dysfunction, empty sella should be considered, whether partial or complete.

Abstract Introduction The flipped classroom teaching–learning method has been increasingly adopted in higher education to enhance student-centered learning. Despite its growing popularity, limited evidence exists regarding its effectiveness in medical education in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the impact of the flipped classroom method on academic performance, student engagement, and satisfaction among undergraduate medical students at Gondar University, College of Medicine and Health Science. Methods A quasi-experimental study was conducted involving 100 s-year undergraduate medical students, divided into two groups: the flipped classroom group (n = 50) and the traditional lecture-based group (n = 50). The flipped classroom group received online instructional materials before class, while classroom sessions focused on interactive activities. The traditional lecture-based group attended conventional lectures followed by homework assignments. Data were collected using pre- and post-intervention tests to measure academic performance, the Student Engagement Scale to gauge engagement, and a validated questionnaire to assess student satisfaction. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 25, with descriptive statistics, paired t-tests, independent t-tests, and Chi-square tests employed to interpret the findings. Results The flipped classroom group demonstrated a significant improvement in academic performance, with mean pre-test and post-test scores of 65.2 ± 8.1 and 78.6 ± 6.9, respectively. In contrast, the traditional lecture-based group had pre-test and post-test mean scores of 62.8 ± 7.5 and 74.2 ± 8.3, respectively. Additionally, the flipped classroom group showed higher levels of student engagement mean scores of 4.5 ± 0.8 and satisfaction mean scores of 4.2 ± 0.7 compared to the traditional lecture-based group, which had engagement mean scores of 3.8 ± 0.6 and satisfaction mean scores of 3.9 ± 0.5. Chi-square tests showed a statistically significant association between the teaching method and both pass/fail rates and participation in activities, but not a significant association with gender distribution. Conclusion The flipped classroom approach proves to be a superior teaching method, promoting better academic outcomes and greater student engagement and satisfaction. This study adds to the growing body of evidence advocating for the implementation of flipped classrooms in medical education. Trial registration Not applicable.