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The catastrophic storm surge of tropical cyclone Nargis in May 2008 demonstrated Myanmar's exposure to coastal flooding. The investigation of sediments left by tropical cyclone Nargis and its predecessors is an important contribution to prepare for the impact of future tropical cyclones and tsunamis in the region, because they may extend the database for long-term hazard assessment beyond the relatively short instrumental and historical record. This study, for the first time, presents deposits of modern and historical tropical cyclones and tsunamis from the coast of Myanmar. The aim is to establish regional sedimentary characteristics that may help to identify and discriminate cyclones and tsunamis in the geological record, and to document post-depositional changes due to tropical weathering in the first years after deposition. These findings if used to interpret older deposits will extend the existing instrumental record of flooding events in Myanmar. Evaluating deposits that can be related to specific events, such as the 2006 tropical cyclone Mala and the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, indicates similar sedimentary characteristics for both types of sediments. Landward thinning and fining trends, littoral sediment sources and sharp lower contacts allow for the differentiation from underlying deposits, while discrimination between tropical cyclone and tsunami origin is challenging based on the applied methods. The modern analogues also demonstrate a rather low preservation potential of the sand sheets due to carbonate dissolution, formation of organic top soils, and coastal erosion. However, in coastal depressions sand sheets of sufficient thickness (>10 cm) may be preserved where the shoreline is prograding or stable. In the most seaward swale of a beach-ridge plain at the Rakhine coast, two sand sheets have been identified in addition to the deposits of 2006 tropical cyclone Mala. Based on a combination of optically stimulated luminescence, radiocarbon and Cs-137 dati

This paper focuses on the possible solutions to the challenges of irrigation water pricing for Saedawgyi irrigated area in Mandalay Region. The current irrigation water pricing of Mandalay Region is necessary to reform as they could not cover the operation and maintenance cost of the supply system. For reforming irrigation water pricing, the challenges of irrigation water pricing for Saedawgyi irrigated area are identified as six major challenges based on previous study. Questionnaire survey is done to 307 farmers from Saedawgyi irrigated area for canal irrigation system to know the willingness to pay (WTP) of local farmers and price elasticity of irrigation water demand is evaluated by using mid-point formula. To solve the challenges of less maintenance and damaging of Infrastructure, proper training to local farmers and capacity building of the staff is essential for effective maintenance of the irrigation water supply system because the lack of professionals and staff training leads to deteriorate infrastructure. The possible solutions for remaining four challenges are proposed by studying the secondary academic sources such as papers, journals, and books. In this paper, six possible solutions are proposed for the challenges of irrigation water pricing in Saedawgyi irrigated area.

This paper focuses on the possible solutions to the challenges of domestic water pricing in Mandalay City. The current water pricing of Mandalay City is necessary to reform as they cannot cover the operation and maintenance cost of the supply system and cannot expand the water network to the unconnected households. For reforming water pricing, the challenges of domestic water pricing for Mandalay City are identified as eight major challenges based on previous study. For reforming water price, questionnaire survey is done to 286 households from six townships of Mandalay City to know the willingness to pay (WTP) of consumers and price elasticity of domestic water demand is evaluated by using mid-point formula. To solve the challenges of water infrastructure deterioration, public-private- people-partnership (4P) is proposed as one of possible solutions for financial efficiency of the supply system. For reducing non-revenue water (NRW), field survey is done in Daewon ward of Mandalay City as a pilot area to investigate the causes of water losses and then possible solutions are proposed. The possible solutions for remaining six challenges are proposed by studying the secondary academic sources such as papers, journals, and books. In this paper, eight numbers of possible solutions are proposed for the challenges of domestic water pricing in Mandalay City.

This research represents about the mitigation measures of flood and drought for Ayeyarwady Basin. The objective of this study is to propose the mitigation effect of flood and drought in Ayeyarwady Basin. In this study, flood vulnerable areas for Ayeyarwady Basin are assessed by using Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) model, GIS and Remote Sensing technique. Landuse classification map (2014 year) is extracted from Google Earth Engine based on land satellite LANDSAT-7 data and then Curve Number (CN) grid map is developed. Landuse classification in year 2014, the closed forest is found as about 48.9% and deciduous forest is about 26.3% of Ayeyarwady Basin. After delineating the flood plain area in HEC-RAS, the flood map for Ayeyarwady basin is developed by using Arc-GIS. The flood area by using 2014 landuse classification is 10414.18 km2 and the flooded regions are part of Mandalay, Sagaing, Monywa, Pakokku, Magway, Yaynanchaung and Thayet. According to the landuse classification in 2000 year, closed forest is 62.8% and deciduous forest is 28.05%. The flooded area is about 7081.03 km2. According to these scenarios, it is found that flooded area can be reduced about 32% due to forestation. For the spatial characterization of drought, Spatial interpolation (Spline) method in Geographic Information System (GIS) is used to generate drought severity maps. According to the drought severity map and severity values, Aunglan, Magway and Nyaungoo are the most severity regions and which are considered as pilot regions in this study. Two scenarios of rainwater harvesting are proposed to mitigate the drought severity area. In the first scenario, rainwater is collected from the roof top and stored in the storage tank.The average maximum monthly collected rainwater per house hold for three types of roofing area are 4.423 m3, 13.539 m3 and 27.214 m3 respectively. The second scenario is to recharge the rainwater volume directly over the different types of

This study aims to investigate the current water demand and supply situation of domestic, industrial, irrigation and hydropower sector around Mandalay area in 2014 as reference year and proposes allocation plans based on the changes of water demand and supply due to the growth of water demand and completion of future water supply projects for 2015 to 2030. The Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model is used to assess present and future water allocation for all sectors of study area in terms of unmet demand and demand site coverage. In this study, Mandalay city, Mandalay industrial zone I and II, Sedawgyi and Sedawlay irrigated areas and Sedawgyi hydropower plant are considered as demand site and Sedawgyi dam, Ayeyarwaddy river, Dotehtawaddy river and groundwater along the Ayeyarwaddy river are considered as supply sources. Based on the year 2014 water supply and demand condition, reference scenario is simulated. According to the results of reference scenario, there is unmet demand at Mandalay city and industrial zones but irrigation and hydropower sectors are met with required demand. And then, two options of the future scenarios are simulated with and without consideration of proposed government projects as the proposal allocation plans for the future trend of water supply sources and demand sites.

This study was undertaken to examine the applicability of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model for the Upper Ayeyarwady Basin for simulating sediment yield. The SWAT model is hydro-dynamic and physically-based model for the application in complex and large basins. The required input data for this study were Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with spatial resolution of 30 m x 30 m, land use/land cover map and soil map. And also the hydro-meteorological data around the basin were used. The model has been calibrated and validated using observed sediment data of eight years at the basin outlet (Sagaing). The automated calibration process was used to calibrate the model parameters using time series data from 2003 to 2007. Data from 2008 to 2010 were used to validate the model using the input parameter set. The model predicted the annual sediment in the watershed as 272.8 million ton per year. The average annual values of sediment yield for Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and R2 were found to be 0.89 and 0.82, respectively for calibration and 0.88 and 0.80, respectively for validation, which were within the allowable limit.

This study investigates the optimization of surface water allocation for hydropower irrigation and navigation sectors in the Upper Ayeyarwady River Basin. AQUARIUS (a modelling system for river basin development planning model) software is used. In this study, Kinda, Sedawgyi, Yeywa, Thaphanzeik, Zawgyi, Shweli, Dapein and Chibwenge hydropower plant are considered as demand sites for hydropower sector. Moreover, Kinda, Sedawgyi and Thaphanzeik irrigated areas are considered as demand sites for agricultural sector. The Ayeyarwady river and these above eight reservoirs are considered as supply sources. The required data for this study are collected from the department of meteorological, the electric power, agricultural and irrigation and inland water transport. Monthly discharges are collected from five stations. CROPWAT 8.0 model is used to calculate crop water requirement (ETc) and net irrigation water requirement (IWR). For computation of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), cropping pattern and crop data are required as input data into CROPWAT 8.0 and irrigation water requirement are calculated. Parameter relating water uses for reservoir, hydropower and irrigation water requirement in water system components are calculated. And then, the calculated irrigation water requirement, hydropower data, the reservoir data and economic data are inputted in AQUARIUS model. A flow network is created in the network worksheet screen (NWS) using AQUARIUS model. Flow network is used to determine water allocation for hydropower, irrigation and navigation in the Upper Ayeyarwady river basin. These reservoirs are supplied water to their respective hydropowers and irrigated areas. Based on the year 2014 water supply and demand condition, six future scenarios are simulated. According to model results, the overall allocated flows are about 90340 MCM and the values of State income are $11.42 million per year in the scenario 6.As the main purpose of water allocation is balancing supply and de