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Objectives: To investigate intra- and inter-reader agreement of ultrasonography (US) and conventional radiography (CR) for the evaluation of osteophyte presence and size within the tibiofemoral joint. In addition, to correlate these findings with arthroscopic degeneration of the articular cartilage.Method: Forty adult patients with knee pain were enrolled in this study. Knee CR and US scanning of the medial and lateral bone margins were performed on all patients. A novel atlas for the US grading of knee osteophytes was used in the evaluation. The number and size of the osteophytes were evaluated semi-quantitatively in two rounds from both the CR images (four readers) and the US images (14 readers). The Noyes grading system was used for the evaluation of arthroscopic degeneration of the articular cartilage in 26 patients.Results: On average, intra- and inter-reader US and CR agreement was substantial and comparable to each other (κ = 0.60-0.72). US detected more osteophytes than CR at both the medial (65% vs. 48%) and lateral (70% vs. 60%) compartments. A statistically significant correlation between CR- or US-based osteophyte and arthroscopy grades was observed only for US at the medial compartment (rs = 0.747, p < 0.001).Conclusions: The detection of knee osteophytes using the novel US atlas is as reproducible as reading conventional radiographs. US is more sensitive to detect knee osteophytes than CR. Furthermore, osteophytes detected with US correlate significantly with arthroscopic cartilage changes at the medial knee compartment whereas those detected by CR do not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To explore thresholds for the Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) Impact of Disease questionnaire (PsAID12) score against disease activity measures in an observational setting, in patients with PsA., Methods: The baseline data from the ReFlaP observational, prospective, multicentre and international study was used (NCT03119805). Cutoffs for PsAID12 were determined against disease activity scores, defining disease impact states (ie remission, low impact, moderate impact and high impact). Statistics used to assess the optimal cutoff point included the Youden's index and the 75th percentile method, with external anchors (i.e. DAPSA, VDLA/MDA and single questions for both patients and physicians) serving as gold standards. The diagnostic performance of these cutoffs was evaluated using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analyses., Results: A total of 410 patients were analyzed. Mean (standard deviation, SD) PsAID12 score was 3.4 (SD 2.5). The prevalence of remission varied between 12.4% and 36.1%, while low disease activity ranged from 37.8% to 59.8%. PsAID12 performed well against external anchors, with high areas under the ROC curves ranging from 0.75-0.94. Using the DAPSA as external anchor, the proposed PsAID12 cutoffs were <1.7 for remission, ≥1.7 to ≤ 3.1 for low impact, >3.1 to < 4.8 for moderate impact, and ≥4.8 for high impact. Compared with composite scores, patient and physician opinions performed less stringent., Conclusion: This study established cutoffs for PsAID12 in a clinical practice observational population, corresponding to remission and varying levels of disease impact. However, these proposed cutoffs need further validation, and an expert consensus is essential to confirm the most accurate thresholds for future use., (© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Rheumatology.)

Objective: To provide a set of living treatment recommendations that will give contemporary guidance on the management of patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) in Canada., Methods: The Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada (SPARCC), in conjunction with the Canadian Rheumatology Association, organized a treatment recommendations panel composed of rheumatologists, researchers, allied health professionals, and a patient advocate. A Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE)-ADOLOPMENT approach was used, in which existing guidelines were adopted or adapted to a Canadian context. Recommendations were also placed in a health equity framework., Results: Fifty-six recommendations were made for patients with active axSpA, stable axSpA, active or stable axSpA, for comorbidities, and for assessment, screening, and imaging. Recommendations were also made for principles of management, disease monitoring, and ethical considerations., Conclusion: These living treatment recommendations will provide up-to-date guidance for the management of axSpA for Canadian practice. As part of the living model, they will be updated regularly as changes occur in the treatment landscape., (Copyright © 2024 by the Journal of Rheumatology.)

Objective: We aimed to assess the following: (1) the frequency of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) according to extra-articular presentation and HLA-B27 status, (2) clinical and imaging features that distinguish axSpA from non-axSpA, and (3) the impact of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on diagnosis and classification of axSpA., Methods: The Screening for Axial Spondyloarthritis in Psoriasis, Iritis, and Colitis (SASPIC) study enrolled patients in two multicenter cohorts. Consecutive patients with undiagnosed chronic back pain attending dermatology, ophthalmology, and gastroenterology clinics with psoriasis (PsO), acute anterior uveitis (AAU), or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) were referred to a local rheumatologist with special expertise in axSpA for a structured diagnostic evaluation. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients diagnosed with axSpA by the final global evaluation., Results: Frequency of axSpA was 46.7%, 61.6%, and 46.8% in patients in SASPIC-1 (n = 212) and 23.5%, 57.9%, and 23.3% in patients in SASPIC-2 (n = 151) with PsO, AAU, or IBD, respectively. Among those who were B27 positive, axSpA was diagnosed in 70%, 74.5%, and 66.7% of patients in SASPIC-1 and in 71.4%, 87.8%, and 55.6% of patients in SASPIC-2 with PsO, AAU, or IBD, respectively. All musculoskeletal clinical features were nondiscriminatory. MRI was indicative of axSpA in 60% to 80% of patients and MRI in all patients (SASPIC-2) versus on-demand (SASPIC-1) led to 25% fewer diagnoses of axSpA in patients who were HLA-B27 negative with PsO or IBD. Performance of the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society classification criteria was greater with routine MRI (SASPIC-2), though sensitivity was lower than previously reported., Conclusion: Optimal management of patients presenting with PsO, AAU, IBD, and undiagnosed chronic back pain should include referral to a rheumatologist. Conducting MRI in all patients enhances diagnostic accuracy., (© 2024 The Author(s). Arthritis & Rheumatology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Rheumatology.)

The sensitivity of ultrasound (US) to detect, characterize, and monitor the relevant pathologies of psoriatic arthritis (PsA), including synovitis, enthesitis, tenosynovitis, and dactylitis, has made it an attractive tool for informing clinical decisions. The Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA) US working group ran 2 sessions during the annual GRAPPA meeting held in July 2023 in Dublin, Ireland. During the first workshop, the group presented 2 topics, followed by a live demonstration and a group discussion. The 2 topics were (1) an overview of the Diagnostic Ultrasound Enthesitis Tool (DUET) enthesitis scoring methodology, and (2) small hand-held probes-will the promise deliver? The live demonstration that followed compared the performance of 2 hand-held US (HHUS) devices vs a console US machine in patients with PsA, and the interactive group discussion considered gaps in the literature and future research suggestions relating to HHUS and its application in psoriatic disease. During the second session, the US working group provided further updates regarding the GRAPPA US studies currently underway or recently completed., (Copyright © 2024 by The Journal of Rheumatology.)

At the Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA) 2023 annual meeting, members were updated on a number of ongoing activities during the key project update session. These activities included the Axial Involvement in Psoriatic Arthritis (AXIS) cohort, the Axial Psoriatic Arthritis Molecular and Clinical Characterization study, the Diagnostic Ultrasound Enthesitis Tool (DUET) study, the Sex- and Gender-Based Analysis of the Effectiveness of Advanced Therapies in Psoriatic Arthritis (SAGE-PsA) study, the Health Initiatives in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Consortium European States (HIPPOCRATES), the GRAPPA slide library, and the GRAPPA treatment recommendations., (Copyright © 2024 by The Journal of Rheumatology.)

Objectives: The main objective was to generate a GLobal OMERACT Ultrasound DActylitis Score (GLOUDAS) in psoriatic arthritis and to test its reliability. To this end, we assessed the validity, feasibility and applicability of ultrasound assessment of finger entheses to incorporate them into the scoring system., Methods: The study consisted of a stepwise process. First, in cadaveric specimens, we identified enthesis sites of the fingers by ultrasound and gross anatomy, and then verified presence of entheseal tissue in histological samples. We then selected the entheses to be incorporated into a dactylitis scoring system through a Delphi consensus process among international experts. Next, we established and defined the ultrasound components of dactylitis and their scoring systems using Delphi methodology. Finally, we tested the interobserver and intraobserver reliability of the consensus- based scoring systemin patients with psoriatic dactylitis., Results: 32 entheses were identified in cadaveric fingers. The presence of entheseal tissues was confirmed in all cadaveric samples. Of these, following the consensus process, 12 entheses were selected for inclusion in GLOUDAS. Ultrasound components of GLOUDAS agreed on through the Delphi process were synovitis, tenosynovitis, enthesitis, subcutaneous tissue inflammation and periextensor tendon inflammation. The scoring system for each component was also agreed on. Interobserver reliability was fair to good (κ 0.39-0.71) and intraobserver reliability good to excellent (κ 0.80-0.88) for dactylitis components. Interobserver and intraobserver agreement for the total B-mode and Doppler mode scores (sum of the scores of the individual abnormalities) were excellent (interobserver intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 0.98 for B-mode and 0.99 for Doppler mode; intraobserver ICC 0.98 for both modes)., Conclusions: We have produced a consensus-driven ultrasound dactylitis scoring system that has shown acceptable interobserver reliability and excellent intraobserver reliability. Through anatomical knowledge, small entheses of the fingers were identified and histologically validated., Competing Interests: Competing interests: EN: Speaker fees from Abbvie, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer; research grant from Lilly and Abbvie; support for attending meetings from Novartis and Fresenius Kabi. MADA: Speaker fees from Abbvie, Amgen, BMS, Galapagos, Novartis, Lilly, Janssen, and UCB; consulting fees from Abbvie, Amgen, BMS, Galapagos, Novartis, Lilly, Janssen, UCB; research grant from Abbvie, Amgen, Pfizer; royalty from Elsevier; support for attending meetings from Novartis and Janssen. LT: Speaker fees from Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer; advisory board for Janssen and UCB. CP: No competing interests. MM: No competing interests. JB: No competing interests. GAWB: No competing interests. MCK: No competing interests. PM: Speaker fees from Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, AbbVie; research grant from AbbVie and Novartis. RN: Speaker fees from Abbvie, Novartis, Pfizer, Marcin Szkudlarek: Speaker fees from Novartis; meeting support from Pfizer. PT: Speaker fees from AbbVie, Novartis, Sandoz; advisory board for Novartis. VV: No competing interests. PW: No competing interests. CB: Speaker and/or Consultancy fees from: Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, AbbVie, Pfizer, UCB, Sanofi. EF: Speaker fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Janssen-Cilag, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Union Chimique Belge Pharma. AZ: Speaker bureau from AbbVie, Novartis, Janssen, Lilly, UCB, and Amgen; paid instructor from AbbVie, Novartis, UCB. MM: Speaker fees from Eli Lilly, SC Angelini Pharmaceuticals Romania SRL, KRKA; consulting fees from Eli Lilly, Galapagos. FAV: Speaker fees from Abbvie, Ewopharma BMS, Novartis, Lilly, Janssen, Pfizer, Zentiva, UCB; advisory board Abbvie, Ewopharma, Lilly, Janssen, Pfizer. MAM: No competing interests. JAM: Speaker fees from Janssen, Novartis, UCB; advisory board for Novartis. CAG-A: Speaker fees from Janssen, Abbvie, Novartis, Pfizer; advisory fees from Novartis, Galápagos, UCB; support for attending meetings from Pfizer, Janssen, Novartis. OO-V: Speaker fees from GSK and Novartis; support for attending meetings from Pfizer, Janssen, Gebro Pharma. AI: Grants from Abbvie, Pfizer, Novartis; Honoraria from AbbVie, Alfa-sigma, BMS, Celgene, Celltrion, Eli-Lilly, Galapagos, Gilead, Janssen, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi Genzyme, SOBI; Consulting fees from Abbvie, BMS, Pfizer, Eli-Lilly; Leadership or fiduciary roles as EULAR Immediate Past President; EULAR Presidency member; EULAR Board member; EULAR Advocacy Committee Member; EULAR Advocacy Committee Advisor. PH: No competing interests. IT: No competing interests. PVB: Speaker fees from Abbvie, Eli Lilly, Jannsen, Novartis, Richter, Sandoz; support for attending meetings from Abbvie, Janssen, Novartis, Eli Lilly, Sandoz. SZA: Speaker fees from Abbvie, Novartis, Pfizer, Janssen, UCB; research grant from Abbvie, Novartis, Pfizer, Janssen, Lilly, Fresenius Kabi; support for attending meetings from Abbvie, Pfizer, UCB and Fresenius Kabi. DK: Speaker fees from Abbvie, Galapagos, Janssen, Novartis; support for attending meetings from Novartis, Abbvie, and Janssen. HIK: Clinical trials Roche, Abbvie, Sun, Emerald, Novartis, Biogen, Sanofi, and Suneos. GSK: Research grants from Abbvie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Galapagos, Novartis, JannsenIngrid Möller: No competing interests., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ on behalf of EULAR.)

Objectives: We aimed to explore the radiographic definitions of types of New Bone formation (NBF) by focusing on the terminology, description and location of the findings., Methods: Three systematic literature reviews were conducted in parallel to identify the radiographic spinal NBF definitions for spondyloarthritis (SpA), Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH) and Osteorathritis (OA). Study characteristics and definitions were extracted independently by two reviewers. Definitions were analysed and collated based on whether they were unique, modified or established from previous research., Results: We identified 33 studies that indicated a definition for the NBF in SpA, 10 for DISH and 7 for spinal OA. In SpA, the variations in syndesmophytes included the description as well as the subtypes and locations. The differentiation of syndesmophytes from osteophytes were included in 12 articles, based on the origin and the angle of the NBF and associated findings. The definitions of DISH varied in the number of vertebrae, level and laterality. For OA, five articles indicated that osteophytes arose from the anterior or lateral aspects of the vertebral bodies, and two studies required a size cut-off., Discussion: Our ultimate aim is to create formal NBF definitions for SpA, DISH and OA guided by an atlas, through a Delphi exercise with international experts. The improved ability to differentiate these conditions radiographically will not only allow the clinicians to accurately approach patients but also will help the researchers to better classify patient phenotypes and focus on accurate radiographic outcomes., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Rheumatology.)

Entheses have the challenging task of transferring biomechanical forces between tendon and bone, two tissues that differ greatly in composition and mechanical properties. Consequently, entheses are adapted to withstand these forces through continuous repair mechanisms. Locally specialized cells (mechanosensitive tenocytes) are crucial in the repair, physiologically triggering biochemical processes to maintain hemostasis. When repetitive forces cause "material fatigue," or trauma exceeds the entheses' repair capacity, structural changes occur, and patients become symptomatic. Clinical assessment of enthesopathies mainly depends on subjective reports by the patient and lacks specificity, especially in patients with central sensitization syndromes. Ultrasonography has been increasingly used to improve the diagnosis of enthesopathies. In this article, the literature on how biomechanical forces lead to entheseal inflammation, including factors contributing to differentiation into a "clinical enthesitis" state and the value of ultrasound to diagnose enthesopathies will be reviewed, as well as providing clues to overcome the pitfalls of imaging., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: S.Z.A. has received grants or contracts from Abbvie, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Jannsen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, and UCB; consultant's fees from Abbvie, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, and UCB; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speaker's bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Abbvie, Jannsen, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB; support for meeting attendance from Abbvie, Pfizer, Novartis, and Sandoz; and stock options in Clarius. X.B. has received research support from AbbVie, Novartis, MSD; Consultant, Speakers Bureau, Scientific Advisory Board, and Honoraria: AbbVie, Amgen, BMS, Chugai Galapagos, Gilead, Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, UCB. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA) ultrasound (US) steering committee provided an update at GRAPPA's 2022 annual meeting on activities to enable earlier diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis. An update of the Diagnostic Ultrasound Enthesitis Tool (DUET) study included preliminary reliability results for US enthesitis elementary lesions. Common scanning pitfalls were reviewed. New projects included widening the scope of US beyond large entheses and validating small point-of-care US probes to evaluate enthesitis., (Copyright © 2023 by the Journal of Rheumatology.)

Purpose: Enthesitis is a key manifestation of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA) and is considered to be the tissue where the disease initiates. Enthesitis leads to pain and substantial limitations in patients with PsA. Treatment is key in achieving remission or minimal disease activity. Whether it is safe to apply injections to entheseal tissue is unknown. This narrative review aimed to summarize the literature on the efficacy and tolerability of entheseal corticosteroid (CS) injections., Methods: The published literature was searched through PubMed as well as identifying relevant articles from their citations,  for articles on the anatomic location of the injection, tissue characteristics (eg, whether there is a tendon sheath), blind versus imaging-guided and entheseal versus perientheseal injections, and related studies in animals. Given that articles on SpA are limited, those on mechanical enthesopathies were also included., Findings: The literature on the efficacy and tolerability of entheseal CS injection in SpA and PsA are limited. In most articles on entheseal injection, the entheseal tissue has not actually been targeted. The decision of entheseal injection should be made on an individual basis, with consideration of the use of CS injection as the last treatment option following more conservative measures such as NSAIDs, physiotherapy, rest, and lifestyle modifications. Entheseal injection should be avoided in high-risk patients, such as those who have rupture at the enthesis. Diagnostic ultrasound is advised to ensure the presence of inflammation that can potentially benefit from corticosteroid injection, as well as the absence of rupture. In the authors' perspective, perientheseal injections should be tried before intraentheseal injections. Finally, ultrasound guidance for needle placement is strongly encouraged., Implications: The literature on the efficacy and tolerability of entheseal CS injection in SpA and PsA is limited. With the lack of quality data, recommendations on entheseal corticosteroid injection remain expert opinion., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest S.Z.A. has received grants or contracts from Abbvie, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Jannsen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, and UCB; consultant's fees from Abbvie, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, and UCB; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speaker's bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Abbvie, Jannsen, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB; support for meeting attendance from Abbvie, Pfizer, Novartis, and Sandoz; and stock options in Clarius. O.B.T. has received educational funding from Jannsen. The authors have indicated that they have no other conflicts of interest with regard to the content of this article., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest Lihi Eder reported receiving grants from Abbvie, Novartis, UCB, Janssen, Fresenius Kabi, Pfizer, Eli Lilly; Consulting fees: Abbvie, Novartis, UCB, Janssen, Fresenius Kabi, Pfizer, Eli and Lilly. Gurjit Kaeley reported receiving grants from Abbvie, Gilead, Janssen, and GRAPPA, consulting fees from Novartis, and serving on the board for the PCORI RA PROPR study. Sibel Zehra Aydin reported receiving grants from Abbvie, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Jannsen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, and UCB; consulting fees from Abbvie, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, and UCB; payment or honoraria from Abbvie, Jannsen, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB; support for attending meetings from Sandoz, Abbvie, Pfizer, and Novartis; and stock or stock options from Clarius. The authors have indicated that they have no other conflicts of interest regarding the content of this article.

Objective: To systematically review the measurement properties of outcome instruments used in large-vessel vasculitis (LVV)., Methods: MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, and Scopus databases were searched for studies published from inception to July 14, 2020, that addressed measurement properties of instruments used in giant cell arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu arteritis (TA). The measurement properties of the instruments identified were collected following the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) and Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) frameworks. Instruments were grouped according to the following domains measured: disease activity/damage, organ function, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL)/health status., Results: From 3534 articles identified, 13 met the predefined criteria. These studies addressed 12 instruments: 4 specific to TA, 2 designed for all types of systemic vasculitis, and 6 non-disease-specific instruments. No instruments specific to GCA were identified. Regarding TA, the Indian Takayasu Clinical Activity Score (ITAS) showed very good consistency, adequate reliability, but doubtful validity for disease activity. The Disease Extent Index-Takayasu (DEI-Tak) showed adequate construct validity but doubtful discriminating validity for disease activity/damage. Instruments, including the Vasculitis Damage Index and the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score, were poorly assessed for disease activity/damage. In total, 6 non-vasculitis-specific patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments showed inadequate validity in GCA/TA., Conclusion: The measurement properties of 12 outcome instruments for LVV covering the OMERACT domains of disease activity/damage, organ function, and HRQOL were assessed. The ITAS and the DEI-Tak were the instruments with the most adequate measurement properties for disease activity/damage in TA. Disease activity/damage instruments specific to GCA, as well as validated PROs for both GCA and TA, are lacking., (Copyright © 2023 by the Journal of Rheumatology.)

Objectives: To explore patient-defined flares in psoriatic arthritis (PsA), compared to an increase in disease activity in psoriatic arthritis (DAPSA) and to analyze the validity of a patient-reported flare question., Methods: ReFlap (NCT03119805) was a longitudinal study in 14 countries of consecutive patients with definite PsA. Patients were seen twice in the context of usual care, 4.5±2.2 months apart. Flares were reported by patients and physicians at the second visit using a single question. DAPSA worsening was defined as a change to a higher DAPSA category. Agreement between the definitions of worsening was calculated by prevalence adjusted bias adjusted kappa (PABAK). Validity of patient-reported flare was assessed by comparing patients with versus without flare and transition to flares., Results: In 222 patients, mean disease duration 10.8±8.3 years, 127 (58.8%) males: disease activity was low (mean DAPSA 11.5±14.0); 63.3% received a bDMARD. Patient-reported flares between the 2 visits were seen in 27% patients (for these patients, mean 2.2±3.7 flares per patient, mean duration 12.6±21.0 days per flare). Physician- reported flares were seen in 17.6% and worsening in DAPSA in 40.1% of patients. Agreement between definitions was moderate (PABAK=0.32-0.59). Patients in flare had significantly more active disease than patients not in flare for all outcomes (all P<0.001). At the patient-level, transition to flare state was associated to a worsening in disease activity and impact outcomes., Conclusions: Patient flares were frequent and were associated with active and symptomatic disease. These findings provide preliminary validation for patient-reported flares in PsA., (Copyright © 2022 Société française de rhumatologie. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic created challenges for patients with RA. We examined the potential impact of the pandemic on patient-reported outcomes (PROs), disease activity and medication profiles, comparing the periods pre-pandemic and during the pandemic., Methods: Patients enrolled in the Ontario Best Practices Research Initiative were included if they had at least one visit to a physician or study interviewer within 12 months before and after the start of pandemic-related closures in Ontario (15 March 2020). Baseline characteristics, disease activity, PROs [i.e. health assessment questionnaire disability index, RA disease activity index (RADAI), European quality of life five-dimension questionnaire], medication use and changes were included. Student's paired two-sample t -tests and McNamar's tests were performed for continuous and categorical variables between time periods., Results: The sample for analysis consisted of 1508 patients, with a mean (s.d.) age of 62.7 (12.5) years, and 79% were female. Despite decreases in the number of in-person visits during the pandemic, there was no significant negative impact on disease activity or PRO scores. The DASs in both periods remained low, with either no clinically significant differences or slight improvement. Scores for mental, social and physical health were either stable or improved. There were statistically significant decreases in conventional synthetic DMARD use ( P  < 0.0001) and increased Janus kinase inhibitor usage ( P  = 0.0002). Biologic DMARD use remained stable throughout the pandemic., Conclusion: In this cohort, disease activity and PROs of RA patients remained stable during the COVID-19 pandemic. The longer-term outcomes of the pandemic warrant investigation., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Rheumatology.)

Background: Evaluate the impact of sex on tofacitinib efficacy, safety and persistence (time to discontinuation) in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA)., Methods: Data were pooled from two phase 3 randomised controlled trials. Patients were randomised to tofacitinib 5 mg or 10 mg two times per day, adalimumab 40 mg every 2 weeks or placebo. Efficacy outcomes to month 12 included American College of Rheumatology (ACR)20/50/70, minimal disease activity (MDA), Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI)75, change from baseline (∆) in Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI) and ∆Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-F). Safety was assessed to month 12 and persistence was assessed to month 42 of a long-term extension study., Results: Overall, 816 patients were included (54.3% females). At baseline, higher tender joint counts, enthesitis scores and worse HAQ-DI and FACIT-F were reported in females versus males; presence of dactylitis and PASI were greater in males versus females. At month 3, tofacitinib efficacy generally exceeded placebo in both sexes. Overall, similar ACR20/50/70, PASI75, ∆HAQ-DI and ∆FACIT-F were observed for tofacitinib between sexes; females were less likely to achieve MDA. Similar proportions of males/females receiving tofacitinib (both doses) experienced treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs). Serious AEs occurred in 3.4%/6.6% and 4.0%/5.9% males/females with tofacitinib 5 mg and 10 mg two times per day. Persistence was generally similar between sexes., Conclusion: Tofacitinib efficacy exceeded placebo in both sexes and was comparable between sexes. Consistent with previous studies of PsA treatments, females were less likely to achieve MDA, likely due to baseline differences. Safety and time to discontinuation were generally similar between sexes., Trial Registration Number: NCT01877668; NCT01882439; NCT01976364., Competing Interests: Competing interests: LE has served as a consultant for AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB, and has received grant and/or research support from AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Fresenius Kabi, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sandoz and UCB. DDG has served as a consultant for AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Gilead Sciences, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB, and has received grant and/or research support from AbbVie, Amgen, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB. PM has served as a consultant for AbbVie, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Gilead Sciences, Inmagene, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sun and UCB, and has received grant and/or research support from AbbVie, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Gilead Sciences, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sun and UC. RAP, RL, DG, MJC and CK are employees and shareholders of Pfizer. SZA has served as a consultant for AbbVie, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB, has received grant and/or research support from AbbVie, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer and Sanofi, and has received speakers’ fees from AbbVie, Novartis and Pfizer. AO has received grant and/or research support from AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Corrona, Eli Lilly, Novartis and Pfizer, and is a shareholder of Amgen, Novartis and Pfizer. VS has served as a consultant for AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Eli Lilly, Genentech/Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, Inmedix, Janssen, Kiniksa, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Samsung, Sandoz, Sanofi, Scipher, Setpoint, Sofusa, Spherix and UCB., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: This study aimed to assess the mortality of PsA before and during the COVID-19 pandemic., Methods: From the prospective, multicenter PsART-ID (Psoriatic Arthritis Registry-International Database), patients from Turkey were analyzed by linking the registry to the Turkish Cause of Death Registry. The outcome of interest was death from any cause, pre-pandemic (since the onset of registry-March 2014-March 2020), and during the pandemic (March 2020-May 2021). The crude mortality rate and standardized mortality ratio (SMR) were determined., Results: There were 1216 PsA patients with a follow-up of 7500 patient-years. Overall, 46 deaths (26 males) were observed. In the pre-pandemic period, SMR for PsA vs the general population was 0.95 (0.61-1.49), being higher in males [1.56 (0.92-2.63)] than females [0.62 (0.33-1.17)]. The crude mortality rate in PsA doubled during the pandemic (pre-pandemic crude mortality rate: 5.07 vs 10.76 during the pandemic) with a higher increase in females (2.9 vs 8.72) than males (9.07 vs 14.73)., Conclusion: The mortality in PsA was found similar to the general population in the pre-pandemic era. The mortality rates in PsA doubled during the pandemic. Whether PsA patients have more risk of mortality than the general population due to COVID-19 needs further studies. Key Points • Decrease in mortality in PsA might be expected with the more effective treatment options and better disease control. • A crude mortality rate is comparable to the general population and not increased until the pandemic. • Currently, there is a 2-fold increase in crude mortality rate possibly due to the COVID-19., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR).)

Objectives: To investigate the inter/intra-reliability of ultrasound (US) muscle echogenicity in patients with rheumatic diseases., Methods: Forty-two rheumatologists and 2 radiologists from 13 countries were asked to assess US muscle echogenicity of quadriceps muscle in 80 static images and 20 clips from 64 patients with different rheumatic diseases and 8 healthy subjects. Two visual scales were evaluated, a visual semi-quantitative scale (0-3) and a continuous quantitative measurement ("VAS echogenicity," 0-100). The same assessment was repeated to calculate intra-observer reliability. US muscle echogenicity was also calculated by an independent research assistant using a software for the analysis of scientific images (ImageJ). Inter and intra reliabilities were assessed by means of prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted Kappa (PABAK), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and correlations through Kendall's Tau and Pearson's Rho coefficients., Results: The semi-quantitative scale showed a moderate inter-reliability [PABAK = 0.58 (0.57-0.59)] and a substantial intra-reliability [PABAK = 0.71 (0.68-0.73)]. The lowest inter and intra-reliability results were obtained for the intermediate grades (i.e., grade 1 and 2) of the semi-quantitative scale. "VAS echogenicity" showed a high reliability both in the inter-observer [ICC = 0.80 (0.75-0.85)] and intra-observer [ICC = 0.88 (0.88-0.89)] evaluations. A substantial association was found between the participants assessment of the semi-quantitative scale and "VAS echogenicity" [ICC = 0.52 (0.50-0.54)]. The correlation between these two visual scales and ImageJ analysis was high (tau = 0.76 and rho = 0.89, respectively)., Conclusion: The results of this large, multicenter study highlighted the overall good inter and intra-reliability of the US assessment of muscle echogenicity in patients with different rheumatic diseases., Competing Interests: SA received honoraria from AbbVie, Celgene, UCB, Novartis, Janssen, Pfizer, and Sanofi. AB served as a speaker for AbbVie, Amgen, Sanofi-Genzyme, and UCB, outside the submitted work. EF had received speaking fees from AbbVie, Amgen, BMS, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Roche, Pfizer, and UCB, outside the submitted work. WG had received speaking fees from Celltrion and Pfizer, outside the submitted work., (Copyright © 2023 Di Matteo, Moscioni, Lommano, Cipolletta, Smerilli, Farah, Airoldi, Aydin, Becciolini, Bonfiglioli, Carotti, Carrara, Cazenave, Corradini, Cosatti, de Agustin, Destro Castaniti, Di Carlo, Di Donato, Di Geso, Elliott, Fodor, Francioso, Gabba, Hernández-Díaz, Horvath, Hurnakova, Jesus, Marin, Martire, Mashadi Mirza, Massarotti, Musca, Nair, Okano, Papalopoulos, Rosa, Rosemffet, Rovisco, Rozza, Salaffi, Scioscia, Scirè, Tamas, Tanimura, Ventura-Rios, Villota-Eraso, Villota, Voulgari, Vreju, Vukatana, Hereter, Zanetti, Grassi and Filippucci.)

Objective: Ultrasound (US) is increasingly used to evaluate enthesitis. One of the US features of enthesitis is thickening. However, there is no consensus on how the entheseal thickening needs to be defined, and existing cut-off levels have been criticized for being frequently positive in healthy controls (HCs). Our objective was to determine the frequency of thickening of entheses on US using the existing cut-off values in HCs and in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) and propose new values to improve discriminative value., Methods: Eighty HCs and 100 patients with axSpA had US scans of 2160 entheses. Sensitivity, specificity, odds ratio (OR), and accuracy were calculated according to accepted cut-off levels from the literature and proposed cut-offs were calculated as the mean ± 2 SD., Results: Thickening according to current cut-off levels was found in 20.4% (196/960) of healthy participants' entheses and 33% (396/1200) of entheses of patients with axSpA. Thickening according to proposed cut-off levels decreased frequency of thickening in both groups, and therefore increased specificity at the cost of decreasing sensitivity. The only anatomical site where the thickness had a value to discriminate disease from health was seen at the triceps tendon enthesis with an OR of 13.4 (95% CI 4.0-44.8) according to the current cut-offs compared to 10.3 (95% CI 4.0-26.6) with the proposed cut-off levels., Conclusion: Although using cut-offs appears to be an appealing method to evaluate entheseal thickness, the measurements may be affected by several confounding factors, leading to a low discriminative value, except for at the triceps tendon enthesis., (Copyright © 2023 by the Journal of Rheumatology.)

Objective: This study aimed to assess the current state of musculoskeletal point-of-care ultrasonography training among the rheumatology postgraduate programs in Canada and explored the interest in developing a national curriculum., Method: A Canadian survey was developed by academic rheumatologists including point-of-care ultrasonography experts and point-of-care ultrasonography non-users. Across Canada, all 15 adult and 3 pediatric rheumatology English and French postgraduate programs were surveyed via Survey Monkey with a standardized questionnaire., Results: The completed response rates were 27% (24/89) for postgraduate year-4 and -5 rheumatology trainees and 61% (11/18) for program directors. Forty-two percent (10/24) of trainees had access to formal point-of-care ultrasonography training, and 67% (16/24) had some form of informal nonstructured exposure. Of all respondents, 87.5% (21/24) trainees and 82% (9/11) program directors agreed or strongly agreed that point-of-care ultrasonography is an important clinical tool in rheumatology. Eighty-nine percent (8/9) of program directors felt that point-of-care ultrasonography should be a formal part of rheumatology training., Conclusion: This national survey demonstrates that while musculoskeletal point-of-care ultrasonography is considered an important component of clinical practice, significant training barriers exist. The majority of both trainees and program directors felt that point-of-care ultrasonography should be a formal part of training and would be interested in a national standardized point-of-care ultrasonography curriculum in Canada.

Objectives: To investigate the reliability of the OMERACT US Task Force definition of US enthesitis in SpA., Methods: In this web exercise, based on the evaluation of 101 images and 39 clips of the main entheses of the lower limbs, the elementary components included in the OMERACT definition of US enthesitis in SpA (hypoechoic areas, entheseal thickening, power Doppler signal at the enthesis, enthesophytes/calcifications, bone erosions) were assessed by 47 rheumatologists from 37 rheumatology centres in 15 countries. Inter- and intra-observer reliability of the US components of enthesitis was calculated using Light's kappa, Cohen's kappa, Prevalence And Bias Adjusted Kappa (PABAK) and their 95% CIs., Results: Bone erosions and power Doppler signal at the enthesis showed the highest overall inter-reliability [Light's kappa: 0.77 (0.76-0.78), 0.72 (0.71-0.73), respectively; PABAK: 0.86 (0.86-0.87), 0.73 (0.73-0.74), respectively], followed by enthesophytes/calcifications [Light's kappa: 0.65 (0.64-0.65), PABAK: 0.67 (0.67-0.68)]. This was moderate for entheseal thickening [Light's kappa: 0.41 (0.41-0.42), PABAK: 0.41 (0.40-0.42)], and fair for hypoechoic areas [Light's kappa: 0.37 (0.36-0.38); PABAK: 0.37 (0.37-0.38)]. A similar trend was observed in the intra-reliability exercise, although this was characterized by an overall higher degree of reliability for all US elementary components compared with the inter-observer evaluation., Conclusions: The results of this multicentre, international, web-based study show a good reliability of the OMERACT US definition of bone erosions, power Doppler signal at the enthesis and enthesophytes/calcifications. The low reliability of entheseal thickening and hypoechoic areas raises questions about the opportunity to revise the definition of these two major components for the US diagnosis of enthesitis., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Rheumatology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

The ability to visualize musculoskeletal structures with high-resolution ultrasound is an asset to understanding the complexity of psoriatic arthritis (PsA). During the 2021 Annual Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA) meeting, 3 topics were presented and discussed in the ultrasound workshop: (1) the progress on the Diagnostic Ultrasound Enthesitis Tool (DUET) project; (2) the sonographic evaluation of joints in PsA-GRAPPA joint project; and (3) extrasynovial lesions in PsA. The ultrasound group aims to develop sonographic tools that are feasible and can be used in standard care to diagnose PsA early. The discussions around these topics will shape the group's work toward developing a composite index to diagnose PsA early., (Copyright © 2022 by The Journal of Rheumatology.)

Objectives: Patient care can vary substantially by country. The objective was to explore differences in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) across countries for disease activity, impact and treatments., Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of 13 countries from the Remission/Flare in PsA study (NCT03119805) of consecutive adult patients with definite PsA was performed. Countries were classified into tertiles by gross domestic product (GDP)/capita. Disease activity (Disease Activity in PsA, DAPSA and Minimal Disease Activity, MDA) and their components, disease impact (patient-reported outcomes) and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) were analysed per country and compared between the three tertiles of GDP/capita by parametric and non-parametric tests. We also explored the percentage of patients with significant disease activity (DAPSA >14) and no ongoing bDMARD prescription., Results: In 439 patients (50.6% male, mean age 52.3 years, mean disease duration 10.1 years), disease activity and disease impact were higher in the lowest GDP/capita countries. DAPSA remission and MDA were attained in the lowest tertile in 7.0% and 18.4% patients, vs 29.1% and 49.5% in the middle tertile and 16.8% and 41.3% in the high tertile, respectively (all p<0.001). bDMARDs use was similar in the tertiles (overall mean 61%). The overall rate of patients with DAPSA >14 and no bDMARDs was 18.5%, and was higher in lower GDP/capita countries (p=0.004)., Conclusion: PsA patients from countries with the lowest GDP/capita, despite similar use of bDMARDs, were more likely to have high disease activity and worse disease impact. There is a need for more equity in healthcare., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.)

Competing Interests: HM-O is supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Biomedical Research Centre. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the UK National Health Service, the NIHR, or the UK Department of Health. HM-O declares grants from Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB; honoraria from AbbVie, Biogen, Celgene, Janssen, Eli-Lilly, Novartis, Takeda, and UCB; and participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Eli-Lilly, Novartis, and UCB. SZA declares honoraria from Abbvie, Celgene, UCB, Novartis, Janssen, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, and Sanofi; research grants from Abbvie, Janssen, Novartis, Eli Lilly, UCB, Pfizer, and Sanofi; and participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Eli-Lilly, Novartis, and UCB.

Objective: To develop best practice statements for the provision of virtual care in adult and pediatric rheumatology for the Canadian Rheumatology Association's (CRA) Telehealth Working Group (TWG)., Methods: Four members of the TWG representing adult, pediatric, university-based, and community rheumatology practices defined the scope of the project. A rapid literature review of existing systematic reviews, policy documents, and published literature and abstracts on the topic was conducted between April and May 2021. The review informed a candidate set of 7 statements and a supporting document. The statements were submitted to a 3-round (R) modified Delphi process with 22 panelists recruited through the CRA and patient advocacy organizations. Panelists rated the importance and feasibility of the statements on a Likert scale of 1-9. Statements with final median ratings between 7-9 with no disagreement were retained in the final set., Results: Twenty-one (95%) panelists participated in R1, 15 (71%) in R2, and 18 (82%) in R3. All but 1 statement met inclusion criteria during R1. Revisions were made to 5/7 statements following R2 and an additional statement was added. All statements met inclusion criteria following R3. The statements addressed the following themes in the provision of virtual care: adherence to existing standards and regulations, appropriateness, consent, physical examination, patient-reported outcomes, use in addition to in-person visits, and complex comanagement of disease., Conclusion: The best practice statements represent a starting point for advancing virtual care in rheumatology. Future educational efforts to help implement these best practices and research to address identified knowledge gaps are planned., (Copyright © 2022 by the Journal of Rheumatology.)

Objectives: The aim of this study is to explore the link between the severity of the joint and entheses involvement in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) using musculoskeletal ultrasound (US)., Methods: PsA patients from two centres in the Psoriatic Arthritis International Database (PsArt-ID) (n=126) underwent an ultrasound assessment of 46 joints and 12 large entheses. The correlation between joint and enthesitis scores on the US was analysed, in addition to the clinical indices versus the US., Results: Grey-scale (GS) synovitis score for the joints was moderately correlated with the total enthesitis score (r=0.410, p<0.001). The Global Outcome Measure in Rheumatology in Clinical Trials-European League Against Rheumatism Synovitis Score (GLOESS) score was also found in correlation with the total enthesitis score (r=0.400, p<0.001). The link between the US and clinical examination findings only showed a poor correlation between swollen joint counts (SJC) and joint-US scores (r=0.298, p=0.001 for GLOESS). Assessment of the entheses on US showed a poor-moderate correlation between the entheseal damage scores and tender joint counts (TJC) (r=0.217, p=0.018) and SJC (r=0.326, p<0.001). In terms of the clinical examination and activity parameters, none of the clinical parameters and acute phase reactants were correlated to Leeds Enthesitis Index., Conclusions: Our study showed a link between the severity of the sonographic findings in the joints and the entheses. Imaging using US to assess enthesitis in clinical trials may improve our understanding on the role of enthesitis in disease pathogenesis.

Objective: To evaluate the added value of whole spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for disease activity assessment in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA)., Method: Spine and sacroiliac joint (SIJ) MRI scans requested by rheumatologists between 2012 and 2018 were screened retrospectively, and patients who had known diagnosis of AS or PsA were included, if the MRI was done for disease activity assessment. All MRI scans were reviewed by two experienced musculoskeletal radiologists independently, blinded to patients' diagnosis and to the other MRI. Comparisons were done for the presence of active and structural lesions. In addition, radiologists were asked to rate for "confidence level for active inflammation related to SpA." Analysis was done using the consensus scores., Results: Ninety patients with known diagnosis of AS (n = 55) or PsA (n = 35) were included. The frequency of active and structural lesions was not significantly different both in AS vs PsA, neither in the cervical/thoracic/lumbar spine or the SIJ. The percentage of people only with any inflammatory changes on the spine MRI without any inflammation in the SIJ MRI was 24% in AS and 23% in PsA. However, considering the confidence level of the radiologists on active inflammation, only one patient's spine MRI was scored as active, while SIJ MRI being negative for inflammation., Conclusions: The spinal MRI had limited added value to the SIJ MRI in SpA, when performed to assess disease activity, limiting its value in routine practice unless clinically indicated. Key Points • Spine MRI adds limited value to SIJs in SpA, when performed for disease activity assessment. • SpA disease activity assessment may be restricted to sacroiliac joint MRI, unless clinically indicated., (© 2021. International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR).)

Objective: To review the evidence surrounding the pathophysiology of enthesitis in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), its prevalence and contribution to the overall disease burden, and response to treatment at axial and peripheral sites., Methods: Literature searches of the Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Embase / Medline using the terms "enthesitis", "enthesopathy", "spondyloarthritis", "axial spondyloarthritis", and "ankylosing spondylitis" were conducted. Publications mentioning enthesitis or enthesopathy in the context of pathophysiology, diagnosis, or treatment were included., Results: Enthesitis is a common symptom of axSpA, occurring with high prevalence at axial and several peripheral sites. Inflammation at the site of enthesis is an early key manifestation of axSpA. Clinically evaluable enthesitis contributes significantly to the burden of disease, correlating with worse symptomatology and downstream structural damage. Despite its importance in driving axSpA disease processes, enthesitis is somewhat neglected in current approaches to disease assessment and management. Enthesitis is excluded from some commonly used disease activity measures, is not routinely assessed in clinical practice, and many methods of clinical assessment omit key accessible axial sites, such as the spinous processes., Conclusion: Enthesitis plays a central role in driving the pathophysiology of axSpA. There is a need for a renewed focus on the early detection, measurement and treatment of enthesitis., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interests DMcG and HM-O are supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Biomedical Research Centre. CC is supported by the Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Versus Arthritis at University College London (UCL) (21593) and NIHR Biomedical Research Centres at both Great Ormond Street Hospital and UCL Hospitals. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the UK National Health Service, the NIHR, or the UK Department of Health. DMcG reports grant/research support from AbbVie, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, and Pfizer outside the submitted work and speaker honoraria from AbbVie, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB outside the submitted work. SZA reports grant/research support from AbbVie and speaker honoraria from AbbVie, Celgene, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi and UCB outside the submitted work. HM-O reports grant/research support from Janssen, Novartis and Pfizer; consultancy for AbbVie, Celgene, Eli-Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, and UCB; and speakers bureau membership for AbbVie, Celgene, Janssen, Eli-Lilly, Novartis, Takeda and UCB. LE reports grant/research support from AbbVie; consultancy for AbbVie and Celgene; speaker honoraria from AbbVie, Amgen, Celgene, and Janssen outside the submitted work. CC reports educational funding from Gilead, Lilly, and Novartis outside the submitted work., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: An estimated 40-50% of patients with psoriasis (PsO) have psoriatic nail disease, which is associated with and directly contributes to a greater clinical burden and worse quality of life in these patients. In this review, we examine how recent advances in the use of new diagnostic techniques have led to improved understanding of the link between nail and musculoskeletal manifestations of psoriatic disease (PsD; e.g., enthesitis, arthritis) and we review targeted therapies for nail PsO (NP)., Methods: We performed a literature search to identify which systemic therapies approved for the treatment of PsO and/or psoriatic arthritis (PsA) have been evaluated for the treatment of NP, either as a primary or secondary outcome. A total of 1546 articles were identified on February18, 2019, and evaluated for relevance., Results: We included findings from 66 articles on systemic therapies for the treatment of NP in PsD. With several scoring systems available for the evaluation of psoriatic nail disease, including varied subtypes and application of the Nail Psoriasis Area Severity Index, there was a high level of methodological heterogeneity across studies., Conclusion: NP is an important predictor of enthesitis, which is associated with the early stages of PsA; therefore, it is important for rheumatologists and dermatologists to accurately diagnose and treat NP to prevent nail damage and potentially delay the onset and progression of joint disease. Further research is needed to address the lack of both standardized NP scoring systems and well-defined treatment guidelines to improve management of PsD., (© 2021 The Journal of Rheumatology.)