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A coaching technique was developed to train drivers in operational safety. First, drivers took part in a self-assessment of their attention characteristics. Drivers were able to identify their weak points in the feedback, and were given the opportunity to think of possible ideas to prevent errors. In order to draw more ideas, group discussions were held. Managers then conducted interviews with their drivers using the coaching technique, and encouraged them to deepen their ideas to prevent errors. The validity of this technique was discussed based on results from follow up questionnaires given to the drivers.

This paper describes the development of an experience-based software program to help prevent human errors in railroad operations. The system uses point and call checks, which involve confirming an action by pointing at the object in question and calling out the state of that object. The program includes five functions comprising point and call checks. Learners were able to experience each error prevention function by going through tasks in the developed software that corresponded to the five functions. The effectiveness of this software in the training for conductors and train operators was evaluated and the respective mean subjective ratings for the five functions in point and call checks before and after training were compared. The findings indicate that the learners were more convinced of the method's effectiveness after the training than before it. Several railroad companies and industrial plants are using the software in their safety training program, and a simplified version is being developed to meet the needs of smaller companies.

意図優位性効果とは，遂行意図を伴った記憶は伴っていない記憶と比較してアクセシビリティが高いことを指す．本研究では，意図優位性効果の生起要因が，遂行を予期したスクリプトの符号化によるものであるのか，実験者からの遂行指示によるものであるのかについて検討するため，三つの実験を行った．被験者はスクリプトを遂行するか，実験者によるスクリプト遂行を観察するかのどちらかが求められた．二つのスクリプトを学習した後，被験者はどちらか一つのスクリプトを観察もしくは遂行することが指示された．その後の語彙判断課題において，遂行スクリプトもしくは観察スクリプトで使用された単語と中性スクリプトで使用された単語の反応時間を比較した．実験1では，遂行を予期させ二つのスクリプトを符号化させた後，実験者が一つのスクリプトに対し遂行指示を行った．実験2では，遂行を予期させ二つのスクリプトを符号化させた後，実験者が一つのスクリプトに対し観察指示を行った．実験3では，観察を予期させ二つのスクリプトを符号化させた後，実験者が一つのスクリプトに対し遂行指示を行った．その結果，実験1と実験3においては意図優位性効果が出現したが，実験2では出現しなかった．以上から，意図優位性効果の出現には実験者からの遂行指示が重要な要因であることが示唆された．

An ability of remembering an intention in an appropriate time is referred to Prospective Memory (PM). PM error occasionally causes fatal errors in various real industries. Therefore, the developing method of preventing PM error is very important. This study was conducted to investigate whether speaking aloud the intention is effective in preventing PM error or not. Speaking aloud is used to prevent forget important plan as RTC in railway industry. Given this fact, to investigate the effect of speaking aloud in preventing PM error is quite matter. In this experiment, the delay-execute paradigm was used, in which some interrupting tasks were involved. Some participates used speaking aloud technique and the other did not. As a result, speaking aloud decreased prospective performance surprisingly. One reason of it could be that participants committed to speaking aloud itself rather than put the PM task in their mind.

The thermoluminescence (TL) spectra and first TL glow growth of a calcite shell of Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) in the Ostreidae family (abbreviated to gigas) are investigated. It is found that these TL characteristics are the same as those of the Pectinidae family, and that TL dating is feasible for fossil gigas.