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Sediments provide valuable information for geologists and geophysicists whenever they strive to understand, and reproduce, the geological evolution, lithology, rock properties, seismic response, and geohazards of a region. The analysis of sedimentary sequences is thus useful to the interpretation of depositional environments, sea-level change, climate change, and to a recognition of the sediments’ source areas, amongst other aspects. By integrating sedimentary data in geophysical modelling, such interpretations are improved in terms of their accuracy and reliability. To help our further understanding of Iberia’s geological evolution, geological resources and geohazards, this work presents to the scientific community the SedDARE-IB data repository. SedDARE-IB includes data on onshore basins as varied as the foreland basins of the Pyrenean-Cantabrian (Ebro and Duero basins) and Betic Cordillera (Guadalquivir Basin), the Lusitanian and Lower Tagus basins, and many other small basins. Offshore, SedDARE-IB comprises sedimentary data from the Atlantic Margin (Alentejo, Peniche, Northern Lusitanian Basin and deep offshore depocentres), the Gulf of Cadiz region (Algarve Basin and its surroundings) and the base of the Cenozoic marker for the Western Mediterranean Neogene basins, e.g., Valencia Trough and Alboran Basin, also comprising the acoustic basement for the rest of the Western Mediterranean region. SedDARE-IB database has been built thanks to a Portuguese-Spanish collaboration promoting open data exchange among institutions and research groups.

The Geosciences for a Sustainable Planet network is an initiative reinforced by the recent integration of the Spanish Geological Survey (IGME) and the Oceanographic Spanish Institute (IEO) within the Spanish Scientific Research Council (CSIC). The network is aimed to provide Geosciences in Spain with a collaborative framework, to maximize synergies and address sustainability and future challenges with a planetary perspective. The network shares the strategic vision for the study and care of planet Earth as the only home available for our future, as embraced by many international organizations (e. g. the European Geosciences Union (EGU), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), and the European Marine Board (EMB)). In Spain, Geosciences have played a fundamental role in properly assessing, managing, and seeking solutions for several natural and anthropogenic crises, e.g. the oil spill after the sinking of the Prestige petroleum vessel, the dumping of toxic mine sludge in Aznalcóllar, the eruption of the Cumbre Vieja volcano in La Palma island, the 2011 earthquake of Lorca, the environmental collapse of the Mar Menor oastal lagoon, or the decline in the groundwaters of Doñana National Park. Geoscientists have engaged as first responders with government agencies in emergency situations. Besides, geosciences is providing essential knowledge for public administration, as well as energy and mineral resources companies, water supply, contamination and waste elimination and reuse, and adaptation to geological and natural hazards. The network will enhance the capacity of the CSIC to respond to both, societal and public administration demands. Geosciences also provide the temporal and spatial scale to place current climate and environmental crises in the appropriate context. The network will implement outreach activities to illustrate the interactions of surface processes and biosphere with climatic fluctuations, atmosphe

The Pyrenees constitute a natural laboratory where hundreds of geological and geophysical data have been acquired during the last decades. It represents a roughly E-W oriented doubly vergent orogen formed during the Alpine Orogeny. Deep seismic reflection data obtained during the 80s revealed its crustal architecture that resulted from the subduction of the Iberian plate under the European lithosphere at its central part. In this work we applied seismic interferometry to the same passive dataset through two different techniques aiming to construct two independent images of the Central Pyrenean lithosphere, to enhance the current knowledge of the area. The main objectives are to compare them and correlate the obtained results with previous data. Data were acquired within the IMAGYN project along a NE-SW 70 km-long profile extending from the Southern Pyrenees (Pedraforca and Cadí Units, northern Iberia) to the northern part of the Axial Zone, close to Ax-les-Thermes (France). Data came from three to five months of continuous recording from an almost linear array of 43 seismic stations (being 17 and 26 broadband and short-period stations, respectively). The two applied techniques are (1) the global-phase seismic interferometry (GloPSI), using continuous recordings of teleseismic (30¿ < epicentral distance < 95¿) and global earthquakes (> 120¿ epicentral distance), and (2) the use of continuous ambient seismic noise recordings through autocorrelation. Despite both methods rely on different energy sources, they are complementary and use static receivers. In the first method (GloPSI), we extracted global phases (PKP, PKiKP and PKIKP) and their reverberations within the lithosphere. The selected phases were autocorrelated and stacked to construct a high-resolution pseudo zero-offset reflection image. The second approach provided an approximation to the zero-offset reflection response of a single station. Results reveal features that can be correlated in both reflection ima

[EN] The Cerdanya Neogene basin, located in the eastern sector of the Central Pyrenees, has been studied to characterize its structure in depth. The thickness of the Neogene filling of the basin (detrital materials with some levels of lignite) has been inferred by combining different geophysical exploration methods in a NW-SE trending profile that crosses, perpendicularly, the basin in its central part: passive seismic (H/V spectral ratio method and array technique), electromagnetic methods (MT and AMT) and gravimetry. Applying the array technique, the shear wave velocity (Vs) of the basin materials has been calculated, both for the Neogene deposits and the bedrock. These data combined with the results obtained from the H/V spectral ratio method allow deriving the bedrock geometry. The electromagnetic method provides the 2D electrical resistivity model, characterizing the geoelectric properties of the basin and depicting the presence of the d'Alp-la Tet fault, an important structural element of the basin. The electrical model inversion uses as an initial model the bedrock depth obtained from the passive seismic. In the residual Bouguer anomaly modelling, a satisfactory gravimetric model is obtained when the thickness of the Neogene deposits varies between 0 and 650 meters and assigned density of 2.2 g/cm3 , supported by the low Vs obtained. The thickness of the Neogene filling presents variations that are related to the presence of normal fault with small vertical offset. The application of this methodology, based on the combination of different geophysical exploration methods, has reduced the different uncertainties inherent in each geophysical method, and aim to characterize the Cerdanya Neogene basin geometry.

[EN] One of the goals of the IMAGYN project is to obtain a high-resolution imaging of the crustal-scale of the Central Pyrenees by integrating geophysical and geological data. The subsurface structure and geodynamic evolution of the study area, a sector with scarce seismic reflection and/or wells, will be defined combining (1) gravity, (2) magnetics, (3) magnetotelluric, (4) passive seismic and (5) analysis of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility. This project spans from September 2021 to August 2025

[EN] The geophysics line at the IGME began in 1927 as a Geophysics Sectiondedicated to subsurface exploration. During all this time, it has been developed in order to support and give expert service in all IGME’s activities both as a geological service and public research institution, as well as a research and development work itself. On the other hand, in recent years the IGME has promoted a line of research aimed at the characterization and 3D modeling of geological structures and formations, the development of dedicated software and the evolution and sophistication of computer equipment. The new scenario of incorporation of the IGME to the CSIC as a national reference center in the field of Earth Sciences has allowed the establishment of the GEOFSUB Research Group (Subsurface Geophysics and Geology). It is constituted by 21 members who had been collaborating regularly of the IGME former scientific-technic areas Geophysics and remote sensing (Área de Geofísica y Teledetección) and Subsurface geology and 3D geological modelling (Área de Geología del Subsuelo y Modelización Geológica 3D). Our main differentiating element is our extensive knowledge of geophysical and geological techniques, which allows us to characterize the subsoil in an optimal wa

[EN] The pilotSTRATEGY (2021-2026) is investigating geological CO2 storage sites in industrial regions to support development of large-scale carbon capture and storage (CCS). It is focused on deep saline aquifers–porous rock formations filled with brine several kilometres below ground – which promise a large capacity for storing captured CO2. The goal of the characterisation is to assess the site’s containment, injectivity, capacity, integrity, hydrodynamics, and monitorability in order to ensure safe and permanent storage of CO2. PilotSTRATEGY covers the initial stages of project development up to the pre-final investment decision (pre-FID), regulatory approval and permitting of storage, and applied on selected structures of Paris Basin in France, the Lusitanian Basin in Portugal and the Ebro Basin in Spain, and in lower detail, in West Macedonia in Greece and Upper Silesia in Poland.

This article is composed of three independent commentaries about the state of Integrated, Coordinated, Open, Networked (ICON) principles (Goldman et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10508554.1) in the Geomagnetism, Paleomagnetism, and Electromagnetism (GPE) section and discussion on the opportunities and challenges of adopting them. Each commentary focuses on a different topic: Global collaboration, reproducibility, data sharing and infrastructure; Inclusive equitable, and accessible science: Involvement, challenges, and support of early career, BIPOC, women, LGBTQIA+, and/or disabled researchers; Community engagement, citizen science, education, and stakeholder involvement. Data sharing practices and open repository use still varies strongly between GPE communities. Some have a long tradition of data sharing; others are only starting it. Globally, GPE leadership is strongly dominated by white males and diversity may increase through the creation of Science Equality Commissions. Improved global stakeholder involvement can increase research impacts and help fight inequalities. In all investigated topics we see promising beginnings but also recognize obstacles that include a lack of funding, a lack of understanding of diversity, and prioritizing short-term gain over long-term benefit. Nonetheless, we are hopeful that our community will embrace ICON science

Underground gas storage is one of the solutions required for reducing CO2 emissions and ensure the transition to a renewable power supply. The Hontomín pilot-plant in N-Spain is a well-studied CO2 facility located in the Burgalesa Platform, a fold belt in the Southern Basque-Cantabrian Basin. Previous works agree that crustal extension and evaporite migration controlled the subsidence in the area. The discrepancies lie in the salt expulsion models proposed during syn-rift and post-rift stages and the basin deformation during Cenozoic contraction. The models range from thin-skinned tectonics, basement-involved thrusting, strike-slip faulting, and interference between thick- and thin-skinned thrusting with lateral extrusion. There is multiple working hypothesis often with contradictory predictions of the underground structure. Understanding these structural styles is critical for identify the main salt structures suitable for gas storage in the Burgalesa Platform. We integrate multidisciplinary data from 2D seismic to wellbore, gravity and field data, allowing us to construct three restored cross-sections that illustrate the process of progradational loading and salt expulsion towards the SW during the Early Cretaceous, which led to the development of the Hontomín and other trap structures within the salt overburden. Differential loading occurred diachronously along strike during the Cenozoic, younging to the SE by evacuation of the remaining salt, which caused diapirism and salt welding. We found that most of the structures in the cover were formed by salt migration, whereas Cenozoic shortening caused the rejuvenation of salt-structures and local diapir squeezing. Shortening in the basement is consumed in the frontal thrust that overrides the Duero foreland and in the partial reactivation of the former Mesozoic transfer faults as transpressional faults. The results of this work have implications for a further understanding of the tectonic evolution of the external ar

A new continuous GPS network was installed under the umbrella of a research project called "Geociencias en Iberia: Estudios integrados de topografia y evolucin 4D (Topo-Iberia)", to improve understanding of kinematic behavior of the Iberian Peninsula region. Here we present a velocity field based on the analysis of the 4 years of data from 25 stations constituting the network, which were analyzed by three different analysis groups contributing to the project. Different geodetic software packages (GIPSY-OASIS, Bernese and GAMIT) as well as different approaches were used to estimate rates of present day crustal deformation in the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco. In order to ensure the consistency of the velocity fields determined by the three groups, the velocities obtained by each analysis center were transformed into a common Eurasia Reference Frame. After that, the strain rate field was calculated. The results put in evidence more prominent residual motions in Morocco and southernmost part of the Iberian Peninsula. In particular, the dilatation and shear strain rates reach their maximum values in the Central Betics and northern Alboran Sea. A small region of high shear strain rate is observed in the east-central part of the peninsula and another deformation focus is located around the Strait of Gibraltar and the Gulf of Cadiz., Spanish Government, Unidad Deptal. de Astronomía y Geodesia, Fac. de Ciencias Matemáticas, TRUE, pub

[EN] This work integrates geological, geophysical and petrophysical data in order to study residual Bouguer anomalies localized in the Central Pyrenean Axial Zone (between the Noguera-Ribagorzana and Segre rivers to the West and East, respectively). The study area is characterized by thrust sheets of basement Paleozoic rocks forming an antiformal stack and southwards vergence due to the Alpine orogeny, high structural complexity related to the Variscan and Alpine deformation and scarce subsurface data. The Paleozoic rocks present a high variability both in lithology and age. The geological data are based on published geological cartographies and new acquired data, the gravimetric data consist of previous and new data acquired during the 2018 and 2019 (reaching a total of 3590 gravity stations) and the petrophysical data correspond to 526 density measurements. The Bouguer anomaly map of the study area shows a longwave relative minimum (~40 km) with several relative maxima and minima of short- and medium wave (between 2 and 20 km). The residual anomaly map, which allows to investigate the gravimetric anomalies that originated in the upper crust, shows a complex pattern of maxima and minima that does not follow the N110E Pyrenean main direction. Six NNESSO geological cross sections were gravimetrically modeled. The observed gravity response along the cross sections varies according to lithological and rheological changes in the upper crustal rocks, presence of evaporitic rocks both at surface and subsurface, presence of Upper Carboniferous granites, Ordovician gneisses and Neogene rocks belonging to the Cerdanya basin and rocks with different metamorphic grade. Our results also allow to delineate the lateral continuity of structures. This work highlights, in absence of other more resolute geophysical data, the high potential and applicability of gravity data acquired in structurally complex areas when combining with geological and petrophysical data in order to constra

Upon shortening, salt distribution determines the formation of salients and reentrants in fold-and-thrust belts. Such distribution is controlled by the original sedimentary architecture of the salt basin and subsequent post-sedimentary salt tectonics. In the Southern Pyrenees, the South Pyrenean Central Salient detaches on Triassic evaporites (the regional décollement of the Pyrenees) and stands as a prominent feature bounded, to the north and to the south, by diapiric provinces. Despite its subsurface geometry has been characterized by 2D reflection seismic profiles and exploration wells, an accurate image of the distribution at depth of the Triassic evaporites remains unsolved. In this work, we present an updated observed residual gravity anomaly map of the South Pyrenean Central Salient together with three gravity-validated cross-sections that give structural meaning to gravity anomalies and therefore yields a further interpretation of them helping to interpret those areas lacking seismic images. Middle-Upper Triassic salt accumulations dominate in the western half of the South Pyrenean Central Salient. To the northwest, a prominent accumulation of Triassic evaporites is likely associated with an inherited accumulation predating the Pyrenean orogeny and associated with extensional to gravity-driven salt tectonics during the rift and post-rift stages. To the South, Triassic rocks core salt-detached anticlines. Along the southernmost (and youngest) thrust sheet of the salient, diapirs and evaporite accumulations are associated to an inflated area resulting from the north-coming migration of evaporites during the middle to late stages of the Pyrenean orogeny.

One of the main challenges facing geological storage is to identify cost-effective methodologicalworkflows for characterizing and monitoring geological storage sites. In the framework of the ALGECO2 pro-ject, led by the IGME (Geological and Mining Institute, Spain), a preliminary study of the Lopín site in the NEof Spain indicated conditions were promising for geological storage of CO2. However, the poor quality of thelegacy seismic reflection data precluded thorough characterization. Within the H2020 PilotSTRATEGY pro-ject, one of the possible selected target reservoirs was the Lopín structure. In order to characterize its geometryand physical properties as required to properly evaluate its storage potential, IGME applied a new emergingmethodology that integrates reinterpreted reflection seismic data with newly acquired and interpreted gravity,passive seismic and petrophysical data. This methodology was successfully applied along one seismic profile. Inthis paper, we present the results of this integration as thefirst step towards characterizing the site and evaluatingits suitability for storage.

The Pyrenees have undergone complex geodynamic evolution starting with experiencing significant tectonic events during the Variscan Orogeny, followed by the intrusion of large granitic complexes during the late Variscan stage, then the collision between the Iberian and European plates during the Alpine Orogeny, and finally, Mesozoic extension. Despite extensive studies and the application of various geophysical methods (two-dimensional seismic reflection data, gravity, and long period magnetotellurics) to investigate the Pyrenean structure, there are still fundamental questions regarding its basement and cover architecture. Specifically, the geometry at depth of significant bodies such as the Late Variscan intrusive granites and Triassic evaporitic accumulations, remains unclear. To better understand these issues, we have conducted joint magnetotelluric and gravity surveys along a 60-km-long transect, spanning the boundary between the Axial and South Pyrenean Zones. Our final geological interpretation shows that the La Maladeta batholith consists of two distinct granitic bodies related to different intrusive pulses. In addition, we identify important Triassic evaporitic accumulations at depth. This work shows the high potential of integrating two geophysical models for understanding the geological evolution of structurally complex areas. The magnetotelluric and gravity data are complementary, with each dataset providing a different resolution for investigating the basement and cover architecture of the Pyrenees. These resolutions depend on the varied petrophysical properties of the rocks involved, including water content and deformation grade.