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The preparation of adsorbents plays a vital part in the adsorption method. In particular, many adsorbents with high specific surface areas and unique shapes are essential for the adsorption strategy. In this study, a Zn-Mg-Al/layer double hydroxide (LDH) had been designed via a facile co-precipitation process. Adsorbent based on Zn-Mg-Al/LDH was utilized to remove crystal violet (CV) from the wastewater. The impacts of the initial dye concentration, pH, and temperature on CV adsorption performance were systematically examined. The adsorbents were analyzed both before and after adsorption using FTIR, XRD, and SEM. The roughness parameters and surface morphologies of the produced LDH were estimated using 3D SEM images. Under the best conditions (dose of adsorbent = 0.07 g and pH = 9), the maximum adsorption capacity has been achieved. Adsorption kinetics studies revealed that the reaction that led to the adsorption of CV dye onto Zn-Mg-Al/LDH was a pseudo-second-order model. Additionally, intraparticle diffusion suggests that Zn-Mg-Al/LDH has fast diffusion constant for CV molecules (0.251 mg/(g.min1/2)). Furthermore, as predicted by the Langmuir model, the maximal Zn-Mg-Al/LDH adsorption capacity of CV was 64.80 mg/g. The CV adsorption equilibrium parameter (RL) onto Zn-Mg-Al/LDH was 0.769, indicating that adsorption was favorable. The effect of temperature was performed at 25, 35, and 45 oC in order to establish the thermodynamic parameters ∆Ho, ∆So, and ∆Go. The computed values indicated exothermic and spontaneous adsorption processes. The study presented here might be used to develop new adsorbents with enhanced adsorption capabilities for the purpose of protecting the environment of water. ‎

Kaolinite nanotube particles (KNTs) were synthesized by a chemical exfoliation and scrolling process in the existence of sonication waves. The KNT product was identified as a mesoporous material (12 nm in pore diameter) with high surface area (105 m2/g) and promising adsorption affinity for the levofloxacin antibiotic (LVOX) residuals in wastewater. The KNT particles were used as a fixed bed in the continuous adsorption column system for LVOX considering the essential variables. The investigation of the KNT fixed bed in a continuous column for 1800 min verified its suitability to reduce the LVOX content in 9 L of polluted solutions by 80.4%. This was recognized after using the KNT bed of 4 cm in height, a flow rate of 5 mL/min, a pH value of 8, a total flow interval of 1800 min, and an LVOX concentration of 10 mg/L. The regeneration study of the bed declared effective recyclability properties for the KNT particles in the LVOX adsorption column system. The dynamic properties of the KNT bed-based column system were explained based on Thomas, Adams–Bohart, and the Yoon–Nelson kinetic models. The LVOX adsorption reaction by KNTs follows Langmuir behavior with homogeneous and monolayer uptake form. The Gaussian energy (2.05 kJ/mol) and the thermodynamic parameters emphasized physical, spontaneous, and exothermic adsorption reactions for LVOX by KNTs.

Kaolinite layers were exfoliated as single sheets and admixed with cellulose fibers, forming an advanced exfoliated kaolinite/cellulose fiber (EXK/CF) composite, which was characterized as a promising carrier for the oxaliplatin (OL) drug to induce safety as well as the therapeutic effect. The EXK/CF composite exhibited promising loading capacity and achieved an experimental value of 670 mg/g and an expected theoretical value of 704.4 mg/g. The loading behavior of OL using the EXK/CF composite followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model and the Langmuir equilibrium model, achieving an adsorption energy of 7.7 kJ/mol. This suggested physisorption and homogeneous loading behavior of the OL molecules in a monolayer form. The release profile of OL from EXK/CF continued for about 100 h with maximum release percentages of 86.4 and 95.2% in the phosphate and acetate buffers, respectively. The determined diffusion exponent from the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model suggested non-Fickian transport behavior of the OL molecules and releasing behavior controlled by erosion as well as diffusion mechanisms. Regarding the cytotoxic effect, the EXK/CF composite has a high safety impact on the normal colorectal cells (CCD-18Co) and higher toxic impacts on the colorectal cancer cell (HCT116) than the free oxaliplatin drug.

INTRODUCTION: Depression is one of the most prevalent psychological disorders. It affects all body systems including endocrinal,neurological and immune system. Additionally, it is thought to affect bone homeostasis. Antidepressants are the most commonly prescribeddrugs. They are classified into tricyclic and tetra cyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and selectiveserotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Fluoxetine, which is a selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor, is used for the treatment of depression byselectively acting on serotonin (5-HT). Fluoxetine plays a major role in bone apposition and in maintaining the bone homeostasis.OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (fluoxetine) on the structure of alveolar bone in rats withinduced depression.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty adult male rats were divided as follows: Group I: (control group) which consists of 10 rats, Group II: (depression group) 10 rats were exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) to induce depression, Group III: (fluoxetine group) 10 ratswere exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) to induce depression and at the same time they were orally supplied with 10 mg/kg/day offluoxetine. After 3 months, the mandibles were dissected out and prepared for histological analysis using light microscope, scanning electronmicroscope (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis (EDX).RESULTS: In the control group, the alveolar bone surface showed a regular and smooth outline. In the depression group, there was a significantdisturbance in the bone architecture. The bone surface showed an irregular outline with multiple osteoclasts lying in How ship's lacunae. Deeplystained incremental lines were also evident. In the fluoxetine group, the bone surface restored its regular outline with multiple osteoblasts andosteocytes. The bone showed incremental lines indicating bone formation.CONCLUSIONS: Depression can lead to bone loss and osteoporosis. Fluoxetine is an effective drug in enhancing the bone condition andrestoring the normal architecture of the alveolar bone.

The presented study involved detail investigation for the adsorption properties of three types of natural zeolite (heulandite, clinoptilolite, and phillipsite). The studied zeolite samples were described based on the structural features from the XRD patterns and the surficial morphologies from SEM images. The selected zeolite minerals were applied as adsorbents in the decolorization of safranin-T dye from water. The estimated uptake capacities for safranin revealed the higher capacity of heulandite than clinoptilolite and Phillipsite (heulandite>clinoptilolite>phillipsite). As per the kinetic studies, 240min was detected as the decolorization equilibrium of safranin by heulandite and clinoptilolite; and 480min for phillipsite zeolite. The decolorization mechanisms were classified as chemical processes and represented strongly by Lagergren assumption and Elovich model. Monolayer adsorption form was suggested for the uptake by heulandite and clinoptilolite (Langmuir); and multilayer form was predicted for phillipsite (Freundlich). Neutral to alkaline environment was detected to be the best medium for considerable removal of safranin. Natural zeolite minerals also were applied effectively in safarnin decontamination from raw water and showed effective values in the decolorization of other types of dyes.

This paper aims to evaluate and upgrade the quality of quartz mining by-products through acid leaching process. The quartz samples were collected as gold mine by-products from El Sid- Fawakhir gold mine, Qift-Quseir, Eastern Desert, Egypt and characterized using XRF and polarized transmitted optical microscope. The present magnetic mineral impurities were detected using Frantz Isodynamic Tester. Suitability of acid leaching utilizing oxalic acid as an efficient technique for considerable reduction of the associated impurities was evaluated based on Response Surface methodology and face centered central composite design (CCD). The quartz sample was classified as low-quality quartz with low silica content (99.3%) which can’t match the requirements of wide range of applications. The main detected impurities are muscovite, biotite, sericite, pyrite and iron oxide. The present magnetic impurities represent about 2.72% of the total sample. The leaching process at the optimum conditions of temperature, time and oxalic acid concentration removes $\sim $ 36% of the iron. This associated with a clear reduction of other magnetic impurities and noticeable enhancing in the silica content to about 99.56%. Magnetic purification followed by oxalic acid leaching for the quartz samples give better results as the iron content was reduced to about 0.001% and the silica content increased to about 99.9% which match the specifications of most of the typical high technical applications.

Mesoporous graphitic carbon (PG) was successfully synthesized from alkaline treated rice husk ash through chemical activation by phosphoric acid at 800 °C for 1 h and modified by nitric acid to produce porous graphite with nitrogen functional group (N.PG). The morphology and structure of N.PGC were characterized by XRD, SEM and Micromeritics ASAP2010 analyzer at 77 K. N.PG was applied as an adsorbent material for safranin-O dye from aqueous solution. The removal of safranin dye by the synthetic porous graphite with nitrogen functional groups shows higher capacity as compared to the pure phase of porous graphite. The adsorption process was investigated as a function of contact time, adsorbent mass, pH, initial dye concentration and ionic strength. The kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption equilibrium was reached after 480 min and the obtained data well fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Elovich kinetic model. The equilibrium adsorption isotherm of safranin by the synthetic N.PG was described with Langmuir isotherm model, and the calculated qmax is 20.66 mg/g. The removal process is highly dependent on the pH value of the solution, and the optimum pH for maximum removal of safranin-O is pH 6. The response surface methodology in conjunction with the central composite rotatable design was used to optimize the sorption process. From the second order polynomial model, the predicted optimum conditions for maximum removal of safranin (100%) are 365 min contact time, 0.3 g dose, 5 g/l NaCl and pH 6 at initial concentration 127 mg/l.

Novel green nanocomposite from mesoporous MCM-41 and Co

Pieces of glass as solid wastes were recycled in the synthesis of highly order MCM-41 that decorated by green fabricated Co

A series of Cu(II) complexes of azo dye ligands 4-(4-hydroxy-5-(aryldiazenyl)-2-thioxothiazol-3(2H)-yl)benzenesulfonamide (HLn) were synthesized by the coupling of 3-sulfamoylphenylrhodanine with aniline and its p-derivatives. These ligands and their [Cu(Ln)(CH3COO)(OH2)]H2O complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, IR, 1H NMR, UV–Visible and magnetic measurements as well as thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction. The molar conductance measurements proved that all the complexes are non-electrolytes. IR spectra showed that the ligands (HLn) acts as a monobasic bidentate ligand by coordinating via the nitrogen atom of the azo group (–N N–) and oxygen atom of the deprotonated –OH group moiety, thereby forming a six-membered chelating ring and concomitant formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond. Spectral studies revealed that the ligand exist in an internally hydrogen bonded azo-enol form rather than the keto-hydrazone form a coordinated to the metal ion in a bidentate fashion. Analytical data revealed that all the complexes exhibited 1:1 metal-ligand ratio. Based on the ESR and electronic spectral data, the bonding parameters of these complexes have been calculated. The thermodynamic parameters of the ligands (HLn) and their Cu(II) complexes are calculated using Coats–Redfern and Horowitz-Metzger methods. The antimicrobial activities of ligands were tested against gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and fungal (Candida albicans). The cytotoxic activity of ligands (HLn) was tested against two human cancer HePG-2 (Hepatocellular carcinoma) and MCF-7 (breast cancer). The antioxidant activities of ligands (HLn) were performed by ABTS method.

Exfoliated bentonite/cellulose nanocomposite was synthesized as a carrier for Oxaliplatin drug. The composite is of 587.4 mg g−1 loading capacity and the loading mechanism fitted with Pseudo-first order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models. The composite shows continuous and slow release profile for 100 h with 83.3% (pH 5.5) and 93.4% (pH 7.4) as maximum releasing percentages. The diffusion exponents from the kinetic models (0.58 (pH 7.4) and 0.79 (pH 5.5)) suggested erosion and diffusion release mechanisms. The composite is of 94.3% cell viability for the normal cells and 23% for the colorectal cancer cells.

MgO/CaO nanorods (MgO/CaO NRs) were synthesized using a diatomite substrate under the microwave irradiation. The synthesized composite exhibits well-developed rod-like morphology with 112.8 m2/g BET surface area. The synthetic MgO/CaO NRs were evaluated as a potential catalyst in the transesterification of non-edible castor oil into biodiesel. The catalyst achieved stunning catalytic performance with biodiesel yield of 96.2 % within 70 min using 6 wt.,% of it as loading value after fixing the temperature at 70 °C and the ethanol-to-the used castor oil molar ratio at 15:1 by normal mixing. The sonication effect resulted in an enhancement in the yield to about 98.8 % after 60 min only and reduced the required ethanol, catalyst dosage and temperature. The characterization of the resulted castor oil-based biodiesel by the two mixing technique is of strong matching with the qualifications of EN 14214 as well as the ASTM D-6571 international standards of biodiesel.

Novel green nanocomposite from mesoporous MCM-41 and Co3O4 was synthesized from rice husk based silica gel and using the green extract of Peach leaves as reducing reagent. The composite was labeled as RH-MCM-41/Co3O4 and characterized by different techniques as green photocatalyst in the degradation of Acephate pesticide under visible light illumination. The composite showed well developed spherical MCM-41 particles decorated by nano Co3O4 nanoparticles with stunning surface area and low bandgap energy (1.51 eV). The composite displayed superior photocatalytic activities in the oxidation of Acephate which reflected in a complete degradation of different concentrations of it after 40 min (50 mg/L), 60 min (100 mg/L), 100 min (150 mg/L) and 140 min (200 mg/L) using 0.25 g of the composite. The complete removal of the present TOC for treatment of 100 mg/L acephate was achieved using 0.25 g after 70 min reflecting the formation of intermediate compounds during the oxidation steps. The reported intermediate compounds are CH3C(O)NH2, CH3O(CH3S)P(O)NH2, (CH3O)2P(O)SCH3, CH3OP(O)(OH)2, CH3SS(O)2CH3, and (COOH)2. All the formed intermediate compounds were degraded under the visible light photocatalytic activity of RH-MCM-41/Co3O4 into NO3-, SO42-, PO43-, and CO2 as final products.

Advanced nanocomposite from silica-fume based MCM-41 and cobalt oxide (Co3O4/SF-MCM-41) which precipitated by green techniques in the presences of Pomegranate leaves extract as reducing reagent. The formation of the Co3O4/SF-MCM-41composite was confirmed by different studied analytic techniques and applied as novel photocatalyst in the visible light oxidation of Omethoate pesticide. The composite is of stunning surface area (742 m2/g) and low band gap energy value (1.53 eV) which giving it promising photocatalytic performances. It showed highly effective photocatalytic activity which reflected in a complete degradation of 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 150 mg/L, 200 mg/L and 250 mg/L of Omethoate after 30 min, 50 min, 80 min, 100 min, and 120 min, respectively using 0.25 g of Co3O4/SF-MCM-41. This associated with complete degradation of the detected TOC content within the same time intervals. The detected intermediate organic materials of (CH3O)3P(O), (CH3O)2P(O)SCH3, CH3NHC(O)CH2SH, CH3NHC(O)CH2SCH3, and NH2C(O)CH2SCH3 were identified as oxidizing products during the degradation steps and all of them were converted into NO3−, SO42-, PO43-, and CO2 as final products. The composite is of reusability value and the hydroxyl radicals were identified as the controlling radicals during the oxidation process.

Pieces of glass as solid wastes were recycled in the synthesis of highly order MCM-41 that decorated by green fabricated Co3O4 nanoparticles using the green extract of green tea leaves forming novel green nano-composite. The synthetic Co3O4/MCM-41 exhibit high surface area, low bandgap energy (1.63 eV), and typical spherical morphology decorated by Co3O4 nanoparticles. The composite was evaluated as green photocatalyst in effective oxidation of methyl parathion pesticide in the presence of a visible light source. The degradation results revealed complete removal of 50 mg/L and 100 mg/L after 60 min and 90 min, respectively using 0.25 of the catalyst at pH 8. The detection of the TOC in the treated methyl parathion solution gives strong indications about the formation of organic intermediate compounds during the oxidation steps. The main detected intermediate compound are C6H5OH(NO2), C6H5OH, (CH3O)3P(S), C6H4(OH)2, C6H3(OH)3, C6H4(NH2)OP(O)(OCH3)2, (CH3O)2P(O)OH, (CH2)2C(OH)OH(CHO)OC(O), and HO2C(CH2)2C(O)CHO. The detected intermediate compounds converted into SO42−, PO43−, NO3−, and CO2 under the extensive photocatalytic of them over Co3O4/MCM-41. The oxidizing species trapping test verified the controlling of the methyl parathion degradation pathway by the hydroxyl radicals. Finally, the composite showed significant reusability properties and applied five times in the oxidation of methyl parathion with considerable degradation percentages.

A new series of azo dye ligands 4-(4-hydroxy-5-(aryldiazenyl)-2-thioxothiazol-3(2H)-yl)benzenesulfonamide (HL n ) were synthesized by the coupling of 3-sulfamoylphenylrhodanine with aniline and its p -derivatives. These ligands and their Ru(III) complexes of the type trans -[Ru(L n ) 2 (bipy)]Cl were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1 H NMR and UV–Visible spectra as well as magnetic and thermal measurements. The molar conductance measurements proved that all the complexes are electrolytes. IR spectra show that the ligands (HL n ) act as a monobasic bidentate ligand by coordinating via the nitrogen atom of the azo group ( N N-) and oxygen atom of the deprotonated OH group of the rhodanine moiety, thereby forming a six-membered chelating ring and concomitant formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond. The molecular and electronic structures of the ligands (HL n ) were also studied using quantum chemical calculations. The calf thymus DNA binding activity of the ligands (HL n ) was studied by absorption spectra measurements. The Ru(III) complexes were tested as a catalysts for the dehydrogenation of benzylamine to benzonitrile with N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide as co-oxidant at room temperature.

The aim of this paper is to characterize and evaluate newly discovered bentonite deposits in Egypt for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications as well as its suitability as carrier for Praziquantel drug. The study was performed for the raw bentonite sample, purified bentonite sample and alkali activated purified bentonite sample. The raw bentonite sample composed mainly of montmorillonite contaminated by little amounts of quartz and calcite, while the purified sample composed of montmorillonite without detected mineral impurities and matches the mineralogical properties of Wyoming bentonite as an international standard. Geochemically, the studied raw and purified samples appear to high purity with a chemical composition close to those of Wyoming bentonite and match the pharmacopeia specifications. The chemical properties in addition to the textural properties of the surface area, porosity, particle size distribution qualify the bentonite products to use as a function in powder, emulsion and creams. Investigation of pharmacopeia properties of pH, sedimentation volume and swelling capacity revealed the suitability of the raw and purified samples for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. Moreover, the microbiological tests indicated that the samples free from harmful microbial pathogens. At the optimum conditions of time (240 min), bentonite dose (250 mg) and reaction temperature (60 °C), the obtained encapsulation percentages of Praziquantel drug are 62%, 78.4% and 93.2% for raw bentonite, purified and alkali activated bentonite, respectively. The releasing percentage of the drug using an intestinal buffer at pH 7.4 is more efficient and the maximum obtained values were obtained after 420 min. The obtained releasing values are 71%, 79.2% and 87.4% for raw bentonite, purified bentonite and alkali activated bentonite, respectively