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Purpose To investigate the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and long-term prognosis of bronchial artery aneurysm (BAA) following bronchial artery embolization (BAE). Materials and Methods The medical records of consecutive patients who underwent bronchial artery angiography between August 2013 to December 2019 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients who were diagnosed with BAA during this period were enrolled in this study. The prevalence, patients’ characteristics, symptoms, comorbidities, angiographic findings, and long-term prognosis following BAE were investigated. Results BAA was observed in 20 out of 508 patients who underwent bronchial artery angiography (3.9%). The patients’ median age was 69 years (range 44–91). The main causes of BAA were cryptogenic, bronchiectasis/cystic fibrosis, and pulmonary aspergillosis. The median diameter of the ruptured BAAs was significantly smaller than that of the unruptured BAAs [5.4 mm (4.8–7.3 mm) versus 9.0 mm (7.2–13.9 mm), p = 0.009]. All patients were successfully treated with BAE without major adverse events. The median follow-up period after BAE was 970 (quartiles: 561-1796) days. The BAA-related survival rate was 100% at 2 and 3 years after BAE, and the overall survival rate after BAE was 89.2% (95% CI: 89.0–89.3) at 2 years and 74.3% (95% CI, 74.0–74.5) at 3 years. BAA related adverse events and mortality did not occur during the follow up period. Conclusion BAA was observed in 3.9 % (20/508) of patients who underwent bronchial artery angiography. All patients with BAA were successfully treated by BAE. BAA rupture and consequent mortality did not occur during follow up period.

Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica is a rare benign condition in which multiple cartilaginous or bony submucosal nodules project into the trachea or bronchi. A 71-year-old man complained of cough for 3 months. Computed tomography scanning revealed a calcified tracheal tumor near the tracheal bifurcation. Pulmonary function testing indicated airflow limitation, and bronchoscopic examination confirmed a solitary rigid tumor. Bronchoscopic resection was performed under general anesthesia, and the tumor was detached by cauterizing its stem with high-frequency coagulation. The tumor was pathologically indicative of tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica. After surgery, the clinical signs of cough and dyspnea resolved and pulmonary function normalized.

We report the case of a 64-year-old man with advanced small-cell lung cancer who developed fulminant amoebic colitis during cytotoxic chemotherapy. During the first cycle of carboplatin/etoposide treatment, febrile neutropenia and grade 4 neutropenia developed. Because diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bloody stool were observed, abdominal computed tomography was performed, showing intussusception, and surgery was performed. Histopathology of the colon revealed gastrointestinal necrosis and perforation due to Entamoeba histolytica infection. Amoebiasis improved after treatment with metronidazole and paromomycin. The second cycle of carboplatin/etoposide with dose reduction was completed, resulting in a partial response to small-cell lung cancer. The results of this case suggest that paromomycin is an additional option for amoebiasis during cytotoxic chemotherapy, and persistent diarrhea during cytotoxic chemotherapy should alert clinicians to consider the development of amoebiasis. Funding declaration: None Conflict of Interests: None Consent: Written informed consent was obtained from the parents of the patient for the publication of this report and accompanying images

We herein report the case of a sixty-four-year-old woman with stage IV lung adenocarcinoma with thymoma. The adenocarcinoma showed 95% tumor proportion scores of PD-L1 (Programmed death-ligand 1) expression without driver mutations. She was treated with pembrolizumab as 1st-line chemotherapy. Creatine kinase elevation was observed on the 15th day, and fatal myocarditis developed on the 20th day despite steroid therapy. The autopsy showed lymphocyte-infiltrated cardiac muscle, and pembrolizumab-induced myocarditis was diagnosed. Our case indicates that lung cancer combined with thymoma should alert clinicians to monitor the early onset of myocarditis in patients on immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.