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Objective: The longevity of life brings oral health issues, which should be managed in order to improve the quality of life. It is necessary to determine the oral health condition and its determinants for geriatric individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the sociodemographic, anthropometric, medical, and dental factors and cognitive status regarding their effects on, or associations with, "having periodontitis or not" in a geriatric population. Material-Method: The sample comprised 200 older adults who applied to the Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Dentistry, between April 2017 and December 2018. Periodontal parameters (plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing, clinical attachment loss and probing depth) were measured and periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) was calculated, anthropometric, and sociodemographic parameters, and cognitive status (Schulman score) were recorded. Results: The percentage of geriatric patients having periodontitis was 58%. The cognitive status determined as minor visuospatial disorganization (2.69±1.34). The Schulman score was correlated negatively by the number of teeth (rho=-0.154, p=0.036), and with PI scores (rho=0.076, p=0.04). Due to the logistic regression analysis, lower education level, decreased number of teeth, and decreased salivary flow rate presented odds ratios (12.3, 1.18, and 3.944, respectively), and found associated with having periodontitis. Conclusion: Cognitive dysfunction results in decreased plaque removal efficacy; and education level, number of teeth, salivary flow rate and periodontal parameters have presented association with having periodontitis in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) are forefront cytokines in the periodontitis pathogenesis. Therefore, this study aimed to test the hypothesis that overweight rats with periodontitis have higher pro-inflammatory cytokines and/or adipokines, and lower anti-inflammatory cytokines and/or adipokines in serum than normal weight rats. Material-Method: Thirty-two 4-month old male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: normal weight, periodontally healthy rats (NH, n = 8), normal weight rats with periodontitis (NP, n = 8), overweight, periodontally healthy rats (OH, n = 8); and overweight rats with periodontitis (OP, n = 8). Periodontitis was induced by ligature for 14 days. The serum cytokine' and adipokine' levels were investigated using ELISA. Results: IL-4 levels were higher in the NH and NP groups than their counterparts in the overweight rats (P <0.01). The IL-6 level was significantly higher in the OP group than in the NP group (P < 0.01). The adiponectin level was significantly higher in the NH group than in the OH and OP groups (P < 0.01). Leptin and resistin levels didn't differ significantly among the groups (P > 0.01). Conclusions: The overweight status affected the cytokine' and adipokine' level independent from the periodontal status in this experimental model. Overweight rats with and without periodontitis have lower serum levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine and adipokines (IL-4 and adiponectin) and higher serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6) than their counterparts in normal weight rat groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to test the consistency of the patients' self-reported oral health status, dental anxiety levels and its determinants with the scales' results measuring dental anxiety levels. Material-Method: One hundred-and thirteen volunteered subjects (71 female, 42 male) have participated in this study. The clinical periodontal parameters (gingival index, plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level) were recorded. The Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) and Dental Hygiene Fear Survey (DHFS) were applied. The patients have also reported their own evaluations about their oral health, dental anxiety and pain expectations related to dental prophylaxis. Results: The anxiety scores (MDAS and DHFS) have not presented any correlations with periodontal parameters (p>0.05). The self-reported oral health status has negative correlation with DHFS scores (p<0.05). Besides, self-reported oral health status has not presented any correlations with periodontal parameters (p>0.05). The self-reported dental anxiety and dental anxiety related to dental prophylaxis were correlated strongly positive (p<0.001). Discussion: The investigated study group has presented lower levels of dental anxiety and has mild to moderate periodontal problems. Further studies with larger study groups including the subjects with higher anxiety, and periodontitis parameters' levels might give the opportunity to make more clear comments about these relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the serum level of leptin (OB) and its relationship with pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines/mediators in aggressive periodontitis (AP) patients. Materials and methods: The study population (n = 12) comprised 6 AP patients and 6 periodontally healthy subjects (HC). The fasting venous serum samples were used to determine the OB and the cytokines/mediators belonging to the Th1/Th2/Th17 cells. The correlations among the OB and cytokines/mediators in the serum and clinical periodontal parameters were also investigated. Results: The AP group presented significantly higher serum TGF-β1 and IL-2 concentrations (pg/mL) andlower IL-4, IL-5, IL-12, IL-13, and IL-17A concentrations than the HC group (P < 0.05). The ratios of OB to IL-12, IL-13, and IL-17A were lower and the ratio of OB to TGF-β1 was higher in the AP than in the HC group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Within the limitation of the small sample size, the results of our study are important in having determined the proportional relationship of OB with the pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines'/mediators' panel in AP patients. The usage of these kits in analyzing multiple cytokines/mediators might proportionally clarify the pathogenesis of AP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of smoking status on the systemic and local superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in subjects with chronic periodontitis (CP). Methods: Sixty-five CP patients (23 smokers [CP-S], 23 former smokers [CP-FS], and 19 non-smokers [CP-NS]) and 20 periodontally healthy non-smoker controls (PH-NS) were included in the study. After the clinical measurements, serum and gingival tissue samples were collected. SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT activities and MDA levels in hemolysates and gingival tissue samples were spectrophotometrically assayed. Results: Blood MDA levels in all the periodontitis groups were higher than in the PH-NS group but only the difference between CP-FS and PH-NS groups was significant (P<0.01). Gingival tissue MDA levels in the periodontitis groups were significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.01). However, the control group had the highest gingival SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT activities compared with all the periodontitis groups (P <0.01). The CP-S group had the highest gingival MDA levels and SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT activities among the periodontitis groups, whereas the lowest values were observed in the CP-NS group (P<0.01). The blood and gingival MDA levels in the CP-FS group were similar in the CP-NS group, whereas they were lower than in the CP-S group. Conclusions: Systemic and local MDA levels are increased by smoking in addition to the impact of periodontitis. The decreased local SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT activities observed in periodontitis patients may increase with smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate the levels of serum lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in association with periodontal disease and hyperlipidemia. Methods: A total of 123 subjects with hyperlipidemia and 68 systemically healthy controls were included in the study. Subjects with hyperlipidemia were divided into two groups: the suggested-diet (HD) and prescribed-statin (HS) groups and then into three subgroups: the healthy (HDh and HSh), gingivitis (HDg and HSg), and periodontitis (HDp and HSp) groups. Periodontal parameters were recorded and included the plaque index, gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and percentage of sites with bleeding on probing (BOP). Fasting venous blood samples were obtained, and serum lipid, Lp-PLA2, and hsCRP levels were evaluated. Results: Median values for the GI, PD, BOP(%), and CAL in the HSg group were statistically significantly higher than those in the HDg and systemically healthy with gingivitis (Cg) groups. The HSp group had higher percentages of BOP compared to those of the chronic periodontitis and HDp groups. The HDg group had higher serum Lp-PLA2 and hsCRP levels compared to those of the Cg and HSg groups. The ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL) was significantly associated with the GI, PD, and BOP(%) in both groups with hyperlipidemia. Serum Lp-PLA2 and hsCRP levels were significantly correlated with TC/HDL, the GI, PD, and BOP(%) in the HD group. Conclusions: Serum Lp-PLA2 and hsCRP levels may play an important role in the association between periodontal disease and hyperlipidemia, and the control of these mediators may affect the inflammatory control of patients with hyperlipidemia and periodontal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study is to compare the periodontal health status of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and healthy control groups. Patients and Methods: Seventy-eight individuals were included to this study (45 RA: 30 female, 15 male; 33 controls: 15 female, 18 male). Periodontal parameters (gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), percentage of teeth bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL)) were recorded. Results: After the statistical analyses, all of the clinical periodontal parameters were found significantly higher in RA group than the control group. Conclusion: The individuals with RA should intensively take care about their periodontal health to prevent from the risk of periodontitis development, which has chronic course like RA, and the systemic effects of periodontitis on the systemic symptoms of RA. The collaboration of the physicians and dentists of the RA patients and the preventive dentistry applications play an important role on this subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of leptin (OB) and soluble OB receptor (s-OB-R) in gingival tissue extract and gingival crevicular fluid has led the studies investigating the relationship between OB and periodontal diseases. This study aims to investigate the levels of OB and s-OB-R in serum and their presence in gingiva of healthy controls (HC), gingivitis (G), aggressive periodontitis (AP), and chronic periodontitis (CP) patients; and whether correlations exist between clinical and serum parameters, OB and s-OB-R. Seventy-seven subjects [HC (n = 20), G (n = 20), CP (n = 21), and AP (n = 16)] were included in this study. After the clinical periodontal parameter recordings and venous blood sampling, gingival tissues obtained. Serum parameters' levels determined with enzyme linked immune sorbent assay; and OB and OB-R in gingiva immunohistochemically. No significant differences were observed regarding the serum parameters [high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), lipids, OB, and s-OB-R] when the groups were compared (P > 0.0125). The serum OB has positive correlations with hs-CRP in the G group (P < 0.05), and s-OB-R has presented significant negative correlations with BOP in HC group (P < 0.05), with hs-CRP in G (P < 0.05) and AP groups (P < 0.05). The positive correlations were observed between the serum OB and HDL and body mass index in the CP group (P < 0.05). In all of the tissue samples of all groups, there was positive OB and OB-R immunoreactivity in the gingival epithelium. The gingival tissues contain both OB and OB-R. The serum levels of OB and s-OB-R do not vary between patients and with different periodontal conditions.

Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate the levels of serum lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in association with periodontal disease and hyperlipidemia., Methods: A total of 123 subjects with hyperlipidemia and 68 systemically healthy controls were included in the study. Subjects with hyperlipidemia were divided into two groups: the suggested-diet (HD) and prescribed-statin (HS) groups and then into three subgroups: the healthy (HDh and HSh), gingivitis (HDg and HSg), and periodontitis (HDp and HSp) groups. Periodontal parameters were recorded and included the plaque index, gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and percentage of sites with bleeding on probing (BOP). Fasting venous blood samples were obtained, and serum lipid, Lp-PLA(2), and hsCRP levels were evaluated., Results: Median values for the GI, PD, BOP(%), and CAL in the HSg group were statistically significantly higher than those in the HDg and systemically healthy with gingivitis (Cg) groups. The HSp group had higher percentages of BOP compared to those of the chronic periodontitis and HDp groups. The HDg group had higher serum Lp-PLA(2) and hsCRP levels compared to those of the Cg and HSg groups. The ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL) was significantly associated with the GI, PD, and BOP(%) in both groups with hyperlipidemia. Serum Lp-PLA(2) and hsCRP levels were significantly correlated with TC/HDL, the GI, PD, and BOP(%) in the HD group., Conclusions: Serum Lp-PLA(2) and hsCRP levels may play an important role in the association between periodontal disease and hyperlipidemia, and the control of these mediators may affect the inflammatory control of patients with hyperlipidemia and periodontal disease.

Local administration of antibiotics in periodontal therapy can be provided with an appropriate delivery system. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of chitosan, both as a carrier in gel form and as an active agent in the treatment of chronic periodontitis (CP). The chitosan gel (1% w/w) incorporated with or without 15% metronidazole was prepared and applied adjunctive to scaling and root planing (SRP) in comparison to SRP alone (control group-C), in CP patients. The clinical parameters such as probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level, the amount of gingival recession, plaque index, gingival index, and gingival bleeding time index were recorded at baseline and at weeks 6, 12, and 24. In all groups, significant improvements were observed in clinical parameters between baseline and week 24 (p < 0.05). The reductions in PD values were 1.21 mm for Ch, 1.48 mm for Ch + M, and 0.94 mm for C groups. No complications related to the chitosan were observed in patients throughout the study period. It is suggested that chitosan itself is effective as well as its combination with metronidazole in CP treatment due to its antimicrobial properties., ((c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)