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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of augmented reality (AR) using a 3D app in a smartphone on students' learning outcomes and satisfaction in teaching angle measurement error to vocational high school students with different spatial ability. A quasi-experimental pretest/posttest was employed. There were 197 students from three vocational high schools in the southern, northern, and eastern part of Taiwan participated in this study. To minimize the biased result, we established one control group and one experimental group in each school. The experimental group used multimedia teaching tools and AR technology as a supplement, while the control group was taught by multimedia teaching tools only. We assessed some factors that possibly affect the learning outcomes and learning satisfaction, including different spatial abilities and different digital materials as teaching tools. Our finding highlights that different teaching materials influence students' learning outcomes and satisfaction, whereas spatial ability does not affect. Further discussion and implementation are also identified in this study.

Engineering drawing is valuable in capturing geometric features, conveying engineering ideas, and creating a blueprint of the intended product. Engineering students usually perform orthographic projections, imagining a 3D situation and sketching its 2D representation. That requires imagination and mental visualization, determined by the learner's spatial ability. This study proposes the infusion of an AR stereogram mobile application into an engineering drawing course to establish how it influences learning outcomes among students with different spatial abilities. The quantitative experimental study involved two mechanical engineering classes in northern Taiwan, N = 69 first-year vocational high schoolers. Statistical analysis revealed that the experimental group with high spatial ability recorded better results and excellent drawing skills. Bloom's taxonomy categorization reported that spatial ability influenced "understanding" and "applying" levels, with the strongest effect on "understanding." Although no significant interaction existed, learning outcomes were highly affected by spatial ability in "understanding" and "applying" levels and AR in the overall performance. The findings and discussions show AR holds great potential to enhance students' spatial ability for real-time visualization and enables better concept comprehension by improving their understanding of engineering topics. Future studies should consider these implications in creating effective and immersive learning environments for different courses in engineering education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated university students' online self-regulated English learning (OSEL) and related it to their motivational beliefs in order to probe important psychological factors that may predict how students use self-regulated strategies to facilitate their online English learning. The data was gathered from 337 Thai university nursing students. The instruments used in this study were validated to measure motivational beliefs and OSEL in the context of Thai university students. All motivational belief factors were significantly associated with OSEL. The results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated that the construct validity of the questionnaire items was acceptable. Furthermore, the structural modelling analysis (SEM) showed that intrinsic value and cost were significant predictors of all OSEL strategies, namely, behavioural strategies, goal setting, and environment structuring. Meanwhile, academic self-efficacy and attainment value were positively related to certain OSEL factors. Implications for enhancing students' motivation and self-regulation in online language learning as well as directions for further investigations are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]