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The development of slum settlements is increasing in Indonesia, one of which is in Pontianak City where most of the slum settlements are on the banks of the Kapuas River. The sanitation conditions are poor and inadequate health services. This study aims to identify stakeholders and their roles and classify stakeholders based on the power-interest matrix for sanitation management in Pontianak’s slum settlements. Data collection was carried out through Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and questionnaires to stakeholders from the government, private sector, civil society, and academics related to sanitation. This research is important for stakeholder to handling sanitation problems in slum settlements. Stakeholders related to sanitation had various roles and different levels of involvement. The Stakeholder analysis was succesfully identified 47 stakeholders involved in sanitation management in Pontianak slums, classified as 15 subjects, 6 key players, 17 crowds, and 10 context setters. The existence of these stakeholders can influence the handling of sanitation in slum settlements and need collaborate among the stakeholders.

Water transparency (i.e., Secchi disk depth (SDD) reflects light transmission capacity of a water body and influences growth of aquatic plants, aquatic organisms, and primary productivity. In this study, using remote sensing reflectance (Landsat 8) and SDD datasets, we predicted the water transparency in Saguling Dam for the first time. The results indicated that the models in the visible (Band 1, Band 2, and Band 3) combined with near infrared (Band 4 and Band 5) are the most robust and reliable to estimate SDD for Saguling Dam. Subsequently, multiple linear regression model was built using 125 pairs of in situ SDD results and concurrent with Landsat images during the last decade (i.e., 2013-2022). The models were validated with an independent dataset of 33 SDD measurement. The in situ remote sensing model compared well with the in situ SDD measurement where determinant coefficient (adjusted R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) ranging from 0.35 - 0.94 and 0.3 - 1.4 m, respectively. Finally, the model was applied to Landsat 8 images acquired between 2013-2022 to elucidate the spatial distribution of SDD in Saguling Dam for each year (i.e. temporal variations) with water area around 33.7 km2. The estimation results indicated that water transparency values in the inlet and outlet zone have relatively low SDD, with SDD value ranging from 0.019 – 1.01 m and 0.24 – 1.04 m, respectively. Furthermore, based on the National Water Quality Standards (i.e., Indonesia Government Regulations No. 22 year 2021/ Peraturan Pemerintah No. 22 Tahun 2021), the estimation of spatial SDD results indicated that > 99% of Saguling Dam water bodies were classified as Class IV (i.e., could be only used for irrigation). This study provides the first comprehensive remote sensing model for Saguling Dam and can provide essential information for local water quality conservation.

Currently, 24.5% of the population of Bima City lack access to sanitation. The issue is predominantly concentrated in densely populated urban slums along the riverbanks, influenced by the cultural and societal context of Indonesian society. From 2021 to 2022, a comprehensive mixed-method study was conducted in three urban slums, applying the Integrated Framework for Sanitation Services (IFSS) to explore individual aspects within a socio-cultural context. Combining quantitative and qualitative methods, the research involved a household questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews (IDI). The study revealed that individual aspects are shaped by perceptions of the convenience of open defecation and latrine use as well as experiences with shared latrines, driving the adoption of private latrines. Challenges such as financial constraints and limited construction capabilities in urban slum communities often hinder latrine construction, though cultural and traditional values (adat) in the Bima community in urban slums help to alleviate these obstacles. A recommendation is made to enhance the monitoring of sanitation adoption progress, focusing on the sanitation system’s functioning and adherence to the sanitation hierarchy. Despite awareness of the importance of safe disposal, its impact on sanitation behavior in Bima City’s urban slums has been constrained, underscoring the imperative for effective behavior change communication strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water-sensitive design (WSD) is created to manage water sensitivity, such as rainwater management and water supply. Manado City is strategically located in North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, which is growing rapidly but has slum areas and is prone to flooding. Slums do not meet standards, including water management. The application of WSD to residential areas in urban areas affects the utilization of rainwater flows and the availability of alternative water sources. Previous studies did not look at the potential for implementing WSD to increase the settlement quality in slum areas. This study aims to identify the potential for implementing WSD in the urban slum area of Manado city by considering the existing situation and conditions. Furthermore, this study reviews the physical, non-physical, and supporting aspects for the potential implementation. Three locations of Manado city slums were reviewed as case studies. For data collection, this study uses the interview method through structured questionnaires, area observations, and secondary data. The physical aspect reviews the rainwater drainage system fed by greywater and the water supply including groundwater and refilled water. The non-physical aspect reviews incomes, ownership of houses, and limited land. The study results show that the application of WSD is very potential given the location conditions, but some challenges need to be considered according to the characteristics of the location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water and sanitation facilities of an area are important aspects that affect the quality of life, health and environment. Pontianak City, Indonesia is known as the "Equator City." There are 150.16 hectares of slum areas in this city. The existence of these slum areas is mostly due to the lack of basic facilities and infrastructure, and lack of public understanding about the importance of a healthy and quality environment. The government has made efforts over the past 5 years to improve the quality of water and sanitation infrastructure in slum areas in order to achieve the 2030 SDGs and to ensure the universal accessibility of water and sanitation and their sustainable management. This research was conducted to determine the priority of stakeholders in Pontianak City in improving the provision of water and sanitation infrastructure in slum areas. The methods of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) were used, with the approach referring to the Indonesian Minister of PUPR No. 14 of 2018 concerning Prevention and Quality Improvement of Slum Housing and Settlements. The results (CR value < 0.1) showed that the Pontianak City stakeholders prioritized 0.30 the provision of drinking water in slum areas, 0.25 solid waste management, 0.23 wastewater management, and 0.22 environmental drainage. An in-depth priority study by various relevant stakeholders is needed to improve the quality of slum areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic carbon nanotube (MCNT) composites with titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) have an enhanced photocatalytic disinfection efficiency (i.e. higher disinfection rate) and better applicability (i.e. solar light applicability and catalyst separation using its magnetic property) than bare TiO 2 and/or MCNT. However, the role and mechanism of MCNT in the disinfection process are still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the disinfection mechanism of Escherichia coli using MCNT-TiO 2 nanocomposites under various conditions (i.e. the presence and absence of light and reactive oxygen species scavengers, and different MCNT-TiO 2 ratio) and photocatalytic disinfection models. The results showed that (i) MCNT and its nanocomposites with TiO 2 had much higher disinfection efficiencies than bare TiO 2 , (ii) the physical bacterial capture was the dominant disinfection mechanism, (iii) the higher disinfection rate was found at an optimum MCNT:TiO 2 ratio of 5:1 under the tested experimental conditions, (iv) hydroxyl radical (OH) was the influencing reactive oxygen species on the photocatalytic disinfection using MCNT-TiO 2 , and (v) good correlation between experimental parameters (i.e. carbon contents, surface area and concentration of MCNT-TiO 2 ) and the contribution rate of physical and photocatalysis reactions. The finding from this study and the methods proposed herein are essential for understanding the photocatalytic disinfection processes using TiO 2 and its carbonaceous nanocomposites, which can promote the application of photocatalytic disinfection process., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The high concentrations of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP) that found in water in many locations are of concern. Among the available water treatment methods, heterogeneous photocatalysis using TiO 2 is an emerging and viable technology to overcome the occurrence of PPCP in natural and waste water. The combination of carbonaceous materials (e.g., activated carbon, carbon nanotubes and graphene nanosheets) with TiO 2 , a recent development, gives significantly improved performance. In this article, we present a critical review of the development and fabrication of carbonaceous-TiO 2 and its application to PPCP removal including its influence on water chemistry, and the relevant operational parameters. Finally, we present an analysis of current priorities in the ongoing research and development of carbonaceous-TiO 2 for the photodegradation of PPCP., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)