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Introduction: The Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME) curriculum, implemented in August 2019, emphasizes a comprehensive approach to learning, integrating cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains. To address the limitations of traditional assessment methods, the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) was introduced to reduce the bias. OSCE is now widely adopted as a gold standard for evaluating clinical skills due to its structured, objective approach and ability to minimize bias. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the perceptions of MBBS fourth-year students regarding the OSCE in General Surgery at Al-Ameen Medical College. Materials and Methods: Conducted over six months, this cross-sectional study involved 144 out of 149 MBBS fourth-year students who participated in an OSCE consisting of six stations: two history-taking, two clinical examination, one with a simulated patient, one with a mannequin, one skill station, and one communication station. Students completed a questionnaire via Google Forms following the OSCE. Responses were recorded on a 5-point Likert scale and analysed using Microsoft Excel, with quantitative data expressed as means and standard deviations, and qualitative data as frequencies and percentages. Statistical significance was assessed using t-tests, with p

This study investigates two-dimensional viscous incompressible boundary layer flow involving mass transfer above an uninterrupted flat surface in the presence of chemical reaction. Applicable similarity transformations, transform the leading equations into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. These equations are solved via collocation approach using Haar wavelets. The double solutions exist and are presented through graphs. The obtained solutions are confirmed by comparing them with earlier findings. The various physical quantities are enfolded and convinced carefully using numerical and theoretical approaches. Enhancement in Schmidt number increases the mass transfer rate for upper branch solution and reduces for lower branch solution. Mass immersion arises for constructive chemical reaction and mass transfer enhances for destructive chemical reaction. Finally, the stability analysis is performed.

The present analysis examines the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of non-Newtonian Casson fluid on an exponentially shrinking surface under constant and exponentially varying wall temperature with suction. The main objective is to investigate multiple solutions of self-similar coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations derived semi-numerically via the shifted Chebyshev collocation approach. The occurrence of a dual solution is found and variations in the velocity and temperature profiles are analyzed under different physical flow governing factors. The stability analysis is performed and it confirms that the first solution is stable and the second solution is unstable. The obtained results are confirmed by comparing them with earlier published results and show good agreement. The skin friction coefficient and wall temperature gradient increase for the first solution and decline for the second solution with enhancement in Hartmann number and suction parameter in case of exponentially varying surface temperature. Whereas, for constant surface temperature, increasing the Hartmann number and suction parameter results in the intensification of the wall temperature gradient. The velocity and temperature profiles decrease with improving the Casson parameter. As the Prandtl number strengthens, the heat transfer rate in a constant surface temperature situation is comparatively higher than exponentially varying surface temperature situation.

Engineering highly active and robust carbon nanoarchitectures is critical for energy storage devices with fast and durable charge storage capability. Herein, a quinone-amine coupling route is reported to customize interwoven heterodiatomic carbon nanofiber networks (HCNN), triggered by the polymerization between electron-withdrawing benzoquinone and electron-donating 4, 4′-diaminodiphenyl ether through hydrogen-bonding and π − π stacking interactions. Modulating the NaNH2-assisted thermal programming triggers the in-situ templating effect of sodium inorganics in polymer scaffold voids to form abundant micropores, and induces the expansion effect of released gases (N2, O2, NH3) to broaden micropores to more mesopores. HCNN shows ion-compatible pore structures, exposed electrosorption platform (2384 m2 g−1), nanofiber topology, and rich N/O motifs (4.15/13.82 wt%). The subnanopores (0.87 nm) and secondary pores (0.66 nm) of HCNN are size-exclusively accessible for SO3CF3− anion (0.79 nm) and Li+ cation (0.65 nm) of LiCF3SO3 electrolyte, which empowers high accessibility of electroactive sites and rapid ion transfer, maximizing the spatial capacitive charge storage. The assembled HCNN-based aqueous supercapacitors achieve ultrahigh energy densities of 41.8 Wh kg−1 in LiCF3SO3 electrolyte and 110.6 Wh kg−1 in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid electrolyte. Besides, HCNN as the Zn-ion capacitor cathode harvests high capacity of 220 mAh g−1, high-rate tolerance (20 A g−1) and a superior lifespan of 20, 000 cycles. This work sheds lights on structural and functional design for high-performance carbons toward advanced electrochemical energy storage.

Abstract Background Fungal microbial biocontrol agent playing an important role in sustainable pest management with low cost. Conidial contact with cuticle is sufficient to cause disease in insects by entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) compared to bacteria and viruses which required ingestion of contaminated food. The field level application of fungi resulted inconsistent in their efficacy against insects as they withstand in the agroecosystem with adverse environmental conditions. To overcome this bottleneck, endophytic EPF, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (Cordycipitaceae: Hypocreales), is well-studied for the management of insects of cultivated crops and got promising results. The colonization of endophytic isolates varied from one host plant to another and virulence against insects too. Hence, the study was undertaken to know the colonization of indigenous B. bassiana UHSB-END1 isolate in cabbage plant and its efficacy against major insects of cabbage. Results The indigenous isolate of B. bassiana UHSB-END1 was able to colonize cabbage in all the methods of inoculations (seed treatment, seedling root dip, soil drenching, foliar spray and combination treatment) at 30, 45 and 60 days of post-inoculation (dpi). However, the colonization of the fungus inside the cabbage was restricted to tissues of inoculation, and movement from the site of inoculation to other parts of the plant was poor. In the present study, colonization was the highest at 30 dpi in all methods of colonization with restricted colonization to the site of exposure of fungus. Further, in vivo and in planta assay confirmed the effectiveness of B. bassiana UHSB-END1 colonized cabbage against Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus). Under in vivo conditions the maximum mortality of M. persicae and P. xylostella was recorded at 30 dpi. It was decreased slightly at 45 dpi, and the lowest morality was recorded at 60 dpi. In planta experiment also proved better efficacy against both the test insects. Wherein mortality of M. persicae ranged from 22 to 36% five days after release (DAR), it was increased to 48–68% at 10 DAR and reached highest mortality rate at 15DAR (72–96%). Similarly, mortality of P. xylostella ranged from 14 to 24% after five DAR, and it was 27–44% at 10 DAR, and maximum mortality rate of larvae were recorded at 15 DAR (64–96%). Conclusion The present study reported 100% colonization of cabbage plant by indigenous B. bassiana UHSB-END1 at 30 dpi in combination of treatment and showed a maximum efficacy in managing the population of major insects of cabbage. Introducing this indigenous isolate will pave a ray of hope in managing the both key insects (P. xylostella and M. persicae) in cabbage agroecosystem without disturbing the environment and further helps in production of cabbage with minimum pesticide residue for consumers.

In this article, the investigation is made to shed a light on the influence of convective boundary conditions on the boundary layer flow over a linearly stretching flat surface. The equations (partial differential equations) describing the model are transformed into system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. Equations contain various non-dimensional flow characterizing numbers viz. Prandtl number Pr, Lewis number Le, Biot number Bi, Brownian motion parameter Nb and thermophoresis parameter Nt. The influence of these parameters on thermal boundary layer, concentration distribution and temperature are analyzed in detail, by solving the equations using novel Shifted Chebyshev collocation method. The computed results, reduced Nusselt number, reduced Sherwood number, surface temperature and concentration profiles as functions of dimensionless numbers are validated by comparing the predicted results with available earlier findings (using other methods). To assert the convergence and stability of the scheme used (for much larger, but moderate, parameters values), predicted results are presented in various tabular forms. For presenting finer details of the computed values some results are also given graphically. The innovative semi-numerical scheme is robust and efficient compared with other conventional methods, used in previous studies and enables the analysis of the complex problem adequately.

The electric double layer phenomenon exists on the solid interface under the water-liquid condition. The water molecules are ionized and adhered in the interface forming the sturn layer is a diffused layer in which molecules can move with the movement of bulk of molecules. Because of these two characteristics, the boundary layer of water molecules is called the electric double layer. The aim of present study is to explore the impact of two fraction surfaces of electric double layer (EDL) on a thin water lubricating film on an elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) line contact problem with a sinusoidal surface roughness. The governing modified Reynolds and film thickness equations are based on mathematical model of electro-viscosity of asymmetrical electrical double layer is analyzed numerically. The viscosity-pressure relation of water and theoretical evaluation pertaining to the effect of electric double layer on film-thickness and pressure distribution of EHL with water film of line contact problem is discussed in detail. The effect of zeta potential on film thickness and pressure is determined using Newton’s-GMRES method with Daubechies D6 wavelet as a pre-conditioner. The results predict that, EDL has less impact on pressure distribution and significant impact on film thickness. The obtained results are compared with results of Dowson and Higginson which are comparable.

This paper presents the effects of various properties on nanofluid flows and heat transfer over a permeable stretching sheet of variable thickness in the presence of a transverse magnetic field. Mathematically, the leading coupled partial differential equations are transformed into a self-similar system of ordinary differential equations through similarity variables, which are solved thereafter using Keller-box and Haar’s wavelet methods. Moreover, the impacts of various flow parameters involved in the physical problem are discussed thoroughly via tables and graphs. As findings, the analysis discloses that the nanofluid flow is significantly influenced by the physical parameters. Dynamically, the nanofluid flow is accelerated prominently with the strengthening in the injection process and decelerated in other situations. Furthermore, the obtained results are compared successfully with the earlier published findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation is to analysis the solution of steady state boundary layer flow and heat transfer past an exponential shrinking surface. The governing equations describes physics of the problem and are transformed into system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations through suitable similarity transformations. The similarity solutions of these equations are obtained by using semi-numerical technique, viz. shifted Chebyshev collocation method. The occurrence of dual solution is observed for both velocity and temperature profiles. The analysis shows, for a particular range of mass suction parameter, boundary layer flow over an exponential shrinking sheet is exist and enhancement in mass suction parameter increases the skin friction coefficient for the upper branch solution and reverse behavior is observed for lower branch solution. Whereas, both the solutions of temperature profiles decrease with increasing values of the Prandtl number. The computed results are validated with the earlier finding and are comparable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]