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Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are considered important organisms, utilized as tools to transform waste including manure into valuable products. The growth and cultivation of BSFL are influenced by various factors, such as the presence of toxic substances in the feed and parasites. These factors play a crucial role in hormesis, and contributing to regulate these contaminants hermetic doses to get sustainable byproducts. This review aims to understand the effects on BSFL growth and activities in the presence of compounds like organic and inorganic pollutants. It also assesses the impact of microbes on BSFL growth and explores the bioaccumulation of pharmaceutical compounds, specifically focusing on heavy metals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, indigenous bacteria, insects, and nematodes. The review concludes by addressing knowledge gaps, proposing future biorefineries, and offering recommendations for further research., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This study pursued to regulate bacterial community succession pattern and expedited biodegradation of microplastics (MP) during pig manure (PM) composting employing walnut shell biochar (WSB) and montmorillonite (M). The WSB with concentration of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% and 12% along with 10% M participated into PM for 42 days compost to search the optimal solution. The results confirmed the most prosperous bacterial phylum consisted of Firmicutes (3.02%-91.80%), Proteobacteria (2.08%-48.54%), Chloroflexi (0-44.62%) and Bacteroidetes (0.85%-40.93%). The addition of biochar has dramatically arranged bacterial community at different stages of composting. Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) revealed that carbon element in MPs decreased since the chemical bond fracture, under the intervention of high-temperature composting and WSB, the carbon content of MPs was maximum reduced by 20.25%. Fourier transform infrared spectrum indicated that CC, C-O, C-H and -COOH abundance of MPs in 10% and 12% dose biochar addition sharply reduced, interestingly, explicating WSB and composting made MP biodegradable. This experiment possesses affirmatory practical meaning for elimination of potential hazards by composting., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Potassium, a pivotal macronutrient essential for growth, development, and crop yield, serves as a critical determinant of soil productivity. Its depletion disrupts the equilibrium of soil nutrients, prompting an investigation into integrated potassium management strategies to address this challenge. A field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2020 using a randomized complete block design, with eight treatments, each replicated three times in Chinese cabbage ( Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis ). These treatments comprised standard (100 %) and reduced (75 % and 50 %) rates of the recommended dose of potassium (RDK) via muriate of potash (MOP). Variations in the inclusion and exclusion of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), farmyard manure (FYM) as 25 % of the potassium recommendation, and foliar spray of nano potash were systematically implemented. Findings unequivocally demonstrated that the treatmentT 8 , involving 100 % RDK +25 % K through FYM + PGPR + nano K fertilizer spray at 25 and 40 DAS, yielded significant improvements in both green fodder (64.0 t ha -1 ) and dry fodder (7.87 t ha -1 ).Moreover, T 8 exhibited the highest values for total ash (8.75 %), total ash yield (68.9 ± 2.88 kg ha -1 ), ether extract (2.85 %), ether extract yield (22.4 ± 0.88 kg ha -1 ), crude protein (9.71 %), and total crude protein yield (76.4 ± 3.21 kg ha -1 ). Conversely, a marked reduction was observed in various fiber components and carbohydrate fractions upon application of the T 8 treatment. The lowest values of yield, crude protein content, total ash ether extract were recorded in treatment T 1 (control) applied with no potassium. This investigation underscores the inadequacy of the recommended potassium dose in achieving optimal productivity, necessitating a re-evaluation of potassium fertilization levels. The integrated approach involving FYM, PGPR, and nano potash, coupled with the recommended potassium dose through MOP, emerges as a promising avenue for augmenting both yield and quality parameters in Chinese cabbage., Competing Interests: Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest., (© 2024 The Authors.)

The significance of integrating agricultural by-products such as paddy husk ash (PHA) and potato peels with organic fertilizers lies in enhancing soil fertility, increasing crop yields, and reducing reliance on traditional organic fertilizers like farmyard manure (FYM) or compost alone. Grounded in sustainable agriculture and nutrient management frameworks, this study examines the impact of diverse formulations derived from agricultural waste on productivity, nutrient efficiency, and profitability in a pigeon pea-vegetable mustard-okra cropping system. A two-year field experiment (2020-2022) at ICAR-IARI, New Delhi tested seven nutrient sources viz., (T 1 ) control, (T 2 ) 100% RDN through FYM, (T 3 ) 100% RDN through improved RRC, (T 4 ) 100% RDN through PHA based formulation, (T 5 ) 75% RDN through PHA based formulation, (T 6 ) 100% RDN through PPC based formulation and (T 7 ) 75% RDN through PPC based formulation that were tested in RBD and replicated thrice. Treatment T 4 had significant effect on seed yield of pigeon pea (1.89 ± 0.09 and 1.97 ± 0.12 t ha -1 ), leaf yield of vegetable mustard (81.57 ± 4.59 and 82.97 ± 4.17 t ha -1 ), and fruit yield of okra (13.54 ± 0.82 and 13.78 ± 0.81 t ha -1 ) grown in rotation, followed by treatment T 6 and T 2 during both the years respectively over control. Enhanced system uptake of N, P and K along with system gross and net returns in T 4 , showed increases of 78.9%, 83.8%, 72.4%, 54.4% and 56.8% in the first year and 77.5%, 80.8%, 77.7%, 54.8% and 57.4% in the second year, respectively, over control. Treatment T 4 significantly improved apparent recovery by 66.3% and 69.2% in pigeon pea, 64.7% and 47.9% in vegetable mustard, and 72.7% and 79.4% in okra over T 3 , averaged across two years. Based on the above findings, (T 4 ) 100% RDN through PHA-based formulation, and (T 6 ) 100% RDN through PPC-based formulation can be recommended for areas with a shortage of FYM but availability of rice husk ash/potato peels for sustainable agricultural wastes and improved sustainability., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Despite benefits such as lower water and working volume requirements, thermophilic high solids anaerobic digestion (THSAD) often fails due to the rapid build-up of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and the associated drop in pH. Use of conductive materials (CM) can promote THSAD through stimulation of direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET), while the need for their constant dosing due to poor separation from effluent impairs economic feasibility. This study used an approach of spatially separating magnetite and granular activated carbon (GAC) from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) in a single reactor for THSAD. GAC and magnetite addition could both mitigate the severe inhibition of methanogenesis after VFAs build-up to ∼28-30 g/L, while negligible methane production was observed in the control group. The highest methane yield (286 mL CH 4 /g volatile solids (VS)) was achieved in magnetite-added reactors, while the highest maximum CH 4 production rates (26.38 mL CH 4 /g VS/d) and lowest lag-phase (2.83 days) were obtained in GAC-added reactors. The enrichment of GAC and magnetite biofilms with various syntrophic and potentially electroactive microbial groups (Ruminiclostridium 1, Clostridia MBA03, Defluviitoga, Lentimicrobiaceae) in different relative abundances indicates the existence of specific preferences of these groups for the nature of CM. According to predicted basic metabolic functions, CM can enhance cellular processes and signals, lipid transport and metabolism, and methane metabolism, resulting in improved methane production. Rearrangement of metabolic pathways, formation of pili-like structures, enrichment of biofilms with electroactive groups and a significant improvement in THSAD performance was attributed to the enhancement of the DIET pathway. Promising results obtained in this work due to the spatial separation of the bulk OFMSW and CM can be useful for modeling larger-scale THSAD systems with better recovery of CM and cost-effectiveness., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The effect of peach shell biochar (PSB) amendment on sheep manure (SM) composting was investigated. Five different ratios of PSB were applied (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% PSB), and named T1 to T5, and run 50 days of composting experiment. It was found that PSB (especially 7.5% and 10%) could improve the compost environment, regulate the activity of microorganisms and related enzymes, and promote the decomposition of compost. 7.5% and 10% PSB advanced the heap into the thermophilic stage and increased the maximum temperature, while also increasing the germination index by 1.40 and 1.39 times compared to control. Importantly, 10% PSB effectively retained more than 60% of carbon and 55% of nitrogen by inhibiting the excess release of NH 3 and greenhouse gases. High proportion PSB amendment increased the activity of dehydrogenase and cellulase, but inhibited protease and urease. The correlation results indicated that PSB changed the key bacterial genus, and there was a stronger association with environmental factors at 7.5% and 10%. Therefore, 7.5% and 10% peach shell biochar can be used as appropriate proportions to improve composting conditions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Plant mineral nutrition has immense significance for crop productivity and human well-being. Soil acidity plays a major role in determining the nutrient availability that influences plant growth. The importance of calcium (Ca) in biological processes, such as signaling, metabolism, and cell growth, underlines its critical role in plant growth and development. This review focuses on soil acidification, a gradual process resulting from cation leaching, fertilizer utilization, and drainage issues. Soil acidification significantly hampers global crop production by modifying nutrient accessibility. In acidic soils, essential nutrients, such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and Ca become less accessible, establishing a correlation between soil pH and plant nutrition. Cutting-edge Ca nutrition technologies, including nanotechnology, genetic engineering, and genome sequencing, offer the potential to deliver Ca and reduce the reliance on conventional soluble fertilizers. These fertilizers not only contribute to environmental contamination but also impose economic burdens on farmers. Nanotechnology can enhance nutrient uptake, and Ca nanoparticles improve nutrient absorption and release. Genetic engineering enables the cultivation of acid-tolerant crop varieties by manipulating Ca-related genes. High-throughput technologies such as next-generation sequencing and microarrays aid in identifying the microbial structures, functions, and biosynthetic pathways involved in managing plant nutritional stress. The ultimate goal is to shed light on the importance of Ca, problems associated with soil acidity, and potential of emerging technologies to enhance crop production while minimizing the environmental impact and economic burden on farmers., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Synthesized allophane was employed in anaerobic digestion of chicken manure to improve the stability and methane production under ammonia inhibition. Adding 0.5 %, 1.0 % and 1.5 % (w/w) allophane increased the methane production by 261 ∼ 350 % compared with the group without allophane addition. Further investigation indicated that the maximum adsorption capacity of allophane for NH 4 + -N achieved at 261.9 mg/g; it suggested that allophane adsorption potentially alleviated the ammonia inhibition, which also was reflected by the increase in the activity of the related enzyme, such as coenzyme F 420 . Moreover, allophane addition also intensified the direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) in anaerobic digestion; it can be well supported by the increased relative abundance of Methanosaeta and Methanosarcina involved in the DIET. Overall, the improved anaerobic digestion via alleviating ammonia inhibition and intensifying DIET by allophane was elucidated comprehensively, which can contribute to the development of a functional additive for efficient anaerobic digestion in practical application., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The implementation of integrated potassium management presents a viable approach for augmenting plant growth, yield, and nutrient uptake while enhancing soil nutrient availability. A field experiment was executed during the rabi season of 2020, employing a randomized complete block design encompassing eight treatments involving standard (100%) and reduced (75% and 50%) rates of the recommended dose of potassium (RDK) administered through muriate of potash (MOP). Treatments included variations in the incorporation/exclusion of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), farmyard manure (FYM) at 25% of potassium recommendation, and foliar application of nano potash. The use of 100% RDK +25% K augmentation through FYM + PGPR and nano K fertilizer spray at 25 and 40 DAS (T 8 ) exhibited significant enhancements in green fodder yield (64.0 ± 2.2 t ha -1 ) over control with no potassium application (47.3 ± 3.7 t ha -1 ) and found at par with and 75% RDK + 25% K augmentation through FYM + PGPR and nano K fertilizer spray at 25 and 40 DAS (T 7 ). These treatments yielded maximum percent increase for plant height (34.9%), leaf count (38.5%), leaf dimensions (28.8-31.5%), stem girth (25.84%), root volume (27.0%), and root length (37.64%), observed at the harvest stage compared to control (T 1 -no potassium application). The treatment T 8 was on par with T 7 and recorded highest uptake of macro (N, P, and K) and micro (Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn) nutrients. While soil parameters such as available nitrogen and potassium levels were notably increased through the application of treatment T 7 across various treatment combinations and found significantly superiority over treatment T 8 . Multivariate analysis also highlighted treatment T 7 is more efficient in maintaining sustainability. Hence, based on the present findings it can be concluded that application of 75% RDK +25% K augmentation through FYM + PGPR and nano K fertilizer spray at 25 and 40 DAS (T 7 ) can be recommended for achieving enhanced productivity and soil fertility improvement within agricultural systems., Competing Interests: Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest., (© 2024 Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Hydrogen is considered as a potential alternative and sustainable energy carrier, but its safe storage and transportation are still challenging due to its low volumetric energy density. Notably, C1-based substrates, methanol and formaldehyde, containing high hydrogen contents of 12.5 wt% and 6.7 wt%, respectively, can release hydrogen on demand in the presence of a suitable catalyst. Advantageously, both methanol and aqueous formaldehyde are liquid at room temperature, and hence can be stored and transported considerably more safely than hydrogen gas. Moreover, these C1-based substrates can be produced from biomass waste and can also be regenerated from CO 2 , a greenhouse gas . In this review, the recent progress in hydrogen production from methanol and formaldehyde over noble to non-noble metal complex-based molecular transition metal catalysts is extensively reviewed. This review also focuses on the critical role of the structure-activity relationship of the catalyst in the dehydrogenation pathway.

The Citrus fruits belong to the category where the groups of fruits are recognized to be an admirable repository of bioactive elements and phytochemical constituents, with strong biological potentials. The prominent use of Citrus fruits for nutrition as well as food processing has led to the release of a large amount of waste into the environment and surrounding, and it simultaneously burdens the nature and existence of many organisms including the human population. In order to rectify such consequences, the reuse of food waste from citrus for various advantageous effects. In this regard, the first part of the article primarily focussed on the various strategies available for the extraction of chemical elements from citrus waste and the remaining strand of the article focussed on the various bioactive compounds with special reference to their pharmacological as well as the medicinal benefits and future prospects., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (India) 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

Flue gases are the gases which are produced from industries related to chemical manufacturing, petrol refineries, power plants and ore processing plants. Along with other pollutants, sulfur present in the flue gas is detrimental to the environment. Therefore, environmentalists are concerned about its removal and recovery of resources from flue gases due to its activation ability in the atmosphere to transform into toxic substances. This review is aimed at a critical assessment of the techniques developed for resource recovery from flue gases. The manuscript discusses various bioreactors used in resource recovery such as hollow fibre membrane reactor, rotating biological contractor, sequential batch reactor, fluidized bed reactor, entrapped cell bioreactor and hybrid reactors. In conclusion, this manuscript provides a comprehensive analysis of the potential of thermotolerant and thermophilic microbes in sulfur removal. Additionally, it evaluates the efficacy of a multi-enzyme engineered bioreactor in this process. Furthermore, the study introduces a groundbreaking sustainable model for elemental sulfur recovery, offering promising prospects for environmentally-friendly and economically viable sulfur removal techniques in various industrial applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Food matrices contain bioactive compounds that have health benefits beyond nutritional value. The bulk of bioactive chemicals are still present in agro-industrial by-products as food matrices. Throughout the food production chain, there is a lot of agro-industrial waste that, if not managed effectively, could harm the environment, company, and how nutritiously and adequately people eat. It's important to establish processes that maximise the use of agro-industrial by-products, such as biological technologies that improve the extraction and acquisition of bioactive compounds for the food and pharmaceutical industries. As opposed to nonbiological processes, biological procedures provide high-quality, bioactive extracts with minimum toxicity and environmental impact. Fermentation and enzymatic treatment are biological processes for obtaining bioactive compounds from agro-industrial waste. In this context, this article summarises the principal bioactive components in agro-industrial byproducts and the biological methods employed to extract them. In this review efficient utilization of bioactive compounds from agro-industrial waste more effectively in food and pharmaceutical industries has been described., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe study’s authors affirm that there were no financial or commercial ties that might be viewed as having a potential conflict of interest., (© Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (India) 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

Randomly collected food waste results in inaccurate experimental data with poor reproducibility for composting. This study investigated standard food waste samples as replacements for randomly collected food waste. A response surface methodology was utilised to analyse data from a 28-day compost process optimisation experiment using collected food waste, and the optimal combination of composting parameters was derived. Experiments using different standard food waste samples (high oil and salt, high oil and sugar, balanced diet, and vegetarian) were conducted for 28 days under optimal conditions. The ranking of differences between the standard samples and collected food waste was vegetarian > balanced diet > high oil and sugar > high oil and salt. Statistical analysis indicated t-tests for increased oil and salt samples and collected food waste were not significant, and Cohen's d effect values were minimal. High oil and salt samples can be used as replacements for collected food waste in composting experiments., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Plant leaf litter has a major role in the structure and function of soil ecosystems as it is associated with nutrient release and cycling. The present study is aimed to understand how well the decomposing leaf litter kept soil organic carbon and nitrogen levels stable during an incubation experiment that was carried out in a lab setting under controlled conditions and the results were compared to those from a natural plantation. In natural site soil samples, Anacardium. occidentale showed a higher value of organic carbon at surface (1.14%) and subsurface (0.93%) and Azadirachta. indica exhibited a higher value of total nitrogen at surface (0.28%) and subsurface sample (0.14%). In the incubation experiment, Acacia auriculiformis had the highest organic carbon content initially (5.26%), whereas A. occidentale had the highest nitrogen level on 30th day (0.67%). The overall carbon-nitrogen ratio showed a varied tendency, which may be due to dynamic changes in the complex decomposition cycle. The higher rate of mass loss and decay was observed in A. indica leaf litter, the range of the decay constant is 1.26-2.22. The morphological and chemical changes of soil sample and the vermicast were substantained using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The effect of mix-cultured aerobic denitrifying microorganisms on the water remediation has been extensively explored, but little is known about the performance of mix-cultured low efficiency fungi on denitrification. In this study, two kinds of aerobic denitrifying fungi (Trichoderma afroharzianum H1 and Aspergillus niger C1) were isolated from reservoirs, improved the capacity by mix-cultured. The results showed a difference between northern and southern reservoirs, the dominants of genera were Cystobasidium and Acremonium. The removals of total nitrogen (TN) was 12.00%, 7.53% and 69.33% in Trichoderma afroharzianum H1, Aspergillus niger C1 and mix-cultured (C1 and H1) under the denitrification medium. The contents of ATP and electron transport system activity in mix-cultured amendment were increased by 42.54% and 67.52%, 1.72 and 2.91 times, respectively. Besides, the raw water experiment indicated that TN removals were 24.05%, 12.66% and 73.42% in Trichoderma afroharzianum H1, Aspergillus niger C1 and mix-cultured. The removals of dissolved organic carbon in mix-cultured were increased 35.02% and 50.46% compared to Trichoderma afroharzianum H1 and Aspergillus niger C1. Therefore, mix-cultured of two low efficiency aerobic denitrifying fungi has been considered as a novelty perspective for mitigation of drinking water source., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Mature landfill leachate is a refractory organic wastewater, and needs physical and chemical pretreatments contemporaneously, e.g. iron-carbon micro-electrolysis (IC-ME). In this study, a novel iron-carbon (Fe-C) material was synthesized from waste activated sludge to be utilized in IC-ME for landfill leachate treatment. The pyrolysis temperature, mass ratio of iron to carbon, and solid-liquid ratio in leachate treatment were optimized as 900 °C with 1.59 and 34.7 g/L. Under these optimal conditions, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency reached 79.44 %, which was 2.6 times higher than that of commercial Fe-C material (30.1%). This excellent COD removal performance was indicated to a better mesoporous structure, and uniform distribution of zero-valent iron in novel Fe-C material derived from sludge. The contribution order of COD removal in IC-ME treatment for landfill leachate was proven as coagulation, adsorption, and redox effects by a contrast experiment. The removal of COD includes synthetic organic compounds, e.g. carcinogens, pharmaceuticals and personal care products. The contents of CHO, CHON, and CHOS compounds of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the leachate were decreased, and both the molecular weight and unsaturation of lipids, lignin, and tannic acids concentration were also reduced. Some newly generated small molecular DOM in the treated leachate further confirmed the existence of the redox effect to degrade DOM in leachate. The total cost of sludge-derived Fe-C material was only USD$ 152.8/t, which could save 76% of total compared with that of commercial Fe-C materials. This study expands the prominent source of Fe-C materials with excellent performance, and deepens the understanding of its application for leachate treatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The impacts of microbial agents on nitrogen conversion during composting is still not entirely clear. In this research, a novel microbial agent containing two thermotolerant nitrifying bacteria was identified and its impacts on nitrogen conversion, bacterial structure and functional genes during cattle manure composting were investigated. The results revealed that the inoculation enhancing the maturation of compost, increased the total nitrogen by 13.6-26.8%, reduced NH 3 emission and the N 2 O emission by 24.8-36.1% and 22.7-32.1%, respectively. Particularly, the microbial agents mixed Acinetobacter radioresistens and Bacillus nitratireducens (1:1, treatment group 1) had the best nitrogen preservation effect. Furthermore, the inoculation not only produced diverse diazotroph community but could strength the co-occurrence between core microorganisms to promote nitrogen metabolism. The metagenomic analysis demonstrated that the inoculation decreased the abundance of nitrate reduction gene (nirS, norC, nap and nif), and increased the abundance of hao, thus facilitating nitrification and suppressing NH 3 and N 2 O emission., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Biochar production through thermochemical processing is a sustainable biomass conversion and waste management approach. However, commercializing biochar faces challenges requiring further research and development to maximize its potential for addressing environmental concerns and promoting sustainable resource management. This comprehensive review presents the state-of-the-art in biochar production, emphasizing quantitative yield and qualitative properties with varying feedstocks. It discusses the technology readiness level and commercialization status of different production strategies, highlighting their environmental and economic impacts. The review focuses on integrating machine learning algorithms for process control and optimization in biochar production, improving efficiency. Additionally, it explores biochar's environmental applications, including soil amendment, carbon sequestration, and wastewater treatment, showcasing recent advancements and case studies. Advances in biochar technologies and their environmental benefits in various sectors are discussed herein., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In this study, explored the influence of different proportion (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%) peach shell biochar (PSB) with microbial agents (EM) on the carbon transformation, humification process and fungal community dynamics during sheep manure (SM) composting. And no additives were used as control. The results manifested that the CO 2 and CH 4 emissions were effectively reduced 8.23%∼13.10% and 17.92%∼33.71%. The degradation rate of fulvic acid increased by 17.12%∼23.08% and the humic acid contents were enhanced by 27.27%∼33.97% so that accelerated the composting. Besides, the dominant fungal phylum was Ascomycota (31.43%∼52.54%), Basidiomycota (3.12%∼13.85%), Mucoromycota (0.40%∼7.61%) and Mortierellomycota (0.97%∼2.39%). Pearson correlation analysis and network indicated that there were different correlations between physicochemical indexes and fungal community under different additive concentrations. In brief, the two modifiers application promoted the SM degradation and affected the fungal community structure., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This study aims to examine the effects of biochar on fungal dynamics during food waste composting. The different dosage of wheat straw biochar from 0 to 15% (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, and 15%) were used as an additive to composting and examined for 42 days. The results showed that Ascomycota (94.64%) and Basidiomycota (5.36%) were the most dominant phyla. The most common fungal genera were Kluyveromyces (3.76%), Candida (5.34%), Trichoderma (2.30%), Fusarium (0.46%), Mycothermus-thermophilus (5.67%), Trametes (0.46%), and Trichosporon (3.38%). The average number of operational taxonomic units were 469, with the greatest abundance seen in the 7.5% and 10% treatments. Redundancy analysis revealed that different concentrations of biochar applied treatments have significantly distinct fungal communities. Additionally, correlation analyses of fungal interactions with environmental elements, performed through a heatmap, also indicate a distinct difference among the treatments. The study clearly demonstrates that 15% of biochar has a positive impact on fungal diversity and improves the food waste composting., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In this study, the effects of peach shell biochar (PSB) and microbial agent (EM) amendment on nitrogen conservation and bacterial dynamics during sheep manure (SM) composting were examined. Six treatments were performed including T1 (control with no addition), T2 (EM), T3 (EM + 2.5 %PSB), T4 (EM + 5 %PSB), T5 (EM + 7.5 %PSB), and T6 (EM + 10 %PSB). The results showed that the additives amendment reduced NH 3 emissions by 6.12%∼32.88% and N 2 O emissions by 10.96%∼19.76%, while increased total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) content by 8.15-9.13 g/kg. Meanwhile, Firmicutes were the dominant flora in the thermophilic stages, while Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, and Bacteroidota were the dominant flora in the maturation stages. The abundance of Bacteroidota and Actinobacteriota were increased by 17.49%∼32.51% and 2.31%∼12.60%, respectively, which can accelerate the degradable organic materials decomposition. Additionally, redundancy analysis showed that Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, and Bacteroidota were positively correlated with NO 3 - -N, TKN, and N 2 O, but a negative correlation with NH 3 and NH 4 + -N. Finally, results confirmed that (EM + 10 %PSB) additives were more effective to reduce nitrogen loss and improve bacterial dynamics., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The study aim was to reveal the mechanism of impact of two type biochar on composting of hen manure (HM) and wheat straw (WS). Biochar derived from coconut shell and bamboo used as additives to reduce antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) in HM compost. The results manifested that effect of biochar amendment was significant to reduce ARB in HM composting. Compared with control, the microbial activity and abundance were increased in both biochar applied treatment, and bacterial community was changed. Additionally, network analysis revealed that biochar amendment increased the quantity of microorganisms related to organic matter degrading. Among them, coconut shell biochar (CSB) played a pioneering role to mitigate ARB to better exert its effects. Structural correlation analysis showed that CSB reduce ARB mobility and promote organic matter degradation via improving beneficial bacterial community structure. Overall, composting with participation of biochar amendment stimulated antibiotic resistance bacterial dynamics. These results evidence practical value for scientific research and lay the foundation for agricultural promotion of composting., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Microplastics (MPs) as a kind of emerging contaminants, widely exists in various kinds of medium, sewage sludge (SS) is no exception. In the sewage treatment process, a large number of microplastics will be deposited in SS. More seriously, microplastics in sewage sludge can migrate to other environmental media and threaten human health. Therefore, it is necessary to remove MPs from SS. Among the various restorations, aerobic composting is emerging as a green microplastic removal method. There are more and more reports of using aerobic compost to degrade microplastics. However, there are few reports on the degradation mechanism of MPs in aerobic composting, hindering the innovation of aerobic composting methods. Therefore, in this paper, the degradation mechanism of MPs in SS is discussed based on the environmental factors such as physical, chemical and biological factors in the composting process. In addition, this paper expounds the MPs in potential hazards, and combined with the problems in the present study were studied the outlook., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Bacterial communities were dynamically tracked at four stages of biochar-driven sheep manure pile composting, and the co-occurrence networks with keystone taxa were established. The succession of bacterial community obvious varied during the composting process, Proteobacteria predominant in initial stage (39%) then shifted into Firmicutes in thermophilic (41%) and mesophilic (27%) stages, finally the maturation stage dominant by Bacteroidota (26%). Visualizations of bacterial co-occurrence networks demonstrate more cooperative mutualism and complex interactions in the thermophilic and mesophilic phases. Noticeably, the 7.5 and 10% biochar amended composts shown highest connections (736 and 663 total links) and positive cooperation (97.37 and 97.13% positive link) as well as higher closeness centrality and betweenness centrality of keystone taxa. Overall, appropriate biochar addition alters bacterial community succession and strengthens connection between keystone taxa and other bacteria, with 7.5 and 10% biochar amended composts has intense mutualistic symbiosis among bacterial communities., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Due to resource scarcity, current industrial systems are switching from waste treatment, such as wastewater treatment and biomass, to resource recovery (RR). Biofuels, manure, pesticides, organic acids, and other bioproducts with a great market value can be produced from wastewater and activated sludge (AS). This will not only help in the transition from a linear economy to a circular economy, but also contribute to sustainable development. However, the cost of recovering resources from wastewater and AS to produce value-added products is quite high as compared to conventional treatment methods. In addition, most antioxidant technologies remain at the laboratory scale that have not yet reached the level at industrial scale. In order to promote the innovation of resource recovery technology, the various methods of treating wastewater and AS to produce biofuels, nutrients and energy are reviewed, including biochemistry, thermochemistry and chemical stabilization. The limitations of wastewater and AS treatment methods are prospected from biochemical characteristics, economic and environmental factors. The biofuels derived from third generation feedstocks, such as wastewater are more sustainable. Microalgal biomass are being used to produce biodiesel, bioethanol, biohydrogen, biogas, biooils, bioplastics, biofertilizers, biochar and biopesticides. New technologies and policies can promote a circular economy based on biological materials., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Nutraceuticals have attained substantial attention due to their health-boosting or disease-prevention characteristics. Growing awareness about the potential of nutraceuticals for the prevention and management of diseases affecting human has led to an increase in the market value of nutraceuticals in several billion dollars. Nevertheless, limitations in supply and isolation complications from plants, animals or fungi, limit the large-scale production of nutraceuticals. Microbial engineering at metabolic level has been proved as an environment friendly substitute for the chemical synthesis of nutraceuticals. Extensively used microbial systems such as E. coli and S. cerevisiae have been modified as versatile cell factories for the synthesis of diverse nutraceuticals. This review describes current interventions in metabolic engineering for synthesising some of the therapeutically important nutraceuticals (phenolic compounds, polyunsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids). We focus on the interventions in enhancing product yield through engineering at gene level or pathway level., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestNot applicable., (© Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (India) 2022.)

Pullulan is a commercially available exopolymer biosynthesized by Aureobasidium pullulans supplemented with nitrogen, carbon and other vital components through submerged and solid-state fermentation. These nutrients are very expensive and it raises the cost for the production of pullulan. Hence, the need of alternative cost-effective raw materials for its production is a prerequisite. Owing to its unique physicochemical features, pullulan has various applications in the food, pharmacological, and biomedical domains. Food industrial wastes generate a considerable number of by-products which accumulates and has a negative influence on the environment. These by-products are made up of proteins, carbohydrates, and other components, can be employed as substrates for the production of pullulan. The present review briefs on the pullulan production using food processing waste and by-products and the elements that impact it. It provides an insight into versatile applications of pullulan in food industries. Various challenges and future prospects in the field of research on pullulan production have been uncovered., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (India) 2022.)

In this paper, the thermo-hydraulic performance of a solar air heater (SAH) duct roughened with discrete D-shaped ribs is numerically investigated using ANSYS Fluent 2020 R 2 . The numerical investigation is carried out at rib radius to transverse pitch ratio (r/P t ) from 0.1 to 0.35 and longitudinal pitch to rib radius ratio (P l /r) from 4 to 10 under various operating conditions with Reynolds number (Re) varied from 10,200 to 20,200. The numerical results are validated with previous experimental results for the Nusselt number (Nu) values, and good agreement is found with mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 3.6%. Based on the results of the numerical investigation, it was found that the value of Nu and the friction factor (f) decreases with the increase of the value of P l /r, while the ratio r/P t is kept constant. From the overall analysis, it is concluded that the optimum results are obtained for r/P t of 0.25 and P l /r = 4, and the maximum thermo-hydraulic performance parameter is 1.12. Further correlations are developed for the value of Nu and f for the whole range of r/P t as 0.10-0.35 and P l /r as 4-10. According to the developed correlations, the values of Nu are within ± 2% of the results of CFD, while the values of f are within ± 2.7% of the results of CFD., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Anthropogenic emissions of CO 2 have reached a critical level and the global surface temperature is expected to rise by 1.5 °C between 2030 and 2050. To ameliorate the current global warming scenario, the research community has been struggling to find more economical and innovative solutions for carbon sequestration. Among such techniques, the use of microalgal species such as Chlorella sp., Dunaliella tertiolecta, Spirulina platensis, Desmodesmus sp., and Nannochloropsis sp., among others have shown high carbon tolerance capacity (10-100%) for establishing carbon capture, utilization and storage systems. To make microalgal-based carbon capture more economical, the microalgal biomass (∼2 g/L) can be converted biofuels, pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals through biorefinery approach with product yield in the range of 60-99.5%. Further, CRISPR-Cas9 has enabled the knockout of specific genes in microalgal species that can be used to generate low pH tolerant strains with high lipid production. Inspite of the emerging developments in pollution control by microalgae, only limited investigations are available on its economic aspects which indicate a production cost of ∼$ 0.5-15/kg microalgal biomass. This review intends to summarize the advancements in different carbon sequestration techniques while highlighting their mechanisms and major research areas that need attention for economical microalgae-based carbon sequestration., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The consumption of energy levels has increased in association with economic growth and concurrently increased the energy demand from renewable sources. The need under Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) intends to explore various technological advancements for the utilization of waste to energy. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) has been reported as constructive feedstock to produce biofuels, biofuel carriers and biochemicals using energy-efficient technologies in risk freeways. The present review contemplates risk assessment and challenges in sorting and transportation of MSW and different aspects of conversion of MSW into energy are critically analysed. The circular bioeconomy of energy production strategies and management of waste are also analysed. The current scenario on MSW and its impacts on the environment are elucidated in conjunction with various policies and amendments equipped for the competent management of MSW in order to fabricate a sustained environment., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of biochar-amended compost (BAC) on plant productivity (PP) and soil quality. The analysis was based on observations from 47 peer-reviewed publications. The results showed that BAC application significantly increased PP by 74.9 %, the total nitrogen content of soil by 37.6 %, and the organic matter content of soil by 98.6 %. Additionally, BAC application significantly decreased the bioavailability of cadmium (-58.3 %), lead (-50.1 %), and zinc (-87.3 %). However, the bioavailability of copper increased by 30.1 %. The study explored the key factors regulating the response of PP to BAC through subgroup analysis. It was found that the increase in the organic matter content of the soil was the key mechanism for PP improvement. The recommended rate of BAC application for improving PP was found to be between 10 and 20 t ha -1 . Overall, the findings of this study are significant in providing data support and technical guidance for the application of BAC in agricultural production. However, the high heterogeneity of BAC application conditions, soil properties, and plant types suggests that site-specific factors should be considered when applying BAC to soils., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Nanocellulose, a subset of nanomaterials made from cellulose, one of the world's most plentiful natural resources, has the potential to offer environmentally friendly, renewable, and sustainable building blocks with enhanced properties for a variety of applications in the nanotechnology field. This article describes the impact of glutaraldehyde (GA) on glycerol plasticized nanocellulose derived from I. coccinea L. plant root. Using a variety of characterization techniques, including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), AFM, tensile and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, the effect of GA on glycerol plasticized nano-cellulose was investigated. The tensile modulus of the GA-crosslinked, 2 % glycerol-plasticized nanocellulose scaffolds is higher (88.82 MPa) than that of the regular nanocellulose scaffolds (78.8 MPa). The scaffold Young's modulus has been increased to 86.3 MPa. The results of the BET study proved that the surface area of the GA crosslinked nano-cellulose scaffold improved to129.703 m 2 /g. The larger surface area in turn results in a greater number of contact sites between consecutive fibers. This enhances the utility of the scaffold as a bio-adsorbent for waste water treatment. The absorbance of textile black dye and methylene blue dye in sunlight using nanocellulose composites as photocatalyst revealed a significant decrease in dye concentration after each hour, demonstrating the composites' bio-adsorbent property. The non-toxic nature, inertness, increased crystallinity index values, and good mechanical qualities are other characteristics of the GA-treated nanocellulose encourages its uses as product packaging, bioengineering materials, tissue engineering, and insulation coatings., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Diruthenium complexes [{(η 6 -arene)RuCl} 2 (μ-κ 2 :κ 2 -benztetraimd)] 2+ containing the bridging bis-imidazole methane-based ligand {1,4-bis(bis(2-ethyl-5-methyl-1 H -imidazol-4-yl)methyl)benzene} (benztetraimd) are synthesized for catalytic formic acid dehydrogenation in water at 90 °C. Catalyst [{(η 6 - p -cymene)RuCl} 2 (μ-κ 2 :κ 2 -benztetraimd)] 2+ [1-Cl 2 ] exhibited a remarkably high turnover frequency (1993 h -1 per Ru atom) and long-term stability over 60 days for formic acid dehydrogenation, while the analogous (η 6 -benzene)diruthenium and mononuclear catalysts displayed low activity with poor long-term stability. Notably, catalyst [1-Cl 2 ] also displayed an appreciably high turnover number of 93 200 for the bulk-scale reaction. In addition, the in-depth mass and nuclear magnetic resonance investigations under the catalytic and control experimental conditions revealed the active involvement of several crucial catalytic intermediate species, such as Ru-aqua species [{(η 6 - p -cymene)Ru(H 2 O)} 2 (μ-L)] 2+ [1-(OH 2 ) 2 ] , Ru-formato species [{(η 6 - p -cymene)Ru(HCOO)} 2 (μ-L)] [1 - (HCOO) 2 ] , and Ru-hydrido species [{(η 6 - p -cymene)Ru(H)} 2 (μ-L)] [1-(H) 2 ] , in the catalytic formic acid dehydrogenation reaction.

Environmental contamination is considered a major issue with the growing urbanization and industrialization. In this context, the scientific society is engaged in searching for a sustainable, safe, and eco-friendly solution. Sustainable materials such as biochar play an important role in environmental contamination. It has some specific properties such as micropores which increase the surface area to bind the pollutants. This review endeavors to analyze the potential of fruit wastes especially tropical fruit tree residues as potential candidates for producing highly efficient biochar materials. The review discusses various aspects of biochar production viz. pyrolysis, torrefaction, hydrothermal carbonization, and gasification. In addition, it discusses biochar use as an adsorbent, wastewater treatment, catalyst, energy storage, carbon sequestration and animal feed. The review put forward a critical discussion about key aspects of applying biochar to the environment., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The exponential increase in the use and careless discard of synthetic plastics has created an alarming concern over the environmental health due to the detrimental effects of petroleum based synthetic polymeric compounds. Piling up of these plastic commodities on various ecological niches and entry of their fragmented parts into soil and water has clearly affected the quality of these ecosystems in the past few decades. Among the many constructive strategies developed to tackle this global issue, use of biopolymers like polyhydroxyalkanoates as sustainable alternatives for synthetic plastics has gained momentum. Despite their excellent material properties and significant biodegradability, polyhydroxyalkanoates still fails to compete with their synthetic counterparts majorly due to the high cost associated with their production and purification thereby limiting their commercialization. Usage of renewable feedstocks as substrates for polyhydroxyalkanoates production has been the thrust area of research to attain the sustainability tag. This review work attempts to provide insights about the recent developments in the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates using renewable feedstock along with various pretreatment methods used for substrate preparation for polyhydroxyalkanoates production. Further, the application of blends based on polyhydroxyalkanoates, and the challenges associated with the waste valorization based polyhydroxyalkanoates production strategy is elaborated in this review work., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing fiscal interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Tropical fruit wastes (TFW) are considered as the major source of food and nutrition in the topical countries. In the recent years, modernization of agriculture has increased the tropical fruit production. Higher fruit production led to an increasing abundance in the tropical fruit waste. In general, the tropical fruit waste has no economic value and ends up in landfill. But in recent years it was observed that the tropical fruit waste can be valorized to produce value-added products ranging from compost, phytochemicals, and food products to biofuels. The tropical fruit waste has great potential to produce useful products in tropical areas. This review literature is an endeavor to understand the major tropical fruit wastes and their composition. The review presents a detailed investigation on tropical fruit waste composition, its conversion potential, role of microbes in waste valorization, production of commercially valuable products and future perspectives in waste valorization., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The adaptive responses to moderate environmental challenges by the biological systems have usually been credited to hormesis. Since the hormetic biphasic dose-response illustrates a prominent pattern towards biological responsiveness, the studies concerning such aspects will get much more significance in risk assessment practices and toxicological evaluation research. From this point of view, the past few epochs have witnessed the extending recognition of the notion concerning hormesis. The extraction of its basic foundations of evolutionary perspectives-along with the probable underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms followed by the practical implications to enhance the quality of life. To get better and more effective output in this regard, the present article has evaluated the various observations of previous investigations. The intent of integrating the novel inferences concerning the hormesis-tempting stressors driven by predominant evolutionary factors for mitigating the adverse impacts that were prompted over frequent and continuous exposure to the various chemical elements. Such inferences can offer extensive insight into the implications concerning the risk assessment of hormesis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The inevitable need for waste valorisation and management has revolutionized the way in which the waste is visualised as a potential biorefinery for various product development rather than offensive trash. Biowaste has emerged as a potential feedstock to produce several value-added products. Bioenergy generation is one of the potential applications originating from the valorisation of biowaste. Bioenergy production requires analysis and optimization of various parameters such as biowaste composition and conversion potential to develop innovative and sustainable technologies for most effective utilization of biowaste with enhanced bioenergy production. In this context, feedstocks, such as food, agriculture, beverage, and municipal solid waste act as promising resources to produce renewable energy. Similarly, the concept of microbial fuel cells employing biowaste has clearly gained research focus in the past few decades. Despite of these potential benefits, the area of bioenergy generation still is in infancy and requires more interdisciplinary research to be sustainable alternatives. This review is aimed at analysing the bioconversion potential of biowaste to renewable energy. The possibility of valorising underutilized biowaste substrates is elaborately presented. In addition, the application and efficiency of microbial fuel cells in utilizing biowaste are described in detail taking into consideration of its great scope. Furthermore, the review addresses the significance bioreactor development for energy production along with major challenges and future prospects in bioenergy production. Based on this review it can be concluded that bioenergy production utilizing biowaste can clearly open new avenues in the field of waste valorisation and energy research. Systematic and strategic developments considering the techno economic feasibilities of this excellent energy generation process will make them a true sustainable alternative for conventional energy sources., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aquaponics combines the advantages of aquaculture and hydroponics as it suits the urban environment where a lack of agricultural land and water resources is observed. It is an ecologically sound system that completely reuses its system waste as plant fertilizer. It offers sustainable water savings, making it a supreme technology for food production. The two major processes that hold the system together are nitrification and denitrification. The remains of fish in form of ammonia reach the bio filters where it is converted into nitrite and further into nitrate in presence of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria. Nitrate eventually is taken up by the plants. However, even after the uptake from the flow stream, the effluent contains remaining ammonium and nitrates, which cannot be directly released into the environment. In this review it is suggested how integrating the biofilm-based bioreactors in addition to aquaculture and hydroponics eliminates the possibility of remains of total ammonia nitrogen [TAN] contents, leading to bioremediation of effluent water from the system. Effluent water after releasing from a bioreactor can be reused in an aquaculture system, conditions provided in these bioreactors promote the growth of required bacteria and encourages the mutual development of plants and fishes and eventually leading to bioremediation of wastewater from aquaponics., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Since the advent of microplastics, it has become a vital component, directly or indirectly, in our daily lives. With advancements in their use, microplastics have become an integral part of personal care, cosmetics, and cleaning products (PCCPs) and emerged as a domestic source of environmental pollution. Over the years, researchers have ascertained the harmful effects of microplastics on the environment. In this context, the assessment and monitoring of microplastics in PCCPs require considerable attention. In addition, it raises concern regarding the need to develop innovative, sustainable, and environmentally safe technologies to combat microplastic pollution. Therefore, this review is an endeavor to uncover the fate, route and degradation mechanism of cosmetic microplastics. In addition, the major technological advancement in cosmetic microplastic removal and the steps directed toward mitigating cosmetic microplastic pollution are also discussed., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In recent years, biofuel or biogas have become the primary source of bio-energy, providing an alternative to conventionally used energy that can meet the growing energy demand for people all over the world while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Enzyme hydrolysis in bioethanol production is a critical step in obtaining sugars fermented during the final fermentation process. More efficient enzymes are being researched to provide a more cost-effective technique during enzymatic hydrolysis. The exploitation of microbial catabolic biochemical reactions to produce electric energy can be used for complex renewable biomasses and organic wastes in microbial fuel cells. In hydrolysis methods, a variety of diverse enzyme strategies are used to promote efficient bioethanol production from various lignocellulosic biomasses like agricultural wastes, wood feedstocks, and sea algae. This paper investigates the most recent enzyme hydrolysis pathways, microbial fermentation, microbial fuel cells, and anaerobic digestion in the manufacture of bioethanol/bioenergy from lignocellulose biomass., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Carbon neutrality is now receiving global concerns for the sustainable development of human societies, of which how to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions and enhance carbon conservation and sequestration becomes increasingly critical. Therefore, this study conducted a meta-analysis and literature review to assess carbon loss and to explore the main factors that impact carbon loss during organic solid waste (OSW) composting. The results indicated that over 40 % of carbon was lost through composting, mainly as CO 2 -C and merely as CH 4 -C. Experimental scale, feedstock varieties, composting systems, etc., all impacted the carbon loss, and there was generally higher carbon loss under optimal conditions (i.e., C/N ratio (15-25), pH (6.5-7.5), moisture content (65-75 %)). Most mitigation strategies in conventional composting (CC) systems (e.g., additive supplementary, feedstock adjustment, and optimized aeration, etc.) barely mediated the TC and CO 2 -C loss but dramatically reduced the emission of CH 4 -C through composting. Among them, feedstock adjustment by elevating the feedstock C/N ratio effectively reduced the TC loss, and chemical additives facilitated the conservation of both carbon and nitrogen. By comparison, there was generally higher carbon loss in the novel composting systems (e.g. hyperthermophilic and electric field enhanced composting, etc.). However, the impacts of different mitigation strategies and novel composting systems on carbon loss reduction through composting were probably underestimated for the inappropriate evaluation methods (composting period-dependent instead of maturity originated). Therefore, further studies are needed to explore carbon transformation through composting, to establish methods and standards for carbon loss evaluation, and to develop novel techniques and systems for enhanced carbon conservation through composting. Overall, the results of this study could provide a reference for carbon-friendly composting for future OSW management under the background of global carbon neutrality., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)