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A value–belief–norm (VBN) model for understanding the pro-environmental behaviors (PEB) of Taiwanese was developed. This formulated VBN model included personal values, openness to change, awareness of consequences, personal norms, social norms, and PEB. Ecological world view and ascription of responsibility were excluded to develop a tighter model. A total of 1079 completed questionnaires were collected and structural equation modelling was utilized, where standard estimates and coefficients of determination validated the formulated VBN model's effectiveness. Each construct served its role as the mediator between its distal variable and outcome variable, with a substantial level of predictive accuracy, and 74.3% of the variance in PEB was accounted for. Further findings found that mature individuals had a stronger tendency towards awareness of consequences due to personal values; the young had a stronger tendency towards personal norms due to awareness of consequences; men had a stronger tendency towards personal norms due to awareness of consequences; and women had a weaker tendency due to a greater emphasis on altruism. Future interventions, such as sharing of personal pro-environmental lifestyles verbally or through social media, periodically decluttering personal items and maintaining a minimalist lifestyle, where these personal norms are in line with collective social norms, could help to strengthen PEB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The waste problem in the U.S. has only intensified in recent years, first due to China's National Sword Policy and then to the COVID-19 pandemic. One solution to this problem is to encourage people to adopt pro-environmental behaviors such as opting for reusables and products with plastic-free alternate packaging. In this study, we employ the value-belief-norm theory to examine whether its proposed causal chain predicts consumers' willingness to use reusables and products with plastic-free alternate packaging. We also explore the moderating role of perceived behavior control, one of the strongest predictors of environmental behaviors. Our research provides support to the value-belief-norm theory in predicting behavioral willingness. The moderating role of perceived behavior control provides additional insight into the theoretical model and furnishes practical implications for strategic communication designed to encourage the adoption of reusables and alternative packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to increasing concern about plastic waste and its impact on the ecosystem, it is vital to understand tourists' behavioral intentions about plastic waste reduction on beaches. There have been several studies that have used the theory of planned behavior to investigate pro-environmental behaviors or intentions, but there are few specific research studies that have extended the theory of planned behavior by adding awareness of consequences to explain the power of behavioral intention. Accordingly, this paper aimed to investigate how awareness of consequences, subjective norms, attitudes, and behavioral control dimensions influence plastic waste behavioral intention on Jeddah's beaches, in Saudi Arabia. This was performed on a random sample of 390 local tourists in Jeddah city from June to August 2023. A total of 340 of them agreed and answered the questionnaire, yielding a percentage response rate of 87%. This produced 271 valid questionnaires for data analysis after closely examining the survey. A self-complete questionnaire was used for data collection in using multiple statistical analyses to examine the hypotheses. The results demonstrated a positive influence of subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and consequence awareness on environmental behavioral intention. On the other hand, attitude did not significantly contribute to predict environmental behavioral intention. This study's findings made clear how crucial it is to consider any potential negative effects while making plans to cut down on plastic trash. Educating people about the possible harm that using plastic products on beaches is anticipated to cause to the environment might also be beneficial. It is intended that, through understanding behavior and behavior determinants, governmental bodies, pro-environmental organizations, businesses, and communities will be able to implement appropriate strategies to reduce the use of plastic in Saudi Arabia to protect marine life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Battery recycling is viewed in China as an important means of achieving primary sustainability goals and greater economic and environmental development. With the notice of high battery recycling intentions through relevant investigations, this study examine the influencing factors of these recycling behaviors of e-bikes citizens by incorporating the place identity and environmental concern into the Extended Normative Activation Model (NAM), which fill the research gap on how place identity and environmental concern affect the batteries recycling behavior. This study proposes that the consequence awareness, personal norms, and attitudes have mediating effect on place identity to the recycling behavior, and the environmental concern has moderating effect on consequence awareness, personal norms, and attitudes to the recycling behavior, respectively. Based on 1068 valid surveys, hypotheses were examined using partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show that personal norms and awareness of consequences positively impact e-bike users' intentions to recycle waste batteries, and environmental concerns have no moderating effect on attitude, recycling intention, personal norms, and recycling intention. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed at last.

RICONOSCIMENTO DELL’HATE SPEECH: IL RUOLO DELL’EMPATIA E DELLA CONSAPEVOLEZZA DELL’INFLUENZA DEI SOCIAL MEDIA Abstract Hate speech occurs within democratic societies that embrace freedom of expression and is made tangible in the social network context. It is characterized by a specific form of discrimination based on the use of verbal expressions or other media content and, usually, directed at minority groups. Although there is a lack of consensus about a unique and shared definition of hate speech, its social and personal consequences are particularly relevant for the whole society. For these reasons, it seems of crucial importance to identify hate speech recognition antecedents. The present study aimed at analyzing the relationship between hate speech recognition and specific psychological constructs, namely, empathy and awareness of social media influence. More in details, we hypothesized the association between empathy and hate speech recognition was mediated by awareness of social media influence. Data obtained from 146 participants revealed that empathy positively predicted hate speech recognition, and such relationship was mediated by awareness. Implication of such findings are discussed.

A value–belief–norm (VBN) model for understanding the pro-environmental behaviors (PEB) of Taiwanese was developed. This formulated VBN model included personal values, openness to change, awareness of consequences, personal norms, social norms, and PEB. Ecological world view and ascription of responsibility were excluded to develop a tighter model. A total of 1079 completed questionnaires were collected and structural equation modelling was utilized, where standard estimates and coefficients of determination validated the formulated VBN model’s effectiveness. Each construct served its role as the mediator between its distal variable and outcome variable, with a substantial level of predictive accuracy, and 74.3% of the variance in PEB was accounted for. Further findings found that mature individuals had a stronger tendency towards awareness of consequences due to personal values; the young had a stronger tendency towards personal norms due to awareness of consequences; men had a stronger tendency towards personal norms due to awareness of consequences; and women had a weaker tendency due to a greater emphasis on altruism. Future interventions, such as sharing of personal pro-environmental lifestyles verbally or through social media, periodically decluttering personal items and maintaining a minimalist lifestyle, where these personal norms are in line with collective social norms, could help to strengthen PEB.

With the rapidly development of electricity technology and renewable energy, adopting electric vehicles (EVs) not only can efficiently collaborate with renewable energy, but also can help decrease the negative environmental effects of traditional vehicles. However, even though electric vehicles offer many advantages, most consumers still hesitate to buy or even rent them. While there is a large growing body of studies focusing on topics related to electric public transportation and electric cars, there is still a shortage of them examining electric scooters (ESs). Based on the norm activation model (NAM), green consumption effect, and extrinsic motivation, this study aims to present the crucial antecedence of consumers' intention to adopt ESs. As a main transportation for most of the people in Taiwan, this research adopts design of experiments and develops two studies to collect data from Taiwan. The results show that warm glow mediates the positive relationship between awareness of consequences and intention to adopt them. Moreover, the interacting effect of awareness of consequences and extrinsic appeal on intention to adopt ESs is mediated by the warm glow. For academia, the results herein fill the gap related to electric transportation. In real-world practice, this study provides valuable suggestions for governments that want to abate any negative impact from traditional scooters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed the determinants of sustainable fashion purchasing behavior, incorporating the following factors into the Theory of Planned Behavior: moral obligation, awareness of consequences, and previous sustainable purchasing behavior. A survey was carried out with Brazilian consumers of sustainable fashion, and a total of 179 responses were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results indicated that ‘moral obligation’ and ‘awareness of consequences’ had an impact on the behavioral attitude of sustainable fashion consumers. Furthermore, of the three TPB components, only attitude and ‘perceived behavioral control’ influenced the purchase intention. Finally, it was found that the actual consumption of sustainable fashion could be explained by the intention and the previous purchase behavior; also, age had a moderating influence on the relationship between the intention and the consumption of fashion. Therefore, this study provides marketers with comprehensive information about the psychological, social, cultural, and demographic determinants of sustainable fashion purchasing behavior.

This study analyzed the determinants of sustainable fashion purchasing behavior, incorporating the following factors into the Theory of Planned Behavior: moral obligation, awareness of consequences, and previous sustainable purchasing behavior. A survey was carried out with Brazilian consumers of sustainable fashion, and a total of 179 responses were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results indicated that 'moral obligation' and 'awareness of consequences' had an impact on the behavioral attitude of sustainable fashion consumers. Furthermore, of the three TPB components, only attitude and 'perceived behavioral control' influenced the purchase intention. Finally, it was found that the actual consumption of sustainable fashion could be explained by the intention and the previous purchase behavior; also, age had a moderating influence on the relationship between the intention and the consumption of fashion. Therefore, this study provides marketers with comprehensive information about the psychological, social, cultural, and demographic determinants of sustainable fashion purchasing behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Given the prosocial nature of COVID-19 mitigation actions, the norm activation model (NAM) provides a theoretical framework to understand how these mitigation behaviors may be driven by activating personal norms. Aimed at delineating the relationship between awareness of consequences and ascription of responsibility, two key variables in the model, the present study examined to what extent this relationship was moderated by political ideology, individual efficacy, and collective efficacy.Method: A cross-sectional online survey (N = 560) was implemented with a sample that matched the demographics of the national population in the U.S.Results: The relationship between awareness of consequences and ascription of responsibility was stronger among liberals and those reporting low levels of individual efficacy and collective efficacy.Conclusion: Health behaviors such as COVID-19 mitigation actions can be motivated by activating individuals' sense of moral obligation, but the effectiveness of this approach depends on their political ideology and efficacy beliefs.Practice Implications: Campaigns can promote health behaviors by triggering the moral responsibility of the target audience through emphasizing severity of the consequences. This approach can be more effective for liberals and those that lack confidence in individual and collective abilities to avert the threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapidly development of electricity technology and renewable energy, adopting electric vehicles (EVs) not only can efficiently collaborate with renewable energy, but also can help decrease the negative environmental effects of traditional vehicles. However, even though electric vehicles offer many advantages, most consumers still hesitate to buy or even rent them. While there is a large growing body of studies focusing on topics related to electric public transportation and electric cars, there is still a shortage of them examining electric scooters (ESs). Based on the norm activation model (NAM), green consumption effect, and extrinsic motivation, this study aims to present the crucial antecedence of consumers’ intention to adopt ESs. As a main transportation for most of the people in Taiwan, this research adopts design of experiments and develops two studies to collect data from Taiwan. The results show that warm glow mediates the positive relationship between awareness of consequences and intention to adopt them. Moreover, the interacting effect of awareness of consequences and extrinsic appeal on intention to adopt ESs is mediated by the warm glow. For academia, the results herein fill the gap related to electric transportation. In real-world practice, this study provides valuable suggestions for governments that want to abate any negative impact from traditional scooters.

This paper establishes an analysis framework to investigate the effect of the awareness of consequences and the ascription of responsibility on farmers' organic fertilizer application behaviors (OFABs). Using questionnaire survey data from Hubei Province, one of the main grain-producing areas in China, this study employed both mediating effects and moderating effect analytical methods to analyze the influencing mechanism of the awareness of consequences and ascription of responsibility on farmers' OFABs. The results show that, firstly, the awareness of consequences and ascription of responsibility have a significant positive impact on farmers' OFABs. The improvement in farmers' awareness of consequences and ascription of responsibility can effectively promote the utilization of organic fertilizers for enhanced ecological production. Secondly, the awareness of consequences and ascription of responsibility have a significant positive impact on farmers' OFABs through individual farmers' personal norms. Increasing farmers' awareness of consequences and ascription of responsibility firstly stimulates their personal norms; then, personal norms have a positive impact on farmers' OFABs. Thirdly, farmers' social norms can positively regulate the relationship between personal norms and their OFABs. The higher the social norms of farmers, the more their social norms can have a positive regulating effect on their OFABs. Therefore, in the future, it will be necessary to vigorously promote farmers' awareness of consequences and ascription of responsibility, in order to enhance farmers' social norms, and to improve the level of farmers' social norms, in order to greatly promote farmers' engagement in OFABs. This will ultimately better promote rural ecological environmental protection and ecological civilization construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Battery recycling is viewed in China as an important means of achieving primary sustainability goals and greater economic and environmental development. With the notice of high battery recycling intentions through relevant investigations, this study examine the influencing factors of these recycling behaviors of e-bikes citizens by incorporating the place identity and environmental concern into the Extended Normative Activation Model (NAM), which fill the research gap on how place identity and environmental concern affect the batteries recycling behavior. This study proposes that the consequence awareness, personal norms, and attitudes have mediating effect on place identity to the recycling behavior, and the environmental concern has moderating effect on consequence awareness, personal norms, and attitudes to the recycling behavior, respectively. Based on 1068 valid surveys, hypotheses were examined using partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show that personal norms and awareness of consequences positively impact e-bike users' intentions to recycle waste batteries, and environmental concerns have no moderating effect on attitude, recycling intention, personal norms, and recycling intention. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed at last., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

For tourism to be entirely sustainable, one cannot travel. This is impossible. This paradox is particularly evident within last chance tourism (LCT), where tourists, seeking experiences with vanishing animals and land/seascapes, can accelerate the decline of those very attractions. Though recent studies hint that those with the highest intentions to visit LCT destinations are also some of the most concerned with climate change, no study has assessed the psychological drivers that may help explain why individuals are increasingly engaging in this paradox. Drawing on the VBN model, this research examines a theoretical framework to assess the psychological drivers behind individuals' intention to engage in environmentally responsible behavior while traveling and, ultimately, their desire to participate in LCT. Results reveal that a set of environmentally referent cognitions (i.e., values, environmental worldview, awareness of consequences, and ascription of responsibility) lead to personal norms activation, which then influence tourists' intent to behave in pro-sustainable ways and, ultimately, individuals' intentions to engage in LCT. Findings are important as they further confirm the benefits of using VBN theory within an LCT context. For practitioners, this research strengthens the appeal of sustainable tourism operations to secure business and receive positive word-of-mouth from potential LCT tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-source nutrients (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorous) from agriculture have created a massive hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico. This zone contains no oxygen and is devoid of life. US Department of Agriculture programs provide direct payments to farmers to encourage adoption of practices that reduce nutrient pollution. Paying farmers to change behavior, however, is expensive. Personal and social norms may serve to reduce these payment costs by motivating farmers to take action without external reward. This study explored relationships between three normative concepts (awareness of consequences (AC), ascription of responsibility (AR), subjective norms (SN)) and Illinois farmers' intention to continue participation in conservation without financial compensation. Data were obtained from a mailed questionnaire. Only farmers who were currently being paid to participate in a conservation program were included in the analysis (n = 551). Using norm activation theory and the theory of reasoned action, we hypothesized that SN would be positively related to AC, AR, and conservation intentions without compensation. We also predicted that AC would be positively related to AR, and that AC and AR would be positively related to conservation intentions. All hypotheses were supported. Both personal norms (AC, AR) and social norms (subjective norms) were related to intentions to continue conservation without pay. Behavioral interventions that activate norms may help facilitate conservation without payments. As applied in this study, activating personal and social norms may serve to reduce nutrient pollution from agriculture that is flowing into the Gulf of Mexico and resulting in the hypoxic zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current level of corporate sustainability is insufficient for overcoming pressing environmental and social issues. Research is therefore needed about processes that lead to increased corporate action that fosters sustainable development. This study investigates the influence of feedback and corporate awareness of consequences on the development of corporate sustainability action over time. It uses action regulation theory to quantitatively analyse data of 59 large German companies measured at two points in time. The results reveal a positive temporal development of corporate sustainability action, and awareness of consequences positively mediates the relationship between corporate sustainability actions in two different time periods. Feedback acts as a moderator between the positive effect of corporate sustainability action in the first period on corporate awareness of consequences in the second period. Based on these findings, recommendations for organisations include the importance of seeking and processing feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explored the relationship between materialism, awareness of environmental consequences and environmental philanthropic behaviour with a web survey (n=2,079) targeted at potential donors living in Finland. Environmental philanthropic behaviour comprise of donations of money and/or time to environmental charities. The awareness of environmental consequences was divided into egoistic, altruistic and biospheric concerns. Biospheric and egoistic concerns were positively, while materialism was negatively related to environmental philanthropic behaviour. Materialism was related to preference of charismatic species when choosing a target for donation. The results have implications for conservation marketing emphasising the importance of taking the different donor segments into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid increase in urbanization has given rise to the need of proper waste management. Within municipal waste, the plastic waste is a growing concern which is causing severe harm to our ecosystem. If ignored, this problem will have harmful effects on both human and wildlife. Therefore, this study aims to find out the factors that influence the recycling behavior patterns of consumers regarding plastic waste. The variables from the theory of planned behavior were adopted to study the behavior of consumers toward recycling plastic waste. The data was collected from 243 residents of Karachi–metropolitan city of Pakistan. The partial least square–structural equation modelling was applied to analyze the data. The findings of the current study reveal that different consumers' attributes and attitudes trigger different types of recycling behavior when it comes to waste disposal. Pressure from family and friends and perceived behavioral control trigger the behavior of reselling the waste plastic products while consumer's awareness of consequences and personal attitude toward proper waste disposal leads to reuse or donating that product to someone who can use that plastic product. The understanding of these consumer attributes may help to shape the behavioral outcomes in order to manage waste disposal. This study will be beneficial for business managers looking to improve reverse logistics as well as government/municipal policy makers and academics/researchers who are interested in a solution-oriented study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation behaviour is a topic that always evolving in the study of the consumerism behaviour. Conservation behaviour is behaviour that leads to consume products that protect nature, leading to environmental conservation efforts while concerning the benefits that can be gained in the present and future in sustainable. The purpose of this study was to analyze the causal factors of conservation behavior in the term of internal consumer aspect. Research is conducted on the community located in the Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia which consists of 5 districts. The analysis unit in this study is individual. Data are collected from respondents who are shopping in supermarkets and shopping centre in five districts in Yogyakarta Province. The number of samples of each district is 60 people, but the lack of questionnaires of 268 respondents. Statistical technique is using AMOS. The result explains that there is a significant positive effect of; (1) environmental knowledge (EK) on awareness of consequences (AOC); (2) environmental knowledge (EK) on environmental attitudes (EA); (3) awareness of consequences (AOC) on personal norm (PN); (4) personal norms (PN) on conservation behaviour (CB) and (5) environmental behaviour (EA) on conservation behaviour (CB). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to enrich the knowledge on the consumer's decision-making process towards fair-trade products. Starting from Theory of Planned Behaviour and Norm Activation Theory basic assumptions, the systemic effect of awareness of consequences, emotional empathy, attitude and personal norms on purchase intention is considered. The empirical research builds on an online survey with a sample of 215 consumers. The proposed model was tested through structural equation modelling. Results showed a positive effect of attitude towards the product, personal norms and empathy on purchase intention. Personal norms were, in turn, influenced by awareness of consequences of fair practices and emotional empathy and positively impacted on attitude towards the product. The paper offers recommendations to governments, industries and non-profit organisations for better marketing and promoting fair-trade products. Unlabelled Image • The paper develops a comprehensive buying behaviour model in the fair-trade context. • Attitude towards the product, personal norms and empathy increase buying intention. • Personal norms were, in turn, influenced by awareness of consequences and empathy. • Personal norms positively impacted on attitude towards the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit waste occurs at all stages of the supply chain. Thus, a single behavior or stakeholder cannot be identified as responsible for fruit wasted. It should be instead considered that a combination of multiple behaviors can increase or decrease the possibility of fruit being wasted. In this context, research on behaviors leading to waste minimization is essential to achieve food security and environmental protection. Iran is one of the largest fruit producers globally, and 35 million tons of food are wasted yearly in different harvesting stages, more than the annual agricultural waste produced by developed countries. In this context, the present study analyzes the behavior of Iranian retailers toward fruit waste management using a conceptual framework that combines the Theory of Planned Behavior and Norm Activation Model. A semi-structured questionnaire was applied to 230 fruit retailers. The hypotheses were tested by Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Attitude, perceived behavioral control, personal norms, and awareness of consequences directly influenced fruit retailers' fruit waste management intention. Subjective norm and responsibility indirectly influenced intention, through attitude and personal norms, respectively. Understanding of behavior determinants of fruit retailers supports the design of effective measures for waste reduction with environmental and social benefits. • The behavior of Iranian retailers toward fruit waste management was analyzed. • Theory of Planned Behavior and Norm Activation Model were combined. • Attitude, PBC, and personal norm directly influence behavioral intention. • Awareness of consequences and responsibility influenced one's personal norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we explore antecedents of citizens’ self-reported environmental complaint intention in China by drawing on the norm activation model, and test the plausibility of the norm activation model to predict public-sphere pro-environmental intention/behavior. We evaluate the applicability and strength of the three alternative interpretations of the norm activation model: the moderator model and two mediator models. The models were empirically tested using survey data collected from twenty-nine cities at the prefecture and provincial levels in northern China. The results of structural analysis demonstrate that both of the two mediator models of norm activation model can adequately be employed to explain self-reported environmental complaint intention. Personal norm is the most immediate and influential predictor of environmental complaint intention. Personal norm also significantly mediates the relationship between ascribed responsibility and environmental complaint intention. Awareness of consequences is found to either directly trigger personal norm or to indirectly influence personal norm through the mediation of ascribed responsibility. The findings verify the plausibility and applicability of the norm activation model in explaining public-sphere pro-environmental intention/behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing industry, urbanization, and population in developing nations like Ghana is increasing waste generation. Municipal solid waste (MSW) mishandling has serious environmental, public health, and socio-economic implications. This study analyzed the direct and indirect influence on citizens' intention to invest in MSW to energy projects in Ghana and expanded the norm activation model (NAM) and theory of planned behavior (TPB) with perceived value and health consciousness. With 412 questionnaire responses, hypothetical statements were evaluated using partial least square-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings are: (1) The study found that awareness of consequences indirectly influenced citizens' intention to invest in MSW to energy projects through attitude, personal norms, perceived value, perceived behavioral control, subjective norm, and health consciousness. (2) This study indicated that the explanatory ability of the current structural research model (R2 = 40.1%) is better than that of the extended TPB model (R2 = 38.0%) and NAM (R2 = 28.4%) with perceived value and health consciousness, and the structural model can better explain their intention to invest. Additionally, several recommendations are suggested for investing in MSW to energy projects in Ghana. This study has the potential to assist academics, researchers, government officials, and investors engaged in MSW to energy projects in making knowledgeable decisions. • Citizens' intention to invest in MSW to energy projects was assessed in Ghana. • The study assessed the explanatory power of TPB and NAM using PLS-SEM. • All the hypothesis influenced citizens' intention to invest in the projects. • The study compare the current research model, NAM, and the TPB model. • The recommendations for citizens' intention to invest in the projects are detailed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeological sites form an integral part of man-built environment and tourism cultural resources. Despite their interpretive and cultural significance, archaeological sites are threatened by excessive visitors’ pressure and behavior. The present study examined cognitive and behavioral gender differences among 286 visitors to Jordanian archaeological sites. A survey was developed and administered to measure the holding of particular environmentalism determinants, including: value orientations, awareness of consequences, ascription of responsibility, and behavioral intention. Consistent with previous research, it was found that women had more awareness about damage taking place at archaeological sites, as well as a higher ascription of responsibility and ecocentric value orientations. Moreover, women were more willing to take positive actions when visiting these sites. Significant statistical differences were found between males and females for most of the measured variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese government is promoting a waste classification policy to solve the increasingly serious issue of cities being besieged by waste. Only few studies investigate whether residents' understanding of garbage classification policy has an impact on their garbage classification behaviour and the nature of such impact. The purposes of this study are twofold: first, to explore conceptually the mechanism behind any moderating effects of perceived policy effectiveness (PPE) on waste classification and, second, to examine empirically if and how PPE influences the relationships between attitude (ATT), subjective norm (SN), perceived behaviour control (PBC), awareness of consequence (AC) and waste classification intention (WCI). The conceptual model of the study is developed by combining insights from the theory of planned behaviour, norm activation theory and value–belief–norm theory. A total of 351 questionnaires were administered in person to households in Bengbu, China. The results based on structural equation modelling with partial least squares show that PPE negatively moderates the relationship between AC and WCI. AC is more strongly related with the intention to classify waste when PPE is weaker. Likewise, when PPE is higher, people's awareness of consequences becomes less important for WCI. The findings have significant implications in policymakers' developing guidelines and offer a framework for implementing more effective waste classification policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immense food waste, generated by restaurants is not only a serious burden for the foodservice business but also a cause of anguish for the emerging nations in which eating out is becoming increasingly trendy. Consumers' food wastes account for a significant portion of restaurant food waste, indicating the need for a change in consumers' behavior to minimize food waste. To examine this problem, our study sought to identify the elements that influence restaurant consumers' behaviors on food waste reduction, reuse, and recycling. The influence of anticipated positive emotions, awareness of consequences, environmental knowledge, and social norms on waste reduction intentions were examined by using a quantitative technique in the investigation. Furthermore, the influence of habits, waste reduction intentions, and facilitating conditions on food waste reduction, reuse, and recycling behaviors have also been investigated. The study collected 1063 responses and employed the PLS-SEM approach to verify the hypotheses. The results suggested that anticipated positive emotions, awareness of consequences, environmental knowledge, and social norms all have substantial impacts on waste reduction intentions. In addition, habits, waste reduction intentions, and facilitating conditions have noteworthy influences on consumers' behaviors towards food waste reduction, reuse, and recycling in restaurants. Understanding these elements could help in correcting customers' waste behaviors in restaurants. The findings in this study are useful for managers, policymakers, and researchers who want to solve the problems of food waste. The implications, limits, and suggestions for further studies have also been discussed in our study.

This study sought to investigate the role of consumers' emotional, cognitive, and financial concerns in the development of food waste reduction, reuse, and recycling behavior among restaurant patrons. Food waste in restaurants is a major problem for the food service industry, and it is a growing source of concern in developing countries, where eating out is becoming increasingly popular. A large portion of restaurant food waste in these markets originates from the plates of customers, highlighting the importance of consumer behavior changes in reducing waste. The current study has used a quantitative approach to analyze the impact of anticipated negative emotion of guilt, awareness of consequences, habit, and financial concern on food waste reduction behaviors, i.e., reduce, reuse, and recycle. The study collected 492 responses and data is analyzed for hypotheses testing through Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modelling. The findings showed that anticipated negative emotions of guilt, awareness of consequences, habit, and financial concern have a significant impact on restaurants' consumer food waste reduction behaviors. Managers, policymakers, and researchers interested in resolving the food waste problem will find the study useful. Other topics discussed include the implications and limitations as well as possible future research directions.

• This study integrates the moral norms, awareness of consequences and convenience into the extended theory of planned behavior. • The use of disposable express packaging has increasingly express deliveries and leads to the waste of resources and environmental pollution. • The hypotheses are tested using partial least square-structural equation model with 890 valid questionnaires. • Usage intention and perceived behavior control cause a significant positive effect on the usage behavior of recyclable express packagings. • Convenience, subjective norms, and moral norms are the most important factors affecting the usage intention of young consumers. This study integrates customers' intention to use recyclable express packaging by extending the theory of planned behavior. Prior studies are lacking to address the convenience, moral norms and awareness of consequences in the model. The use of disposable express packaging has become increasingly prominent because of the explosive growth in the number of express deliveries and this leads to the waste of resources and environmental pollution. The data are collected from 1303 valid questionnaires. The hypotheses are tested using partial least squares structural equation modeling. The results show that usage intention and perceived behavioral control have a significant positive effect on the usage behavior of recyclable express packaging by consumers aged 14–35. Convenience, subjective norms, and moral norms are the most important factors affecting the usage intention of these young Chinese consumers. Meanwhile, attitude and perceived behavioral control play a significant positive role in young consumers' usage intention. Awareness of consequences has no significant influence on usage intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tried to explain consumer's intention formation in the context of drone food delivery services based on Ajzen's theory of planned behavior (TPB) model. In addition, this study tried to deepen the TPB by understanding the moderating effect of the awareness of consequences. The data were collected from 406 respondents using an online survey in South Korea. The results showed that all proposed hypotheses were accepted. It was also found that the awareness of consequences plays a crucial role in the relation between perceived behavioral control and behavioral intentions. Important theoretical and managerial implications are discussed in the last part of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about cruise passengers' post-purchase behaviours and what makes them repurchase eco-friendly cruise trips. This research is an empirical attempt to explore the role of cruise line quality, image, physical environment excellence, satisfaction, and awareness of consequences in determining passenger repurchase intentions in the green cruise line sector. A quantitative method that comprised a structural equation model and an invariance test was used. Our findings revealed that quality, image, and physical environment excellence acted as significant drivers of satisfaction and intention, and cruise line quality had the greatest influence on intention. In addition, satisfaction, which was the most proximal determinant of intention, had a mediating effect. The physical environment excellence and intention relationship was moderated by awareness of consequences. The proposed conceptual framework in general had a sufficient level of prediction power for passenger repurchase intention. Findings of this study can be efficiently used for passenger retention among green cruise line practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]