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This article presents a critical reading of the work of Imam al-Haramayn al-Juwayni (d. 1085) entitled Ghiyath al-Umam (Ghiyāthī). This reading is necessary to fill in the gaps in the study of the roots and precedents of moderation in the work of Islamic political thought in the medieval period. Al-Juwayni’s political and religious thoughts, when faced with non-ideal political and religious situations, showed a well-founded character of moderation. The solutions to the problems of his time that he offered were the products of “moderation reason” rooted in his religious beliefs and political pragmatism. The precedent of “moderation reason” shown by al-Juwayni finds its contemporary relevance in the model of the attitude of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) and Muhammadiyah towards Pancasila in the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. They formulated the concept of political and religious thought in accordance with the context of al-Juwayni’s intellectual, political, and religious attitudes. In the end, this paper indicates that the concept of moderation is not a modern discourse programmed by the government without having roots and precedents in Islamic political thought.

In this study, lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) with solvent-antisolvent ratios of 1:10, 1:20, 1:30, 1:40 and 1:50 (v/v) show mean particle sizes of 220 nm, 130 nm, 80 nm, 55 nm and 20 nm after synthesised by nanoprecipitation method in an aqueous medium. Iodo-lignin nanoparticles (ILNPs) with solvent-antisolvent ratios of 1:10, 1:20, 1:30, 1:40, and 1:50 (v/v) show mean particles sizes of 360 nm, 230 nm, 85 nm, 75 nm and 40 nm synthesised by enzymatic catalysed iodination of LNPs. ILNPs exhibited excellent antifungal efficacy against various tested fungi such as Cunninghamella sp., Fusarium equiseti, Penicillium chermesinum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma piluliferum. The maximum antifungal activity was achieved by decreasing nanosize and increasing the concentration of both LNPs and ILNPs. LNPs demonstrated inhibition effects ranging from 63.34 % to 75.71 % against T. piluliferum, Cunninghamella sp., and A. flavus. ILNPs have a greater inhibition effect ranging from 86.33 % to 98.67 % against A. niger, A. flavus, Cunninghamella sp., F. equiseti, P. chermesinum, and T. piluliferum. This work has proven that LNPs and ILNPs are promising nano-fungicides for plant pathogenic fungi.

Cultural mapping is a vital approach for understanding place and community. This approach also involves systematically identifying the tangible and intangible cultural heritage assets. However, lack of awareness and engagement between local people and related parties causing this heritage to be increasingly forgotten. Younger generations are increasingly moving to urban areas in search of better opportunities, leading to a loss of traditional knowledge and skills in rural communities. Bachok district is rich in cultural heritage, historical landmarks, traditional crafts, local folklore and communal rituals. The preservation of both tangible and intangible heritage in Bachok requires concerted efforts involving the community, government, and NGOs. Initiatives to document, promote, and integrate these cultural elements into education and tourism can help sustain Kelantan’s unique cultural identity amidst modern challenges. Developing cultural mapping through qualitative approaches provides a comprehensive understanding of cultural heritage and community dynamics. This might involve ethnographic methods such as interviews and participant observation. These qualitative data provide a nuanced understanding of the intangible cultural heritage, such as beliefs, customs, and artistic expressions, enriching the cultural map with context and meaning. As the result, a cultural mapping map are produce as a guide to the public and tourist. through this cultural mapping can can improve the economy of the local community and preserve their cultural and heritage.

Developing a tourism trail can significantly boost the local economy by leveraging the village’s unique cultural, historical, and natural assets to attract visitors. Purpose of heritage trails is the economic development at Sungai Budor Village, Kota Bharu Kelantan. Some issues was found such as lack of proper heritage trail to promote the local products and lack of promotion about the existence cultural heritage. The main goal of research is to promote traditional village following the trail. The aim can be achieved through the following objectives (i) to examine the cultural heritage in Kampung Budor as tourist attraction and (ii) to develop informative QR Code for heritage trail. Mix method is use in this research such as in depth interview, observation and survey using questionnaires. The data was analyse using Atlas Ti. Version 7 and SPSS version 21 software. The result produce a set of QR Code for heritage trail in Kampung Sungai Budor. Community can used their own smartphones to scan the QR Code to explore the trail. The development of a tourism trail at Sungai Budor Village presents a holistic approach to sustainable economic growth, transforming the village into a vibrant and thriving tourist destination.

Biophilic design (BD) is the integration of nature into built environments to best improve human well-being. This paper aims to investigate how biophilic elements affect the dining experience in particular Klang Valley, Malaysia, restaurants. The study applies quantitative as well as qualitative approaches. This research examined the BD elements present in many restaurant settings using qualitative observation. In line with accepted BD theory, the findings were documented and investigated utilising site images. Apart from the qualitative studies, a quantitative survey was carried out among customers of the restaurants to assess their dining experiences with particular reference to the integration of BD elements. This research aimed to explore the effect of BD implementation on dining experiences of restaurant occupants and maybe identify the preferred BD of the restaurant by means of a purposive sample technique. The survey findings imply that the dining experience is much improved by include BD components, particularly those that provide a visual connection to nature. This research provides important new perspectives on the usage of BD in Malaysian restaurants, therefore guiding designers and architects in selecting and implementing effective biophilic approaches to possibly improve customers satisfaction.

The issue on the need for developing the competency of Indonesia apparatus appeared when the government found difficulties to overcome the multi-dimension crisis by the dawn of the last century. To implement it, the government published Law Number 43/1999 as the change of Law apparatus competency as professional, neutral, clean from corruption, collution, and nepotism, and having a unity and nation perception. A year later, the government published the competencies needed for various positions in the government institution which are significant for formulating the curricula of competency based development programs-except the Standard of General Cometencies for Structural Officials published in 2001. Such ambiguity impacts on the ineffectivity of cometency development process in Indonesia.

Various crisis in the fields of economy, social, and public service has attacked Indonesia since the last decade without strategic solutions as expected the society. Such condition represents one of indicators of bureaucracy incapability in anticipacing and handling the global problems as the signs of global ‘disaster’ have been indicated since 1990s. As we know, Osborne and Patrick (1997) wrote in their phenomenal book ‘Banishing Bureaucracy’ that the recent world had been characterized by rapid change, technological revolution, global economic competition, demassified markets, educated workforces, demanding customers, and severe fiscal. Thus, a strategic solution should be formulated, among others, by transforming the traditional bureaucracy leadership to be empowerment one. Through this leadership approach, it is expected that the profile of Indonesian bureaucracy will be characterized by creativities and inovations to solve the global problems.

Kebijakan otonomi daerah di Indonesia pada hakekatnya ditujukan untuk memenuhi tuntutan masyarakat dalam meningkatkan pelayanan publik dan memajukan perekonomian daerah. Di samping itu, kebijakan ini juga diharapkan dapat mengembangkan kehidupan demokrasi, keadilan dan pemerataan, serta memelihara hubungan yang serasi antara Pusat dan Daerah serta antar-daerah dalam rangka menjaga keutuhan NKRI. Pencapaian tujuan utama kebijakan otonomi daerah tersebut sangat dipengaruhi oleh kinerja yang baik dari pegawai pemerintah daerah. Dalam kaitan ini, Davis dan Newstorm (1985) mengidentifikasi adanya dua faktor signifikan yang dapat mempengaruhi kinerja pegawai, yakni kemampuan (ability) dan motivasi (motivation). Kemampuan ditentukan oleh pengetahuan (knowledge) dan keterampilan (skills), sementara motivasi terbentuk oleh sikap (attitude) SDM yang bersangkutan dan situasi kerja. "

Pemberlakuan kebijakan otonomi daerah telah memicu berbagai pemerintah kabupatend an kota untuk melakukan pembaharuan dalam pelayanan publik. Seluruh kegiatan ini dilaksanakan sebagai realisasi salahsatu amanat kebijakan tersebut untuk mendesentralisasikan pelaksanaan pelyanan publik agar lebih mampu memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat. Dari kajian terhadap berbagai sumber dapat disimpulkan bahwa inovasi pada umumnya dilakukan pada komponen-komponen organisasi, ketatalaksanaan dan sistem pelayanan. Namun demikian, beberapa daerah tampak memfokuskan pada pelayanan untuk masyarakat miskin. Prioritas terhadap jenis pelayanan serta keberhasilan inovasi dalam bidang pelayanan publik dan kapasitas pemerintah daerah dalam mengelola tanggung jawab dan tantangan baru untuk membangun daerahnya.

The government policy on the local autonomy based on the Law No.22 year 1999 and then the Law No. 32 year 2003 has been implemented all around Indonesia for about five years during which various attached regulations have been carried out. Among others, the regulation on the government issue distribution is of significance as it will result on the design of organizational structure of local government. However, not all local government have been implemented the regulation because of various reason. This paper is an attempt at avaluating the implementation of the regulation in the city government of Bandung, based on the empirical observations and study on related references. To sum up, a policy recommendation will be proposed to be taken into consideration for the revision of the regulation.

The fast and turbulent change mainly in the fields of information and economy approaching the third millenium has put Indonesia and other developing countries into a borderless and footloose condition mostly known as the globalization era. To anticipate the chage, the Indonesian government has made anticipatory and recovery efforts, such as the immplementation of Decre Number 22/1999 on local government and Decree Number 25/1999 on the balance of Central and Local Finance. However the ineffective and less strategic movements of the government in anticipacing complex impacts of the global wave have finally plunged the country into wide and long crisis in the field of economy and finance, social, politic, and government administration which finally lead the society into the crisisof trust to the government.

Dalam salah satu pernyataannya akhir-akhir ini, International Transparency yang bermakas di Berlin mengungkapkan bahwa Indonesia termasuk diantara negara-negara yang paling korup di dunia selama empat tahun terakhir ini. Indonesia menempati posisi keenam terkorup dari 133 negara yang di survei. Bahkan antara negara-negara ASEAN yang di survei (Brunei Darusslama, Cambodja, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philiphines, singapore, Thailand and Vietnam kecuali Myanmar), indonesia menempati posisi teratas. Sementara di Asia hanya Bangladesh and Myanmar yang ‘mampu’mengungguli Indonesia dalam masalah korupsi.

The first direct election for the head and vice-head of local government in Indonesia—or Pilkada Langsung—was successfully started in the Kutai Kertanegara regency at the beginning of June 2005. The same election will be held immediately by 225 provinces, regencies and cities all over the country. It is too early to say that other elections will gain the same succes as different areas in Indonesia perform different characteristics. The tigh competition coloring the election may also trigger the conflicts among the supporters of the candidates. However, we hope that the spirit to enhance democracy and to develope good local governance through the direct election will be able to eliminate the facing contraints. The discussion developed in this paper will cover the legality and mechanism of the election, efforts to enhance democracy and good local governance that will result in the recommendation to achieve a succesfull direct election.

This study examines the development, challenges, and educational approaches for visually impaired children in Malaysia, framed within the goals of inclusive education as outlined by Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4). Despite progressive policies, significant challenges persist, including limited access to specialized resources, inconsistent quality across regions, and a lack of adequately trained educators. The study aims to explore the historical development of special education for visually impaired children, classify visual impairments, and examine various learning mediums. Using a qualitative literature review, data were collected from academic and government source. Findings reveal notable gaps in resource allocation and instructional frameworks, especially in rural areas, where visually impaired children face greater educational barriers. The study's implications underscore the need for standardized frameworks and increased resource distribution to ensure equitable access to quality education. Future research should address the long-term impact of dual media learning and investigate best practices from global contexts to enhance Malaysia's approach to visual impairment education. Aligned with SDG 4, the findings advocate for collaborative efforts between educators, policymakers, and community stakeholders to create an educational landscape where visually impaired children can fully engage and thrive academically and socially.

Knowledge is increasingly a valuable asset that transfers among nations. This trend has led to challenges in producing the best graduates and competition among organizations to retain these talents. These global trends require skilled and highly productive employees. The Malaysian education sector is no exception to these changes, as academic functions are crucial in universities. The success of universities in accomplishing their goals depends on highly motivated and committed academics. Several past studies have identified the significance of quality of work life (QWL) in building a more committed and productive workforce in the education sector. However, studies on QWL and how organizational commitment (OC) reinforces its effect on job performance (JP) among academics in Malaysian research universities (RUs) are limited. Therefore, this inquiry explores the correlation between QWL, OC, and JP. A questionnaire was utilized for data collection from 387 academics, and the data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0. The findings reveal that QWL has a significant influence on OC and JP. Additionally, OC significantly influences JP and partially mediates the relationship between QWL and JP. As a result, improved QWL of the academics is necessary for enhancing their OC and JP.

The study evaluates the Mythematix prototype, an innovative adaptive e-learning system designed specifically to enhance secondary school students' understanding and proficiency in mathematics. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, it combines qualitative and quantitative research methodologies to thoroughly assess students' perceptions and experiences with the Mythematix prototype. The study involved a group of 30 students participating in a comprehensive usability survey, which included a range of Likert scale questions alongside an open-ended response. This survey was designed to evaluate the usability of the prototype, pinpointing its strengths and weaknesses from the students' perspectives. The analysis of the survey results provided detailed insights into the most and least effective aspects of the prototype. Overall, the study contributes valuable insights into the effectiveness of adaptive e-learning platforms in enhancing and enriching students' learning experiences in mathematics, and it lays the groundwork for future research in this evolving educational field.

Potentially serving as the primary national literacy initiative, the Reading Seed Programme (RSP) by PUSTAKA Negeri Sarawak aims to enculturate a reading culture from an early age. For instance, RSP was invented to promote reading culture by having the pregnant mother read to their infant until the child was three years old. The process is vital to helping children learn to read from a young age and eventually empower them to be independent readers for life. Particularly, the objectives of RSP are to promote reading habits by getting parents to read to their children, strengthen a child's vocabulary, and develop their confidence, especially in reading. Thus, this paper is primarily designed to investigate the demographic differences between RSP participation and the programme's objectives, i.e., reading habits, parent's engagement, vocabulary ability, and confidence development. To assess how well the RSP achieved its goal of assisting toddlers in developing their confidence as readers. An online survey yielded 385 completed responses, representing a 92.33% response rate among RSP participants. The key findings indicated that the age of the child, mode of joining the programme, and year received the RSP's kits are the most important indicators of the usefulness of the programme (RSP and RSP's kits) and the programme's objectives attainment, especially in straightening the child's vocabulary and comprehension and developing their confidence, especially in reading and knowledge. Nonetheless, the results of this study highlighted the novelty of the early literacy programme of the RSP in cultivating the reading culture, parent-child engagement in reading, and preparing children to acquire knowledge.

Industrial sago starch extraction from the sago palm (Metroxylon sagu) generates large volumes of wastewater, known as sago effluent that is generally discharged into nearby water bodies without proper treatment. This practice has led to severe environmental pollution that prompts the development of biotechnological treatments of sago effluent. In this study, Rhizopus oligosporus was grown in sago effluent at several initial pHs (pH 4, 5, and 6) during submerged fermentation to determine the optimum pH for high protein fungal biomass (HPFB) production while simultaneously reducing the starch content and high organic loads of sago effluent. Our results showed that the growth of R. oligosporus was the highest (3.8 g/L) when the initial pH of the sago effluent was 4. The same pH also gave the best reduction of starch, biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand of the sago effluent following the R. oligosporus fermentations, which were 96.70%, 89.81%, and 78.30%, respectively. In addition, nitrate concentration was found to be reduced from 0.266 to 0.257 g/L, while the nitrite level dropped from 0.040 to 0.029 g/L. The present findings presented the potential of R. oligosporus for the production of HPFB as well as for treating sago effluent.

This article examines the treasures of the Arabic Malay books (Kitab Jawi) which have a wealth of Malay local wisdom. There are three important aspects of the contents of the Malay books discussed in this article, namely: (1) uruf and Malay local wisdom; (2) the principle of Malay local wisdom formula and (3) proof of Kitab Jawi as Malay local wisdom that can be promoted at this time. The results of this study confirm several things. First, the awareness of the world community about local wisdom belonging to the community of the non-European may be filled by expressing the concept of local wisdom based on Islamic knowledge. Secondly, the constructs and formulas of Malay local wisdom are indeed rather unique because they are the result of the sentiment between Islam and Malay thought. Third, Kitab Jawi is indeed the most important product of local Malay Islamic wisdom. This can be seen in terms of the formation of Jawi writings and the constructs of science that were awakened by previous Malay scholars. Artikel ini mengkaji khazanah kitab-kitab Arab Melayu (Kitab Jawi) yang memiliki kekayaan akan kearifan lokal Melayu. Ada tiga aspek penting kandungan kitab-kitan Melayu yang dibahas dalam artikel ini, yaitu : (1) uruf dan kearifan lokal Melayu; (2) asas formula kearifan lokal Melayu dan (3) pembuktian kitab jawi sebagai kearifan lokal Melayu yang bisa dipromisikan di masa ini. Hasil kajian ini menegaskan beberapa hal. Pertama, kesadaran masyarakat dunia tentang kearifan lokal milik masyarakat peribumi bukan Eropa boleh diisi dengan mengemukakan konsep kearifan lokal berasaskan ilmu melayu Islam. Kedua, konstruk dan formula kearifan lokal Melayu memang agak unik kerana merupakan hasil sentesis antara Islam dengan pemikiran Melayu. Ketiga, kitab jawi memang merupakan produk kearifan lokal Melayu Islam yang terpenting. Ini dapat dilihat dari segi pembentukan tulisan jawi dan konstruk ilmu yang dibangunkan oleh ulama melayu masa silam.

A total of 92 individual trees with DBH of 5 cm and above comprising 21 families, 28 genera and 35 species were measured, identified and recorded. This study aimed to enumerate the tree species composition and estimate the diversity index of trees with DBH of 5 cm and above at Pulau Banding, Perak. An ecological plot size of 70 m x 70 m or 0.49 ha was established and divided into three subplots. The data collection was collected to determine the number of species, number of individuals and DBH within the plots. The Shannon Diversity Index was estimated at H’ = 2.98 (H’max = 3.53) while the Simpson’s Index (D) was 0.10 and Species Evenness (E) was 0.85. Murraya paniculata (Rutaceae) was the most important species with an IV i (Important Value Index) of 24.7%, while Dipterocarpaceae was the dominant family for the study area with an IV i of 45.36%. The total aboveground biomass of all trees with a DBH of 5 cm and above in a 0.49 ha plot in Pulau Banding was estimated at 66.2 t/ha. Hence this study is providing preliminary data on tree species composition at Pulau Banding, Perak for conserving the remaining valued timber trees that are still in the regeneration phase.

Street network attributes, including street connectivity, street integration, and pedestrian accessibility, are closely interrelated concepts that play an important role in achieving the sustainable approach challenges facing all large cities throughout the world. However, the lack of awareness of sustainable development in both the city center and villages in the suburban area results in a low value of street connectivity, less direct route to the destination, and discouraging pedestrians from moving. This research aims to examine street connectivity and street integration patterns that form from street connections at existing streets in Kota Bharu Kelantan. DepthmapX software was used to analyze street connectivity and integrations to identify and compare the existing street influencing people to move from one destination to another in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. The streets in the Kota Bharu, Kelantan city center area are chosen as the study site to investigate the street connectivity and integration values. Data analysis using DepthmapX software was performed after digitizing the map in AutoCAD software. Findings show that street connectivity and integration are of higher value when the streets are well connected to other streets in the main area and attraction area. The conclusions of this paper can help landscape architects and urban planners optimize the achievement of well-connected street networks that produce directness routes in short-distance destinations to develop a sustainable urban environment.

The purpose of this study is to determine the planting species in a campus environment and assess their suitability for enhancing the quality of life. The study area chosen for this research is the Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK) Campus Bachok, Kelantan. The objectives of this study are to identify the functions of planting at campus area and to make the suggestions of right planting selection. Using mix methods approach, survey and expert interviews was used to collect data in order to address the objectives to the fullest extent possible. A total of 200 respondents, including both staff and students from the faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, took part in the survey. The results shows the thirteen (13) dominant of planting species located around the campus area which are Samanea saman (Rain tree), Salix babylonica (Chinese weeping willow), Terminalia Mantaly (Umbrella tree), Khaya senegalensis (Mohagany), Tabebuai rosea (Trumpet tree), Acacia mangium (Brown salwood), Hopea odorata (Merawan siput jantan), Filicium decipiens (Fern tree), Syzygium polyanthum (Salam tree), Plumeria Frangipani (Kemboja), Schizolobium parahyba (Yellow jacaranda), Ixora Javanica (Siantan), Monoon Longifolium (Mempisang). Results indicate that functions of planting such as a barrier between roads, provided shaded area and to prevent landslide on the shore of the lake.

The distribution and diversity of the Rubiaceae species were investigated along one trail at Pulau Banding, Gerik, Perak. This study aims to identify and estimate the diversity of the Rubiaceae species. The diversity and distribution of the Rubiaceae species were calculated using Shannon-Wiener’s Diversity Index, Simpson's Diversity Index and relative abundance index. A total of 139 individuals from nine species were recorded from Pulau Banding, Perak which are Mitracarpus hirtus, Gardenia carinata, Aidia densiflora, Hypobathrum hirtum, Coffea arabica, Psychotria marginata, Lasianthus constrictus, Porterandia anisophyllea and Ixora finlaysoniana. The values of the Shannon-Wiener’s Diversity Index (H′) and Simpson's Diversity Index (D) are 1.55 and 3.27, respectively. This indicates that M. hirtus is the most dominant species, encompassing 49% of all recorded Rubiaceae. Since it has many benefits such as food, timber, medicine, and the diversity of conservation value, this is vital as baseline data for researchers to propose solutions to the stakeholders and conservation sustainability of the Rubiaceae family as plant resources in Pulau Banding, Perak.

This study aimed to determine the factors that are essential in developing Malaysian Roadside tree selection species model for a sustainable smart city. Two objectives have been formulated; (i) to identify the current practices in selecting roadside trees and (ii) to explore the factors affecting in developing roadside tree species model. The methodology used in the study is in-depth interviews and collecting archival data. Thirty of landscape architects and related expertise will be sorted by random sampling at Klang Valley area. The study emphasised the consideration of landscape, arboriculture, forestry and academician practices that consider the long-term benefits and impacts of planting roadside trees. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the factors that should be considered when selecting tree species for roadside planting in city areas. Fifteen (15) important factors has been identified that is size and growth habit, native and local species, adaptability, maintenance and requirements, wind resistance, non-invasive roots, canopy density, soil requirements, aesthetic value, wildlife support, cultural significance, stakeholder input, longevity, urban tolerance, pest and disease resistance. The results can be used to guide the related parties and promote sustainable development in cities.

The purpose of this study is to analyse Usrah Mahallah in the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), application of usrah therein and its contributions in improving teaching and learning approaches. As the focus of this study is much qualitative, a case study was conducted and so become the only method that can realise the purpose of this study. Findings shown that Usrah Mahallah is widely accepted by IIUM resident students participated in usrah. Small ratio of usrah leader to usrah participants, contemporary and friendly approaches applied by usrah leaders, organisation of attractive Usrah activities at both residential college and IIUM levels and flexibility and conduciveness of usrah settings established and maintained jointly by Usrah leaders and participants are among key factors that contributed to such acceptance. Those findings lead to the fact that Usrah Mahallah is not only a progressive product of Islamisation in IIUM and a tool to develop students’ social, spiritual and intellectual values and skills, but also an effective approach to teaching and learning, especially in Islamic education.

Kajian ini berpijak dari adanya fenomena masih dilaksanakannya ritual tolak bala oleh masyarakat Petalangan, padahal mereka semuanya sudah beragama Islam. Ritual tolak bala merupakan salah satu bentuk sinkretisme agama, di mana dalam ritual tersebut dapat ditemukan unsur-unsur Islam, Hindu dan Budha, serta animisme dan dinamisme. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan tujuan dari pelaksanaan tolak bala, perpaduan Islam dalam ritual tolak bala, serta mengapa ritual ini masih tetap dipertahankan oleh masyarakat. Adapun pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Sedangkan teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah deskriptif. Hasil kajian ini memperlihatkan bahwa ritual tolak bala dilakukan oleh masyarakat dengan tujuan agar terhindar dari bencana, baik secara individu, masyarakat, maupun kampung. Ritual ini disebut juga dengan mengobati kampung. Unsur Islan ditambahkan sedemikian rupa dalam ritual ini yang dibungkus dengan cara kenduri tolak bala. Bertahannya ritual ini dikarenakan kurangnya pemahaman masyarakat terhadap ajaran Islam serta rendahnya tingkat pendidikan masyarakat, serta masih kuatnya hubungan psikologis masyarakat dengan alam sekitar

Ensuring quality in healthcare calls for a coordinated, systematic, congruous, and sustained approach. Nevertheless, it demands defining what the quality of healthcare means in the local context. Presently, the Malaysian healthcare system utilizes various definitions of quality of healthcare across the different initiatives and levels of healthcare, which can lead to fragmented or ineffective quality improvement. The study aims to describe the process undertaken in developing an explicit definition of the quality of healthcare tailored to the Malaysian context, which is currently lacking. A pluralistic method was used to explore the different perspectives. Three distinct approaches were used to understand how quality is defined among the different stakeholder groups: (i) interactive policy-makers engagement sessions, (ii) a review of local quality-related documents, and (iii) an online survey engaging the public. The domains depicting quality of healthcare that emerged through these three approaches were mapped against a framework and synthesized to form the local definition of quality. A national quality-related technical working group convened on several sessions to achieve consensus and finalize the definition of quality of healthcare. Quality healthcare in Malaysia is defined as providing high-quality healthcare that is safe, timely, effective, equitable, efficient, people-centred, and accessible [STEEEPA] which is innovative and responsive to the needs of the people, and is delivered as a team, in a caring and professional manner in order to improve health outcomes and client experience. The consensus-driven local definition of healthcare quality will guide policies and ensure standardization in measuring quality, thereby steering efforts to improve the quality of healthcare services delivered in Malaysia.

Human mpox is a zoonotic disease caused by 2 distinct clades (I and II) of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) (1). Clade I primarily affects children and adolescents in Central Africa, [...]