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One of the major targets of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) is the placenta, the evolution of which during pregnancy has been well documented. Histopathological findings are related to gestational age, and several physiologic and pathologic alterations that occur during its development. The major findings in placentae from aPL positive patients are thrombosis, acute atherosis, a decreased number of syncytio-vascular membranes, increased number of syncytial knots and obliterative arteriopathy. These findings are not specific to the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and sometimes do not correlate with the fetal outcome. Histopathological study of placentae may elucidate mechanisms of action of aPL in fetal loss and other obstetric complications. In addition, it may assist in the investigation of the differential diagnosis between APS and pregnancy- induced hypertension. Immunohistochemical studies of local placental proteins contribute to this differential diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

HPV is associated with cervical cancer and plays a crucial role in tumor formation. Apoptosis is regulated by different pathways involving genes that either promote (BCL2 gene) or inhibit (BAX gene) cell death. Our goal was to determine whether the BCL2-938C>A (rs2279115) and BAX-248G>A (rs4645878) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (SIL) risk, and whether their phenotypic expression was impaired in these lesions. Two hundred and thirty-one cases showing SIL were classified as low SIL (LSIL, n = 101) or high SIL (HSIL, n = 130), and control subjects (n = 266) with no gynecologically proven SIL were recruited. No statistical difference in the genotype and allelic frequency of the BCL-2-938C>A polymorphism was observed among the groups. BCL2-938C/A and A/A homozygotes carriers had higher distribution of BCL-2-expressing cells in stroma in the SIL group. BCL2 mRNA-expression was not correlated with BCL2-938C>A SNPs in both groups. We did find a strong association of the BAX GG genotype and risk for SIL. No difference was observed between LSIL and HSIL groups. In BAX-248G/A and A/A homozygote carriers, the number of BAX-expressing cells was lower the epithelium area in SIL. However, mRNA expression was higher in SIL patients than in the control group. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that allele G carriers in the BAX-248G>A promoter SNP may influence the development of SIL. However, this genotype does not influence the SIL outcome. Additionally, we suggest a possible role of HPV infection in the inhibition of the expression of BAX protein, decreasing cell death, and favoring cervical carcinogenesis.

Cell-mediated cytotoxicity plays an important role in the regulation to HPV-associated cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. HIV co-infection is related to poorer prognosis and more rapid clinical progression to cancer. We evaluated the presence of cervical inflammatory cells, apoptotic (Bax, Bcl-2, FasL, NOS2, perforin) markers and the degranulating expressing cell marker (CD107a) in low and high squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL and HSIL, respectively) from HIV-negative and -positive women. Higher percentage of cervical CD4(+), CD8(+) T cells and macrophage were observed in LSIL and HSIL groups when compared with control, especially in epithelium and basal layer of epithelium. However, progression from LSIL to HSIL did not change the frequency of inflammatory cells. HIV-infection lead to a reduction on cervical CD4(+) T cell infiltration and an increased CD8(+) T cell distribution in LSIL groups. A balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic protein expressions was verified. Bax-expressing cells were present in all groups and were rarely expressed in keratinocytes in the epithelium in LSIL and control groups, but notably decreased in HSIL group. However, its frequency was enhanced in the basal layer of the epithelium meanly in LSIL group. Bcl2-expressing cells in the epithelium and the stroma were enhanced in HSIL group when compared with LSIL group. HIV-infection did not interfere in both expressions NOS2 expression was located on keratinocytes in both LSIL and HSIL groups when compared with control group. There were few FasL cervical expressing cells in all groups. Indeed, perforin was identified in few cervical cells. However, CD107a, a surface marker for cellular degranulation was significantly higher in epithelium, basal layer of epithelium and stroma in LSIL and HSIL, respectively, when compared with control group. These results support that HIV infection may induce reduction on inflammatory cervical cell degranulation corroborating to carcinogenesis process. This is the first description on the role of HIV in downregulation of perforin degranulation in the cervical lesions and it might be related to carcinogenesis., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)