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This study aimed to determine the bacteriological quality and presence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes (DEP) and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species in 85 packaged ice samples from 12 different states of central Mexico. Three samples had a pH of 9.8 and therefore fell outside of the acceptable range for pH. All samples were positive for aerobic-mesophilic bacteria, with limits ranging from 1 to 3.47 log CFU/mL. In total, 35, 11, and 3 ice samples were positive for total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), and E. coli, respectively. In the samples, the TC concentration ranged from <1.1 to >23 MPN/100 mL and from <1.1 to 23 MPN/100 mL for FC and E. coli. In total, 38 (44.7%) ice samples were outside of Mexico's official guidelines. None of the 12 E. coli strains isolated from the three ice samples belonged to DEP. NTM were recovered from 20 ice samples and included M. neoaurum (n = 7), M. porcinum (n = 2), M. flavescens (n = 2), M. fortuitum (n = 1), M. abscessus (n = 1), M. senegalense (n = 1), M. conceptionense (n = 1), and M. sp. (n = 1). In the remaining four samples, two NTM were isolated simultaneously. Thus, we recommend that producers should evaluate the microbiological quality of purified water used as a raw material as well as that of the final product, the ice should be packed in thick bags to avoid stretching and tearing during transportation or storage to prevent environmental contamination of ice, personnel involved in the production, and handling of ice should be trained in relative hygiene matters and how ice-machines should be cleaned and disinfected and the implementation of hazard analysis and critical control points must be applied throughout the chain of production. Finally, regular inspection by the authorities is also of great importance. These recommendations can be applied in different countries with low microbiological quality packaged ice., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

There has been very limited investigation regarding the genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb) strains isolated from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in Mexico. In this study, we isolated 93 MTb strains from pulmonary and extrapulmonary samples of HIV-infected patients treated in a public hospital in Mexico City to evaluate the genetic diversity using spoligotyping and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable-number tandem-repeat (MIRU-VNTR) typing (based on 24 loci). The cohort comprised 80 male and 13 female individuals. There was a positive correlation between a high HIV viral load (>100,000 copies) and extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) ( r = 0.306, p = 0.008). Lineage 4 was the most frequent lineage (79 strains). In this lineage, we found the H clade ( n = 24), including the Haarlem, H3, and H1 families; the T clade ( n = 22), including T1 and T2; the X clade ( n = 15), including X1 and X3; the LAM clade ( n = 14), including LAM1, LAM2, LAM3, LAM6, and LAM9; the S clade ( n = 2); Uganda ( n = 1); and Ghana ( n = 1). We also found 12 strains in the EAI clade belonging to lineage 1, including the EAI2-Manila and EAI5 families. Interestingly, we identified one strain belonging to the Beijing family, which is part of lineage 2. One strain could not be identified. This study reports high genetic diversity among MTb strains, highlighting the need for a molecular epidemiological surveillance system that can help to monitor the spread of these strains, leading to more appropriate measures for TB control in HIV-infected patients.

Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is associated with higher mortality rates in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In Mexico, the number of deaths due to TB among the HIV-positive population has tripled in recent years., Methods: Ninety-three Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated from the same number of HIV-infected patients treated in a public hospital in Mexico City were studied to determine the drug resistance to first- and second-line anti-TB drugs and to identify the mutations associated with the resistance., Results: Of the 93 patients, 82.7% were new TB cases, 86% were male, and 73% had extrapulmonary TB. Most patients (94%) with a CD4 T-lymphocyte count <350 cells/mm 3 were associated with extrapulmonary TB ( p <0.0001), whilst most patients (78%) with a CD4 T-lymphocyte count >350 cells/mm 3 were associated with pulmonary TB ( p = 0.0011). Eighty-two strains were pan-susceptible, four mono-resistant, four poly-resistant, two multidrug-resistant, and one was extensively drug-resistant. In the rifampicin-resistant strains, rpoB S531L was the mutation most frequently identified, whereas the inhA C15T and katG S315T1 mutations were present in isoniazid-resistant strains. The extensively drug-resistant strain also contained the mutation gyrA D94A., Conclusions: These data highlight the need to promptly diagnose the drug resistance of M. tuberculosis among all HIV-infected patients by systematically offering access to first- and second-line drug susceptibility testing and to tailor the treatment regimen based on the resistance patterns to reduce the number of deaths in HIV-infected patients.

Chronic cases of chikungunya fever represent a public health problem in countries where the virus circulates. The disease is prolonged, in some cases, for years, resulting in disabling pain and bone erosion among other bone and joint problems. As time progresses, tissue damage is persistent, although the virus has not been found in blood or joints. The pathogenesis of these conditions has not been fully explained. Additionally, it has been considered that there are multiple factors that might intervene in the viral pathogenesis of the different conditions that develop. Other mechanisms involved in osteoarthritic diseases of non-viral origin could help explain how damage is produced in chronic conditions. The aim of this review is to analyze the molecular and cellular factors that could be involved in the tissue damage generated by different infectious conditions of the chikungunya virus.

Background: Polyamines are involved in several cellular processes and inhibiting their synthesis affects chikungunya virus (CHIKV) replication and translation, and, therefore, reduces the quantity of infectious viral particles produced. In this study, we evaluated the inhibition of CHIKV replication by N-ω-chloroacetyl-L-ornithine (NCAO), a competitive inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, an enzyme which is key in the biosynthesis of polyamines (PAs)., Methods: The cytotoxicity of NCAO was evaluated by MTT in cell culture. The inhibitory effect of CHIKV replication by NCAO was evaluated in Vero and C6/36 cells. The intracellular polyamines were quantified by HPLC in CHIKV-infected cells. We evaluated the yield of CHIKV in titres via the addition of PAs in Vero, C6/36 cells and human fibroblast BJ treated with NCAO., Results: We found that NCAO inhibits the replication of CHIKV in Vero and C6/36 cells in a dose-dependent manner, causing a decrease in the PFU/mL of at least 4 logarithms ( p < 0.01) in both cell lines. Viral yields were restored by the addition of exogenous polyamines, mainly putrescine. The HPLC analyses showed that NCAO decreases the content of intracellular PAs, even though it is predominantly spermidines and spermines which are present in infected cells. Inhibition of CHIKV replication was observed in human fibroblast BJ treated with 100 μM NCAO 24 h before and 48 h after the infection at a MOI 1., Conclusions: NCAO inhibits CHIKV replication by depleting the intracellular polyamines in Vero, C6/36 cells and human fibroblast BJ, suggesting that this compound is a possible antiviral agent for CHIKV.

Dengue manifestations range from a mild form, dengue fever (DF), to more severe forms such as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). The ability of the host to present one of these clinical forms could be related to polymorphisms located in genes of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) which activate the pro-inflammatory response. Therefore, the genotyping of single nucleotide genetic polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR3 (rs3775291 and rs6552950), TLR4 (rs2737190, rs10759932, rs4986790, rs4986791, rs11536865, and rs10983755), TLR7 (rs179008 and rs3853839), and TLR8 (rs3764880, rs5741883, rs4830805, and rs1548731) was carried out in non-genetically related DHF patients, DF patients, and general population (GP) subjects. The SNPs were analyzed by real-time PCR by genotyping assays from Applied Biosystems ® . The codominance model showed that dengue patients had a lower probability of presenting the TLR4 -rs2737190-G/G genotype (odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) = 0.34 (0.14-0.8), p = 0.038). Dengue patients showed a lower probability of presenting TLR4 -rs11536865-G/C genotype (OR (95% CI) = 0.19 (0.05-0.73), p = 0.0092) and had a high probability of presenting the TACG haplotype, but lower probability of presenting the TGCG haplotype in the TLR4 compared to GP individuals (OR (95% CI) = 0.55 (0.35-0.86), p = 0.0084). In conclusion, the TLR4 -rs2737190-G/G and TLR4 -rs11536865-G/C genotypes and TGCG haplotype were associated with protection from dengue.