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Background: It has been proposed that physical activity (PA) could prevent cognitive decline., Objective: To evaluate the association between changes in PA and changes in cognitive function in a cohort of adults with metabolic syndrome., Methods: Longitudinal observational study including 5,500 adults (mean age 65 years, SD = 5; women = 49.3% ) with metabolic syndrome. Participants underwent physical activity measurements and cognitive evaluation at baseline and at two-years of follow-up. PA was quantified using the Minnesota questionnaire-shortened version. Cognitive function was evaluated using a battery of tests: Mini-Mental Test Examination, Clock Drawing Test, Trail Making Test A and B, Verbal Fluency Test, and Digit Span. The primary outcome was two-year change in cognition, measured through the Global Composite Score (GCS) of all neuropsychological tests. Multivariable-adjusted linear regression models were fitted with baseline PA and their changes as the main exposures and changes in cognitive function as the outcome., Results: No significant association was found between PA levels (or their changes) in the GCS of cognitive function. A greater increase in PA levels was associated with a more favorable two-year change in the Trail Making Test A (Q4 versus Q1: b = - 2.24s, 95% CI -4.36 to -0.12s; p-trend = 0.020). No significant association was found for other neuropsychological test., Conclusion: Our results do not support an association between increases in PA and the evolution of the global cognitive function at two-year in an intervention trial which included PA promotion in one of its two randomized arms, but they suggested a possible beneficial effect of PA on attentional function in older adults.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has changed health systems across the world, both in general hospitals and in oncology institutes or centres.For cancer specialists, particularly breast cancer (BC), the COVID-19 pandemic represents a combination of challenges since the hospital resources and staff have become more limited; this has obliged oncology specialists to seek a consensus and establish which patients with BC require more urgent attention and which patients can wait until there is a better control of this pandemic. The health system in Latin America has some special characteristics; in some of the countries, there are shortages which limit access to several specialities (surgery, clinical oncology and radiotherapy) in some regions., Objective: After a systematic review of the most recent literature regarding the management of BC during the COVID-19 pandemic, the main objective is to understand the position of the different Latin American Societies of Mastology in terms of available alternatives for the treatment of BC., Methods: After carrying out a comprehensive and exhaustive search of the most recent guides on the management of BC during the COVID-19 pandemic, the board members of the Latin American Federation of Mastology invited, via email, different specialists, all experts in BC care, to complete an anonymous survey online.The survey was distributed between 30 and 10 May 2020. The survey included 27 questions on four topics: demographic information, consultations, imaging and treatment of BC.The questionnaire was sent and then distributed to various health specialists including breast surgeons, clinical oncologists, radiation oncologists and radiologists via the Presidents of the different Latin American Societies of Mastology in 18 countries. The results are summarised as tallies based on the number of responses to each question., Results: A total of 499 responses were received. The majority of the respondents were males (275 (55.11%)); 290 participants were over 45 years (58.11%).The questionnaire presented those surveyed with three possible answers (agree, disagree and neither agree nor disagree). The results reflect that there was consensus in the majority of situations presented. Only seven questions revealed disagreement among those responding. The results are presented as recommendations., Conclusion: The management of patients with BC presents unique challenges during the current world health situation produced by COVID-19 pandemic. Breast care specialists (surgical oncologists, breast care clinicians, clinical oncologists, radiation oncologists and radiologists) from 18 countries in Central and South America submitted through their responses and recommendations for the treatment of BC during the COVID-19 pandemic., Competing Interests: The authors have not declared any conflicts of interest., (© the authors; licensee ecancermedicalscience.)

Nonmosaic trisomy involving 19p13.3p13.2 is a very uncommon abnormality. At present, only 12 cases with this genetic condition have been reported in the literature. However, the size of the trisomic fragment is heterogeneous and thus, the clinical spectrum is variable. Herein, we report the clinical and cytogenetic characterization of a 5-year-old boy with nonmosaic trisomy 19p13.3p13.2 (7.38 Mb), generated by a derivative Y chromosome resulting from a de novo unbalanced translocation t(Y;19)(q12;p13.2). We demonstrated the integrity of the euchromatic regions in the abnormal Y chromosome to confirm the pure trisomy 19p. Our patient shares some clinical features described in other reported patients with pure trisomy 19p, such as craniofacial anomalies, developmental delay, and heart defects. Different to previous reports, our case exhibits frontal pachygyria and polymicrogyria. These additional features contribute to further delineate the clinical spectrum of trisomy 19p13.3p13.2., (© 2020 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Introduction: This paper from the ethics Working Group presents a summary of the recommendations of the nutritional management of patients with advanced dementia.

Background: Genetic amniocentesis is performed in México 25 years ago but only few works have been published., Objective: To analyze clinical and cytogenetic findings in consecutive patients submitted to genetic amniocentesis., Material and Method: An analysis was made of the clinical features, amniocentesis results and pregnancy outcome in 1500 consecutive cases of genetic amniocentesis., Results: Sixty-eight fetuses with chromosomopathy (4.5%) were detected and two, with an inborn error of metabolism. The most frequent abnormalities were trisomy 21 (32 cases), trisomy 18 (10 cases), trisomy 13(6 cases), 45,X (6 cases), 47,XXY (4 cases). Pregnancy outcome is known in 474 patients (32%). There were five fetal losses (1%). Of the 68 cases with chromosomopathy, the outcome is known in 45, of which, 29 (64%) decided to have an abortion while 16 (35%) continued the pregnancy, six had a spontaneous abortion or perinatal death and ten had an alive new born. Among fetuses with normal or balanced karyotype and normal ultrasound, 11 out of 419 (2.6%) had congenital anomalies. Two of them had a condition known to be related with epigenetic regulation, (Russell Silver and Angelman syndrome)., Conclusions: Amniocentesis is a reliable and low risk method. Cytogenetic findings in this series are similar to those reported in the literature. Most patients with fetal disease decided to have an abortion. The finding of two patients with a condition related with abnormal epigenetic regulation suggests that the magnitude of this risk remains to be defined.

The t(12;21) produces the gene fusion ETV6/RUNX1 and is a frequent rearrangement in childhood ALL, associated with a good prognosis. In Mexico its prevalence has not been reported. This study evaluated a group of consecutive Mexican children with newly diagnosed ALL, to detect the fusion using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Seventy-one bone marrow samples were analyzed with FISH, using ETV6/RUNX1 DNA probes. Abnormalities of ETV6, RUNX1, or both were found in 31 of the 71 (44%) patients. Six showed ETV6/RUNX1 fusion and 17, with extra RUNX1 copies, presented an additional chromosome 21 or dup(21)(q22). Five patients had structural changes in ETV6, and three patients showed extra copies of ETV6 and RUNX1 from polysomy of chromosomes 12 and 21. Our results revealed a fusion in 8.5% of the 71 cases analyzed. This frequency is lower than that observed in other populations (9.5-32%). The structural rearrangements resulting in RUNX1 extra copies were found in 9.8% of patients, which is close to the range reported (1.5-9.7%) by other authors. Due to the prevalence of RUNX1 overrepresentation in our population and its unknown prognostic significance, further studies should be conducted in consecutive children with ALL, to correlate this abnormality with the patients' follow-up.

Mesenteric cyst is a tumor of multiple origins that surely are found more frequently than the literature report, at any rate, this tumor is uncommon. Because of absence of characteristic clinical findings, diagnosis cumbersome, until these cysts are of such a size that palpation becomes possible or when they cause compression to nearby viscera. Occasionally, diagnosis is made during surgery, even when it was emergency surgery. The present paper reports on three patients with mesenteric cyst found during surgery as emergency treatment. Histopathologic reports showed lymphangioma in two cases and leiomyosarcoma in one case, quite uncommon in this kind of lesion.