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Çalışmada 2013-2017 yılları arasındaBorsa İstanbul (BİST)’de işlem gören Küçük ve OrtaBüyüklükteki İşletmeler (KOBİ)’lerin finansalperformanslarının karşılaştırmalı olarak ölçülmesiamaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla BİST KOBİ SanayiEndeksinde faaliyet gösteren şirketlerin finansaltablolarından elde edilen bilgilerden yararlanarak;cari oran, stok devir hızı oranı, borç/öz kaynak oranı,borç/aktif oranı, alacak devir hızı oranı, duran varlıkdevir hızı oranı, net kar marjı oranı, aktiflerinkarlılığı, esas faaliyet kar marjı oranı ve satışlarınmaliyeti/net satışlar oranı olmak üzere toplamda 10adet finansal oran kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen finansaloranların ağırlıkları ortalama ağırlık yöntemi ilebelirlenmiş ve BİST KOBİ Sanayi Endeksindefaaliyet gösteren 27 işletmenin finansalperformansları çok kriterli karar vermeyöntemlerinden Gri İlişkisel Analiz (GİA) yöntemiile tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır.GİA sonuçlarına göre; 2013-2017 zamanperiyodunda en iyi finansal performans gösterenşirketin Politeknik Metal işletmesi, en kötü finansalperformans gösteren şirketin ise Eminiş Ambalajişletmesi olduğu tespit edilmiştir., In the study, it is aimed to measure comparatively the financial performances of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SME) traded at Borsa Istanbul (BIST) between 2013-2017. For this purpose, totally 10 financial ratios, particularly current ratio, stock turnover rate, debt / assets ratio, debt to asset ratio, accounts receivables turnover rate, fixed asset turnover rate, net profit margin ratio, assets profitability, operating profit margin ratio and cost of sales / net sales ratio, were used by benefitting the information obtained from the financial statements of companies operating in BIST SME Industry Index. The weights of the obtained financial ratios were determined by Mean Weight (MW) method and the financial performances of the 27 enterprises operating in the BIST SME Industry Index were tried to be determined by using Gray Relational Analysis (TIE) method, one of the multi-criteria decision making methods. According to GIA results, it was determined in the period of 2013-2017 that the company which had the best financial performance was the Polytechnic Metal and that the company which had the worst financial performance was the Eminis Packaging Company.

В статье представлены результаты сравнительной оценки основных рыбохозяйственных показателей (выживаемость, потеря массы) помесей годовиков карпа различной породной принадлежности и дана их характеристика по устойчивости к заболеванию воспаление плавательного пузыря. The article presents the results of a comparative assessment of the main fishery indicators (survival, weight loss) of hybrid carp yearlings of various species and gives their characteristics in terms of resistance to disease inflammation of the swim bladder.

In recent years, the number of cows kept in the system without market milk production has been increasing in the Czech Republic, especially at the expense of the number of dairy cattle. At present, approximately 226,000 BTPM cows are bred in the Czech Republic. The main economic indicator of beef cow breeding is the number of reared calves per 100 cows and their achieved live weight. The aim of the work was to prepare a literature review including the characteristics of aubrac and shorthorn breeds, performance characteristics and the main influences affecting the performance and fertility of stallions. Another goal was to evaluate the growth ability of calves in two monitored herds of beef cattle. The monitoring took place on farms that operate in the mode of organic farming. A total of 66 calves were monitored. Data on sex, date of birth, origin and weight of calves (aged 120, 210 and 365 days) were obtained from records of control of performance of beef cattle breeds and farm records. Birth weight was determined by a qualified estimate of the breeder (according to the breeding standard and the experience of breeders). The data were processed in MS Excel and Statistica 12 into tables and graphs. When comparing the weight of both breeds at the age of 120 days, the weight is slightly higher in the observed herd of the Shorthorn breed, compared to the Aubrac breed. At the age of 210 days, the average weight achieved is also higher in the shorthorn breed, which partially affects the individual's own performance and feed quality. At 365 days of age, the aubrac bulls had a greater difference in weight than the shorthorn bulls. When comparing the weight of heifers in both breeds at the age of 120 and 210 days, the weights are almost balanced. The Shorthorn breed achieved the highest increments from birth to control weighings. The monitored herd of the aubrac breed reached a slightly lower average weight in comparison with the population of the aubrac breed in the Czech Republic. When comparing the monitored herd of the shorthorn breed and the population of the shorthorn breed in the Czech Republic, the monitored herd achieved balanced results. The monitored herds achieved very similar results, so it cannot be said with certainty that one breed was better than the other.

Постановка задачи. В современной науке активно развивается лексикографическая параметризация языковых систем и подсистем, что свидетельствует об актуальности трудов по компьютеризации словарного дела. Применение информационных технологий позволяет синтезировать теоретическое и прикладное начало в изучении языка. Этимологические словари приобретают статус фактической базы языковых единиц в лингвистических исследованиях. Целью предлагаемой работы выступает диахроническая корреляция потенциала прагерманских корней в германских языках трех периодов существования: древнего, средневекового и современного на материале этимологического словаря Ю. Покорного для более углубленного понимания процессов словообразования в германских языках современного мира. Результаты. В ходе исследования проведено сравнение этимологических словарей прагерманского фонда создано упорядоченное множество прагерманских корней с русским толкованием языки-респонденты прагерманских корней распределены по периодам оценена активность прагерманских корней в каждом периоде осуществлен количественный и качественный анализ корневых ядер каждой эпохи и указана доминанта прагерманского фонда зафиксирована пиковая активность прагерманских корней в разные эпохи предложен и вычислен Индекс активности прагерманского корня каждого периода. Выводы. Опыт анализа данных этимологического словаря Ю. Покорного с опорой на объективные количественные характеристики - очередной шаг в направлении преодоления субъективизма лексикографического описания с перспективой проведения аналогичных изысканий на другом материале и (или) по другим языкам., Problem statement. Lexicographic parameterization of language systems and subsystems is actively developing in modern science, which indicates the relevance of works on computerization of vocabulary. The use of information technologies makes it possible to synthesize theoretical and applied principles in language learning. Etymological dictionaries acquire the status of the actual base of language units in linguistic research. The purpose of the proposed study is a diachronic correlation potential of the Teutonic roots in the Germanic languages the three periods of existence: ancient, medieval and modern material on the etymological dictionary of J. Pokorny for more in-depth understanding of the processes of word formation in the Germanic languages of the modern world. Results. The study compared the etymological dictionaries of the Teutonic Fund an ordered set of pragermanic roots with Russian interpretation was created languages-respondents of proto-Germanic roots are distributed by periods the activity of pragermanic roots in each period is estimated quantitative and qualitative analysis of the root cores of each epoch was carried out and specified dominant Teutonic Fund proposed and calculated the Index of activity of the Teutonic Fund each period peak activity of proto-Germanic roots has been recorded in different epochs. Conclusion. Experience of data analysis of the etymological dictionary of Yu. Pokorny on the basis of objective quantitative characteristics - another step towards overcoming the subjectivism of lexicographic description with the prospect of conducting similar research on other material and (or) in other languages., №1(45) (2020)

In the European Union, no specific requirements for the physicochemical parameters of dietary supplements have been established, contrary to the United States of America. This research aimed to assess the selected physical parameters of 31 commercially available beetroot-based dietary supplements in the form of tablets and capsules following the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) guidelines and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommendations. There was also estimated zinc and iron content by atomic absorption spectroscopy with flame detection. Results showed that nine products did not meet the USP requirements. Seven supplements needed more than 30 min to disintegrate. Two products in the form of tablets did not pass the friability test because of cracking. The hardness values varied significantly between manufacturers, demonstrating values from 59.1 to 455.8 N. The iron-enriched supplements differed significantly in iron content compared with the manufacturers’ declaration (84.91–140.69%). Inappropriate quality of dietary supplements, which may constitute a potential risk to consumers, can be related to the lack of specific regulations in Europe, hence, similar to the USA requirements should be considered in the European Union. The work emphasizes the need to better control the quality of dietary supplements before they are introduced to the European market.

The productivity of twenty-five blackberry cultivars of Ukrainian and foreign breeding in the condi-tions of Right-Bank part of the western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine has been evaluated. The trailing Thornfree culti-var, characterized by an average shoot–forming ability and a large number of fruit-bearing branches and berries on them, had the highest productivity, namely 5,14 kg/bush; 9,59 t/ha on average, over the years of research (2016-2017). The semi-erect blackberries Asterina, Heaven can Wait and Orkan were also found to be high-yielding. The remontant cultivars Reuben and Black Magic, characterized by late fruit setting, gave low yields (020/kg/bush; 0,47 t/ha and 0,38 kg/bush; 1,00 t/ha respectively). The Black Butte Blackberry and Kiowa varieties were distinguished by the highest average mass per berry, namely 9,5 g and 8,22 g, respectively. Most of the studied blackberry cultivars have medium-sized berries ranging from 4,4 to 5,8 g. Реферат. Проведена оценка продуктивности 25 сортов ежевики украинской и зарубежной селекции в условиях Правобережной части Западной Лесостепи Украины. Стелющийся сорт Thornfree, для которого характерна средняя побегообразовательная способность и образование большого количества плодонося-щих веточек и ягод на них, имеет самый высокий показатель производительности: 5,14 кг/куст; 9,59 т/га в среднем за годы исследований (2016-2017). Также высокоурожайными оказались полупряморослые сорта Asterina, Heaven can Wait и Orkan. Сорта ремонтантного типа Reuben и Black Magic, характеризующиеся поздними сроками завязывания плодов, отличились низкой урожайностью (020/кг/куст; 0,47 т/га и 0,38 кг/куст; 1,00 т/га соответственно). Наибольшей средней массой одной ягоды отличились сорта Black Butte Blackberry (9,5 г.) и Kiowa (8,22 г.). Большинство исследуемых сортов ежевики имеют ягоды среднего раз-мера от 4,4 до 5,8 г.

The aim of this work was to analyze selected effects on the growth of calves of a selected herd of aberdeen angus cattle in Mýto farm in Hořice na Šumavě for the monitored period of 6 years (2012 - 2017). A total of 242 pure-bred calves of the aberdeen angus breed born during the reference period was included in the evaluation. Birth weight, weight at 120, 210 and 365 days were determined in calves. Subsequently, the group of calves was sorted by sex, year of birth, month of birth, birth order, father's individuality and mother's exterior. The data were statistically processed in Microsoft Excel and evaluated in Statsoft Statistica. When confronted with the national average published in the KUMP deadlines, the observed calves always had a lower birth weight, but higher weight at 120, 210 and 365 days. When evaluating the effect of the year of birth on calf growth, it was found that calves born in 2012 and 2013 achieved the best results. The best months for calving aberdeen angus breeds on the monitored breed were February to April. In terms of birth order, calves born to cows after the third calving achieved the best results. The worst results were achieved by calves from heifers and cows after the ninth calving. The best breeding-bull in breed regarding to the growth ability of calves was the sire ZAA 916. The PAA 027 sire showed the best results in terms of ease of delivery. There was no significant difference in the effect of maternal exterior on the growth ability of calves.

Mestrado em Empreendedorismo e Inovação na Indústria Alimentar na Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão do Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo Esta dissertação apresenta a implementação das etapas do método DMAIC (Definir, Medir, Analisar, Melhorar e Controlar) no desenvolvimento de um projeto Seis Sigma numa industria alimentar, nomeadamente na secção de embalamento de cereais de pequeno almoço. O objetivo do projeto Seis Sigma foi estudar o processo de embalamento de cereais de pequeno almoço de modo a reduzir a variabilidade do peso médio das embalagens, podendo assim ajustar os parâmetros das balanças multicabeçais às especificações legais, garantindo, por um lado, o cumprimento da lei e consequente proteção do consumidor e por outro lado, a proteção dos interesses da empresa. O trabalho aplicou-se essencialmente aos produtos pétalas de chocolate e estrelas mel nas diferentes gramagens embaladas nas linhas 3 e 4. Neste trabalho são apresentadas as principais técnicas estatísticas e ferramentas da qualidade utilizadas nas cinco etapas do método DMAIC, tais como diagrama de causa e efeito, representações gráficas, e diversas técnicas estatísticas relativas à análise, caracterização e controlo de processos. Abordam-se também todos os critérios a que a lei obriga ao controlo metrológico dos produtos alimentares pré-embalados. A pesquisa desenvolvida de forma participativa, através da interação entre o pesquisador e os colaboradores, evidenciou a importância do conhecimento técnico do processo e um bom planeamento para a aquisição dos dados, como pontos importantes para a realização de um projeto de melhoria bem-sucedido. A análise dos dados históricos e dos dados presentes resultantes mostrou que a empresa estava a embalar quantidades em excesso, relativamente às quantidades nominais, como forma de ultrapassar alguma dificuldade no estudo e caracterização da capacidade do processo desenvolvido pelas balanças multicabeçais. O estudo de cada linha de embalamento em vários produtos e em diferentes quantidades nominais permitiu uma boa perceção do processo, determinando as causas comuns de variabilidade nos parâmetros do processo. Foi também possível estudar, tipificar e remover diferentes causas especiais da variabilidade. Na sequência deste trabalho foram feitas várias propostas de melhoria, que foram implementadas com sucesso, permitindo colocar o processo em funcionamento sob controlo estatístico, diminuindo desperdícios, retrabalho e simultaneamente garantindo o cumprimento das disposições legais em vigor relativas ao controlo metrológico dos géneros alimentícios pré-embalados. This dissertation presents the implementation of the steps of the DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control) method in the development of a Six Sigma project in a food industry, namely in the breakfast cereal packaging section. The objective of the Six Sigma project was to study the breakfast cereal packaging process in order to reduce the variability of the average weight on the packages, thus adjusting the parameters of the packing machines to the legal specifications, ensuring, on the one hand, compliance with the law and consequent protection of consumer and, on the other hand, the protection of the company’s interests. The work was essentially applied to the chocolate petals and honey stars in the different nominal weights packed in lines 3 and 4. On this paper we present the main statistical techniques and quality tools used in the five stages of the DMAIC method, such as brainstorming, cause and effect diagrams, graphical representations, and several statistical techniques related to process analysis, characterization and control. All the criteria to which the law requires prepackaged food products are also covered. The research developed in a participatory way, through the interaction between researcher and the collaborators, showed the importance of the technical knowledge of the process and a good planning for the data acquisition, as important points carry out a successful improvement project. Analysis of historical and present data from packing machines showed that the company was packing quantities in excess of the nominal quantities as a way of overcoming some of the difficulties in the study and control the process capabilities the work carried out by the packing machines. The study of each packer in several products and in different nominal quantities allowed a good perception of the process, determining the common causes of variability in the process parameters. It was also possible to study, typify and remove different special causes of variability. Following this work, a number of improvement proposals were successfully implemented, allowing the packing machines to operate under statistical control, reducing waste, reworking and simultaneously ensuring compliance with the legal provisions in force regarding the metrological control of pre- Packaged foods.

Urgency of the research. Garden strawberry is a popular small fruit crop, whose fruits are highly valued as raw material for freezing, canning and consumption in a fresh refrigerated state.Target setting. Important task is to research technological properties of strawberry fruits, that substantially influence the change in berries weight, their market value during storage, and define consistency of preserves.Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Technological properties of strawberry fruits are formed during ripening under the influence of genetic properties of a cultivar, abiotic and agrotechnological factors, age of plantations, sequence of harvest and post-harvest treatment.Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. However, the issue about the formation of technological properties of strawberry fruits depending on the pomological cultivar, abiotic factors, age of plantations and sequence of harvest hasn’t been sufficiently clarified.The research objective. The objective of the present investigation is to define technological properties such as average weight, volume and density of strawberry cultivars Rusanivka, Festyvalna Romashka, Dukat, Honey, Polka and Pegas.The statement of basic materials. Technological properties of garden strawberries of the following cultivars Rusanivka, Festyvalna Romashka, Dukat, Honey, Polka and Pegas were researched when they reached economic maturity depending on the age of plantations and sequence of harvest. Average weight of strawberry fruit made up 6.9–15.1 g. Average coefficient of variation at the level of 12.9–13.4 % was found in the fruits of Polka and Rusanivka cultivars with average weight at the level of 7.3–10.0 g. Average weight of strawberry fruits of Honey cultivar had the highest fluctuation – 27.9 %. Investigation of average weight of strawberry fruits depending on the age of plantations showed the decline of this parameter from the highest in the first year of fruit bearing to the lowest level at the end of the fifth year of using plantations. The volume of fruits changed substantially and depended on the cultivar, the age of plantations and the sequence of harvest. During the research this parameter was considerably higher in the fruits Dukat and Pegas – 10,2 and 14,6 cm3 respectively. The density of strawberry fruits fluctuated within 0.8 and 1 g/cm3. The fruits of Honey cultivar had considerably low density compared to other cultivars – 0.8 g/cm3.Conclusions. It is established that technological properties of garden strawberry fruits considerably depend on the cultivar, the age of plantations and the sequence of harvest. Depending on these factors the average weight of berries was 6.9–15.1 g, volume made up 5.5–13.3 cm3, and density was 0.8–1.0 g/cm3. Above mentioned properties of berries are sufficiently higher in young plantations and in the first three years of harvest., Актуальность темы исследования. Земляника садовая – популярная ягодная культура, плоды которой высоко ценятся в качестве сырья для замораживания, производства консервов и потребляются в свежем виде охлажденными.Постановка проблемы. Важной задачей является исследование технологических свойств ягод земляники, существенно влияющих на изменения массы ягод и их товарную оценку во время хранения, обусловливают консистенцию консервов.Анализ последних исследований и публикаций. Технологические свойства ягод земляники формируются во время созревания под влиянием генетических особенностей сорта, абиотических и агротехнологических факторов, возраста насаждений, очередности уборки и послеуборочной обработки. Выделение неисследованных частей общей проблемы. Однако недостаточно освещены вопросы формирования технологических свойств ягод земляники в зависимости от помологического сорта, абиотических факторов, возраста насаждений и очередности уборки урожая.Постановка задачи. Целью настоящей работы является установление технологических свойств, таких как средняя масса, объем и плотность ягод земляники садовой сортов Русановка, Фестивальная ромашка, Дукат, Хоней, Полка и Пегас.Изложение основного материала. Исследовали технологические свойства ягод земляники садовой сортов Русановка, Фестивальная ромашка, Дукат, Хоней, Полка и Пегас по достижению ими потребительской стадии зрелости в зависимости от возраста насаждений и очередности уборки урожая. Средняя масса ягод земляники составляла 6,9–15,1 г. Средний коэффициент вариации показателя на уровне 12,9–13,4 % выявлено в ягод сортов Полка и Русановка, со средней массой на уровне 7,3–10,0 г. Самые высокие коле-бания имела средняя масса ягод земляники сорта Хоней – 27,9 %. Исследование средней массы ягод земляники в зависимости от возраста насаждений показали снижение уровня этого показателя от самого высокого в первый год плодоношения до самого низкого в конце пятого года использования насаждений. Объем ягод земляники существенно менялся и зависел от сорта, возраста насаждений и очередности сбора урожая. Существенно выше этот показатель в период исследований был у ягод земляники Дукат и Пегас –10,2 и 14,6 см3. Плотность ягод земляники колебалась в пределах от 0,8 до 1 г/см3. Ягоды земляники сорта Хоней имели плотность значительно ниже – 0,8 г/см3.Выводы в соответствии со статьйе. Установлено, что технологические свойства ягод земляники садовой существенно зависят от сорта, возраста насаждений и очередности сбора ягод. В зависимости от этих факто-ров средняя масса ягод земляники составляла 6,9–15,1 г, объем – 5,5–13,3 см3, плотность – 0,8–1,0 г/см3. В молодых насаждениях и в первые три срока сбора урожая указанные характеристики ягод значительно лучше., Актуальність теми дослідження. Суниця садова – популярна ягідна культура, плоди якої високо цінуються як сировина для заморожування, виробництва консервів та споживаються у свіжому вигляді охолодженими.Постановка проблеми. Важливим завданням є дослідження технологічних властивостей ягід суниці, що істотно впливають на зміни маси ягід та їхню товарну оцінку під час зберігання, зумовлюють консистенцію консервів.Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій. Технологічні властивості ягід суниці формуються під час достигання під впливом генетичних особливостей сорту, абіотичних та агротехнологічних факторів, віку насаджень, черговості збирання врожаю та післязбиральної обробки.Виділення недосліджених частин загальної проблеми. Проте недостатньо висвітлено питання формування технологічних властивостей ягід суниці залежно від помологічного сорту, абіотичних факторів, віку насаджень та черговості збирання врожаю.Постановка завдання. Метою цієї роботи євстановлення технологічних властивостей, зокрема середньої маси, об’єму та густини ягід суниці садової сортів Русанівка, Фестивальна ромашка, Дукат, Хоней, Полка та Пегас.Виклад основного матеріалу. Досліджували технологічні властивості ягід суниці садової сортів Русанівка, Фестивальна ромашка, Дукат, Хоней, Полка та Пегас за досягнення ними споживної стадії стиглості залежно від віку насаджень та черговості збирання врожаю. Середня маса ягід суниці становила 6,9–15,1 г. Середній коефіцієнт варіації показника на рівні 12,9–13,4 % виявлено в ягодах сортів Полка та Русанівка, із середньою масою на рівні 7,3–10,0 г. Найвищі коливання мала середня маса ягід суниці сорту Хоней – 27,9 %. Дослідження середньої маси ягід суниці залежно від віку насаджень показали зниження рівня цього показника від найвищого в перший рік плодоношення до найнижчого наприкінці п’ятого року використання насаджень. Об’єм ягід суниці суттєво змінювався і залежав від сорту, віку насаджень та черговості збору врожаю. Істотно вищим цей показник за період досліджень був у ягодах суниці Дукат та Пегас –10,2 та 14,6 см3. Густина ягід суниці коливалася в межах від 0,8 до 1 г/см3. Ягоди суниці сорту Хоней мали значно нижчу густину проти інших – 0,8 г/см3.Висновки відповідно до статті. Встановлено, що технологічні властивості ягід суниці садової істотно залежать від сорту, віку насаджень та черговості збору ягід. Залежно від цих факторів середня маса ягід суниці становила 6,9–15,1 г, об’єм – 5,5–13,3 см3, густина – 0,8–1,0 г/см3. У молодих насадженнях та в перші три збори врожаю вказані характеристики ягід значно кращі.

На Среднем Урале основным лимитирующим фактором возделывания земляники являлись до недавнего времени условия перезимовки. Но в последние 10 лет нестабильные условия вегетационных периодов оказали большее влияние на данную культуру. В статье представлены результаты исследований 10 сортов земляники по хозяйственно-ценным признакам в условиях вегетационных периодов последних лет на Среднем Урале. Наиболее устойчивые к засухе сорта имели ягоды на уровне 5…6 г. Это сорта селекции Станции Даренка, Дуэт, Италмас и интродуцированные Соловушка, Первоклассница, Фестивальная ромашка, Солнечная полянка. В прохладные переувлажненные годы сорт Мalling Pandora практически не поражался серой гнилью или имел слабое поражение 1,2%. По крупноплодности выделились сорта среднего срока созревания Бова, Первоклассница, Альтаир, Соловушка (9,5…11,3 г). По комплексу хозяйственно ценных признаков выделены сорта Дуэт, Италмас, Бова, Первоклассница, Солнечная полянка, Соловушка. Они являются наиболее адаптированными к данным факторам внешней среды и рекомендуются для широкого возделывания в Уральском регионе., In the Middle Urals, the main limiting factor in the cultivation of strawberries were, until recently, overwintering conditions. But in the last 10 years, unstable growing season conditions have had a greater impact on this crop. The article presents the results of studies of 10 varieties of strawberries according to economically valuable traits in the conditions of the growing season of recent years in the Middle Urals. The most resistant to drought varieties had berries at the level of 5-6 g. These are the breeding varieties of Station Darenka, Duet, Italmas and the introduced ones Solovushka, Pervoklassnitsa, Festivalnaya Romashka, Solnechnaya Polyanka. In the cool, overwetted years, the sorting Malling Pandora was practically not affected by gray rot or had a weak defeat 1.2%. The varieties of medium ripening were distinguished by large-fruited Bova, Pervoklassnitsa, Altair, Solovushka (9.5-11.3 g). According to the complex of economically valuable traits, the following varieties were selected: Duet, Italmas, Bova, Pervoklassnitsa, Solnechnaya Polyanka, Solovushka. They are the most adapted to these environmental factors and are recommended for widespread cultivation in the Ural region.

Optimal daily gain in rearing and fattening of meat cattle, should be the basics of meat production. The breeder ensured the satisfactory enviromental conditions and good nutrition (wellfare), which significantly afect animals development. Gender, age, slaughter weight, nutrition, method of fattening and housing system, belongs to the main factors affecting meat production. The aim of the study was to compare average weights and calculate average daily gain of heifers and bullocks of evaluated beef breeds. Conditions of breed of all herds of meat cattle were same and all herds were housed freely. Breeds evaluated in experiment were Hereford, Simmental, Charolais and Limousin. Each herd was divided by beef breeds and gender and every herd was made up 20 - 30 pieces. Birth weight of calf was estimated according to breeds standards and employee experience. Furthermore was weighing at 5,6 and 7 months for all monitored pieces. Weighing at 12th and 14th months of age was just at the bulls. All weighings was taken by digital weighing-machine. Average gains and weights were calculated from obtained data. The highest weight from the both genders and the highest gains at bulls had attained Charolais. Limousin had best results at heifers. Except for small differences between breeds and genders were the gains same at the all monitored pieces. There was no statistically significant evidence of difference between influences of breeds and age according to statistically processed data of size of average daily gain of weight (P = 0,645862).

The European Union permanently relies on import of lamb and goat. More than90% of the Hungarian sheep meat export goes to the Italian market, while themajority of the rest to Greece. More than 90% of the turnover of sheep sector (12-13billion HUF) is from lamb sales. Based on the data of Hungarian lamb export, itcan be stated that farmers achieve the highest and lowest prices at Christmas and inMay, respectively. Prices fluctuate the most in the Easter period, since the supply isthe greatest at this time. The average selling weight at Easter and at Christmas is 1-2 kg lower than the 21 kg average weight of eight years.

On two consecutive culturing period, the Caspian sea Bream fingerling average individual weight 30g stocked in a fish pond at the rate of 3000 unit per ha to rear through mono-culture method. Also in the other test carp pond fish comprised of 70% bream, 20% silver carp and 10% grass carp totally 4000 unit per ha Stocked to examine poly-culturing with bream species. The test replicated in second year by the same manner but the only difference was the weight of stocked bream fries which were 4g on average. Chemical fertilizer and chicken manure applied as warm water fish culturing technique demand. Carp grow out feed pellet supplemented to the ponds. Fish health, water quality and growth rate monitored. The minimum water temperature were 9 ֯C and maximum 33 ֯C recorded. Dissolved O2 = 5-7 mg/l, pH = 7-8.62 in the first year by mono-culturing method the bream achieved 200 gr by species on average. But with poly-culture system the bream gained 250g weight. Also individual species reached 580g. In second year test the pond with mono-culture method bream with the weight of 180 g produced. With poly-culture method the target species accomplished 221 g on average, also 300g appeared in the yield, Bream mortality didn't occurred during culturing. The experiment demonstrated poly-culturing of bream with Chinese carps by semi-intensive method produced satisfactory results. We suggest the bream could be enhanced in the list of fish species of Iran and able to promote sustainable aquaculture development.

The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the influence of leaf fertilizers at potato yield. The main advantage of leaf nutrition is speed of an action on a plant, possible combination with other interventions (application of fungicides) and economy of use. Leaf nutrition promotes tuber yield and quality, mainly in their tuber set and poor growth conditions. It is important to perceive leaf nutrition as a suplement nutrition because it is no substitute for root nutrition. The field experiment was established on the land of the University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice in 2011. There were used selected varieties of potatoes with different growing season. Very early variety Magda, early variety Adéla, semi-early varieties Laura and Satina and serotinous variety Bionta. The experiment was comprised of four variants and in four replications. There were used liquid solution of urea, Lignohumate and Lignohumate with NPK for fertilizer of variants 1, 2 ,3. Control variant was without aplication of fertilizer. There were evaluated proportion of grow-up plants, tuber yield, proportion of ware size tubers, the number of tubers per plant, the average weight of one tuber, the average weight of ware size tubers and starch content. It was found out using of liquid solution of urea increased tuber yield of all selected varieties. The highest yield of varieties Adéla and Laura was achieved by application of Lignuhumate, the highest yield of varieties Satina a Bionta after using of liquid solution of urea. Very early variety Magda was not too responsive to application of leaf fertilizers excep using of liquid solution of urea.

Az Európai Unió bárányból, illetve gidából tartósan behozatalra szorul. A magyar juhhúsexport több mint 90%-a az olasz, a maradék döntő része pedig görög piacra irányul. A juhágazat árbevételének – 2-13 milliárd Ft – több mint 90%-a a báránykereskedelemből származik. A magyarországi bárányexportban a vizsgált időszakban csökkent a darabszám és kis mértékben nőtt az értékesített mennyiség. Az átlagsúly alig változott. Az árak 2005-re 1998-hoz viszonyítva 89,5%-kal emelkedtek. Az alsóbb súlycsoportokban az árak kiegyensúlyozottak, 30 kg felett nagyobb az áringadozás, így növekszik az értékesítés kockázata. A vizsgált időszakban az egy anyára jutó értékesítési súly kis mértékben csökkent, az export szerény mértékű emelkedése a növekvő anyalétszámnak köszönhető, romló fajlagos mutatók mellett. A legmagasabb árat általában karácsonykor, a legalacsonyabbat májusban érik el. A húsvéti időszak árai ingadoznak leginkább, hiszen ebben az időszakban legnagyobb a kínálati piac. A báránykereskedelem liberalizációja a hazai exportban lényegi változást nem eredményezett. - The EU has a long-term need for the import of lambs and kids. More than 90% of Hungary’s exported sheep meat is for the Italian market, while most of the remainder goes to the Greek market. Over 90% of the sheep sector’s return from sales – 2-13 billion Ft – comes from the lamb trade. The number of pieces of Hungarian lamb exported fell in the period examined, whilst the amount sold increased slightly. The average weight hardly changed. By 2005 prices had increased by 89.5% in comparison to 1998. Prices are steady in the lower weight categories with greater price fluctuations above 30 kg, increasing sales risk. During the period examined, the sales weight per one dam fell slightly, the modest rise in exports being due to increased numbers of dams coupled with deteriorating specific indicators. The highest prices are achieved at Christmas, the lowest in May. Prices fluctuate the most during the Easter period when supply is at its peak. Liberalisation of the lamb trade has not produced any fundamental change in domestic export, although the moderation of price rises may be an indirect effect.