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The article offers a look at seed production for bait fish and largemouth bass and other sunfishes. Spawning of golden shiner brood should be done early in the morning, while white sucker brood are taken from streams during natural spawning. Fathead minnow brood should be stocked with 60 percent adults and 40 percent immature fish. Largemouth bass brood can be spawn if it if 1 year old in the South and 3 years in the North. Of all seed production, bluegill is relatively the easiest because they are capable of reproducing monthly if the food supply is adequate.

The article presents tips on seed production of channel catfish. There are various ways of selecting brood stock. Sourcing brood stock from a hatchery is recommended since it documents the age, origin and history of its fish. Farmers should not hold brood fish in one pond in case of a disease outbreak. One male can mate with several females in a single spawning season. Method of spawning catfish include open pond spawning and pen spawning. One can hold fry in a wire mesh cage to prevent predation.

The article discusses some methods of obtaining seed of marine resources. Seed of finfish, crustaceans, and mollusks may be bought from commercial hatcheries or collectors. The seed maybe in the form of eggs, larvae and fry, or juveniles and fingerlings. Brood stock of the red swamp crawfish is usually bought by the kilogram from other farmers and stocked directly into grow-out ponds. Meanwhile, oyster seed may be sold attached to cultch or sold cultchless. Penaeid shrimp farming, on the other hand, has depended for years almost entirely on wild seed. India, and later Ecuador and a number of other shrimp-growing countries, allowed wild larval shrimp to enter grow-out ponds with the tides.

Focuses on methods for preventing and controlling oxygen depletion in pond water management. Use of chemical methods to monitor oxygen levels for brackishwater ponds; Information on polarographic methods used to measure levels of dissolved oxygen and water temperature; Tips on checking phytoplankton blooms in ponds.

Discusses legal considerations in commercial aquaculture in the U.S. Background on laws that prohibit the sale of exotic species of fishes, including the largemouth bass and crappie; Factors that contributed to conflicts regarding fish ownership; Reason behind the certification of fish and fish eggs.

Discusses the social aspects of aquaculture. Examples of aquaculture development on socio-cultural change; Benefits and opportunities provided by aquaculture; Sectors or organizations that benefit from stock enhancement from aquaculture.

Reviews the basic practices of fish feeding. Fry and larvae of finfish and crustaceans; Frequency of feeding; Reason for feeding normally channel catfish and other culture species during daylight hours.

Gives advice on when not to fertilize fish ponds. Detention time of water in ponds for optimum use of nutrients; Limitations of organic fertilizers; Details on inorganic fertilizers. INSET: FACTOID.

Focuses on the selection of species for aquaculture. Information on selective fish breeding; Definition of crossbreeding and hybridization; Discussion of polyploidy.

Discusses the quantity of seed required for a commercial aquaculture operation. Factors that affect the seed requirement; Stocking rates for Channel catfish; Seed requirements for rainbow trout; Factors considered in stocking crawfish.

Discusses factor affecting reproduction in aquaculture. Importance of knowing the size and age of a culture species when it reaches sexual maturity; Features of various species as it reaches sexual maturity; Effect of water temperature on the reproduction of a culture species.

Reports on different spawning types for the selection of species for aquaculture. Propagation of seed in captivity; Discussion of different spawning types; Factors affecting reproduction.

Presents information on seed production, a prerequisite for the farming of any culture species. Methods of obtaining seed; Collection of wild seed; Basic methods to produce seed in captivity.

Provides information on the mortality of pond-raised crawfish affected by rice insecticide. Lease agreement between rice farmers and crawfish raisers; Adverse effect of ICON insecticide to fishes which were used to control rice water weevil; Decline in the growth rate of crawfish in Louisiana as of October 2000; Factors that affected the production of crawfish.

Discusses the fundamentals of marketing aquaculture products by establishing a market position. Approach to marketing a low-volume product; Price strategies; Information on promotion and advertising.

Deals with marketing research for the aquaculture industry. Tips on selecting the species of one's aquaculture business; Importance of knowing one's competition in the aquaculture business; Elements for analyzing market demand.

Part I. Presents an excerpt from the book `Fundamentals of Aquaculture,' dealing with the marketing of aquaculture products.

Discusses the fundamentals regarding pond bottoms for the aquaculture industry in the United States. Functions of mud ponds; Factors affecting the rate of mineralization; Storage and release of nutrients; Management of pond muds during dry period; Maintenance of aerobic conditions.

Examines a number of methods for preventing disease in fishes. Surveillance of fish; Monitoring water quality; Use of disease-free eggs, fingerlings and larvae; Control of wild fish and other animals; Drying out and treatment of pond bottoms; Sanitation; Quarantine; Separating young from brood fish; Destruction of diseased culture species; Environment change; Immunization.

Discusses the importance of aquaculture marketing research. Determination and existence of competition which includes native wild and foreign wild products, farm domestic, farmed international and other species; Elements for analyzing market demand; Categories of potential buyers; Factors affecting willingness to buy; Processes of qualifying market demand; Strategies of market segmentation.

Part I. Discusses sustainable aquaculture. Definition of sustainable; Ways of increasing profit; Wise use of natural resources; Environmental protection.

Presents information on fungal and crustacean diseases in aquaculture. What is fungi; Fungi reproduction; Fungal diseases in finfish; Fungal diseases of crustaceans; Fungal diseases of mollusks; Prevention and control of fungal diseases.

Focuses on protozoa and diseases caused by protozoans in animals. Characteristics of protozoa; Divisions; Protozoan diseases of finfish; Protozoan diseases of crustaceans; Protozoan diseases of mollusks.

Comments on the achievements of world aquaculture throughout the years. Production of world aquaculture during 1996 to 1997; Aquaculture production in the United States; The ultimate production for aquaculture.

Provides basic information about bacteria and bacterial diseases in aquaculture. Background information on bacteria and its mode of transmission; Reproduction; Bacterial diseases of finfish; Causative organisms of Motile Aeromonad Septicemia; Bacterial diseases of crustaceans and mollusks; Prevention and control of bacterial diseases.

Reviews the viral diseases for finfish, crustaceans and mollusks and offers suggestions for prevention and control of the same. Account of the diseases, their symptoms, habitat and mode of transmission; Channel Catfish Viral Disease; Infectious pancreatic necrosis in salmons; Ovacystis in oysters; More.

Gives information and recommendations on business and technical matters related to commercial aquaculture. Discussion on selection of species, managerial and financial resources, market identification and more.

Discusses the advantages and disadvantages of aquatic plants as they relate to aquaculture. Advantages and disadvantages of phytoplankton, rooted plants and filamentous algae.

Provides suggestions on the prevention and control of predators and pests in aquaculture. Insect predators of fry and larvae; True bugs; Beetles; Dragonflies; Fire ants; Legal restrictions.

Provides information on the importance of quality assurance in processing plants and offers details of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) inspection of fishery products in the United States. Details of the process in the stages of processing, preservation, storage and distribution.

Part II. Reports on various culture systems for growing aquatic species. Advantages and disadvantages of tank culture, cage culture, pen culture, silo culture, sea ranching, bottom culture and off-bottom culture; Criteria for evaluating the culture systems.

Presents a report on ocean fisheries and its implications for aquaculture. History of ocean fisheries; Potential world harvest; Ways to increase the availability of fishery products from the oceans; Crisis brought by overuse of fisheries; Enhancement of aquaculture development.

Focuses on aquaculture engineering and striped bass hybrids discussed at the 25th Annual Meeting of the World Aquaculture Society held in New Orleans, Louisiana on January 14-18, 1994. Uses of liners in fish hatchery ponds; Uses of heat exchangers in aquaculture; Oxygenation in recirculating systems; Rotating biological contractor and the low density media filter.

Discusses the aquaculture research for off-flavor and shrimp presented during the 1994 World Aquaculture Society Anniversary Meeting. Problems with the off-flavor of channel catfish; Benefit of reducing the abundance of blue-green phytoplankton blooms in fishponds; Management strategies; Research studies concerning shrimp.

Provides criteria for site selection for aquaculture operations. Legal considerations; Socio-cultural considerations; Economic conditions; Processing and marketing; Biological requirements; Climate and weather conditions; Pollution and contamination study; Land and water needs; Multiple use concept.

Discusses the requirements to be addressed before embarking on a commercial venture with a new species for aquaculture. Legal aspects; Seed production; Temperature; Salinity; Water quality; Nutrition; Adaptability of species to culture systems; Market demand; Economic benefits.

Reports on the international aquaculture symposium held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia on April 11-14, 1993 with the purpose of reviewing technology and investment opportunities. Organizers; Number of participants; Topics discussed; Sample of 56 papers presented; Symposium's agenda; Announcement by Director of Fish Farming, Salem A. Al-Thobaiti about the proceedings; Concentrations of Saudi research; Some resolutions adopted.

Reviews ammonia and nitrite management in ponds. Sources, definitions and toxicity; Measures to alleviate high ammonia concentrations; Formula to calculate the amount of salt needed to obtain the minimum ratio of chloride to nitrite.

Analyzes the environmental and conservation aspects of aquaculture. Pollution from culture species and uneaten feeds; Ways to improve quality of effluents; Effluent volume reduction; Settlable solids as major pollutants in effluents; Ways to conserve and use water wisely.

Discusses what is needed to be successful in aquaculture. The process of becoming an aquaculture farmer; The story of Frank Taylor and his desire to farm shrimp; Permit requirements; Purchasing equipment; The myriad of factors which affect the success or failure of an aquaculture operation; Having the temperment; Strategies; More.

Part II. Examines the world status and potential of crustacean aquaculture, focusing on the potential for crayfish aquaculture. The two factors which will determine whether crayfish aquaculture will expand on a global basis; The 284 species and subspecies of crayfish in North and Middle America; Red swamp crayfish as the major species cultured for food; Australian crayfish; The potential for expansion of crayfish farming in temperate countries where rice is grown; More.

Highlights various aquaculture research. Overview of intensive culture systems; Nursery production of larvae and juveniles in intensive culture; Rearing of Penaues monodon in concrete nursery tanks; Effects of stocking density, habitats, substrates, aeration and feeding rate on shrimp production and water quality.

Highlights the research papers regarding aquaculture. Study of the effect of temperature and salinity on growth and survival of the red claw crawfish; Report on the angelwing clam as a candidate species for aquaculture; Renewal of interest on the white shrimp Penaeus setiferus.